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Treatment:

       Physiotherapy 

Cochlear Nerve

Pathway:


The cochlear nerve conducts nerve impulses from the organ of Corti in the
cochlea
...

On entering the pons, the nerve fibers divide into two
...


Functions:

          The cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing
...

Examination Test:
1
...
Weber's Test

Course of Vestibulocochlear Nerve:

The vestibular and cochlear part of the nerve leaves the anterior surface of the
brain b/w the pons & the medulla oblongata
...

The fibers are then distributed to the different parts of the internal ear
...
Main Motor Nucleus
2
...
Main Sensory Nucleus

Main Motor Nucleus:

     It lies deep in the reticular formation of medulla oblongata
...


•It recieves afferent fibers from hypothalamus
...

Main Sensory Nucleus:

•It is the part of the Nucleus of the tractus solitarius
...

Pathway/course:

The glossopharyngeal nerve leaves the anterolateral surface of the medulla
oblongata
...


It passes laterally in the Posterior cranial fossa and leaves the skull through the
jugular foramen
...

To reach the border of stylopharyngeus muscles
...


Sensory Component: goes to the palate & tongue
...

Sensory fibers innervate the Posterior third of the tongue for general sensation
& taste
...

Examination Test:

           The nerve can be tested by checking a person's gag reflex and doing a taste
test on the posterior third of the tongue
...


Vagus Nerve Nuclei:

1
...
The Parasympathetic Nucleus 
3
...

It recieves corticonuclear fibers from the cerebral hemispheres
...


Functions: 

 Pharynx: Swallowing 

 Larynx: Voice production
Parasympathetic Nucleus:

It is located at the floor of the 4th ventricle
...

It recieves efferent fibers to the bronchi, lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus,
stomach and intestines
...

It takes sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
...


Course/Pathway:

The vagus nerve leaves the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata
Then enters in a groove b/w the olive & the inferior cerebellar peduncle
...

Then they divided into two sensory ganglion
...


Inferior Ganglion: below the jugular foramen
...

The nerve descends in the neck within the carotid sheath with the internal
jugular vein and internal carotid arteries
...

It then passes posterior surface of the esophagus and contributes to the
esophageal plexus
...

It passes to posterior surface of stomach and by large celiac branch, to the
duodenum, liver, kidney and small, large interested
...

It then passes anterior surface of the esophagus and contributing to the
esophageal plexus
...

Then it passes anterior surface of stomach, liver, upper part of duodenum and
head of the pancreas
...
Person have normally gag but
abnormally, no response & no gag
...


11- Accessory Nerve


Component:  Motor Nerve

Two Roots:

1- Cranial Root

2- Spinal Root
Cranial Root:

It is located in the medulla b/w olice nucleus & inferior cerebellar peduncle
...


Pathway:

The nerve runs laterally in the Posterior cranial fossa & joins the spinal root
...
 
The root then separate & the cranial rooy joins the vagus nerve
...


Functions:

The cranial root supply the muscles of the palate, larynx and pharynx
...

Spinal Root:

1
...

2
...


Pathway:

The nerve fiber emerge from anterior gray matter of spinal cord segment (C1
to C5)
...

Then it passes through jugular foramen and enter in the neck by supplying
sternocleidomastoid muscles in the posterior triangle of neck & passes
beneath trapezius muscle
...

Examination:

Trapezius: To resist shrugging of shoulder
...


12- Hypoglossal Nerve

Component: Motor Nerve

Hypoglossal Nucleus:

Main Motor Nucleus:


1
...

2
...

3
...


Pathway:

The nerve fibers emerges from anterior surface of medulla b/w pyramid & the
olive
...

Then it leaves the skull through the Hypoglossal canal
...

To reach at the level of digastric muscle
...
 
The nerve then sends branches to the muscles of the tongue
...
The hypoglossal nerve enables tongue movement
...
It controls the hyoglossus, intrinsic, genioglossus and styloglossus muscles
...

Clinical Anatomy:

             Nerve damage causes paralysis, fasciculations (as noted by a scalloped appearance of the
tongue), and eventual atrophy of the tongue muscles

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