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Biology Notes
1
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Nucleus: contains all DNA in animal cell
b
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c
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum: flattened sacs with many ribosomes and synthesizes
proteins
e
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Lysosomes: contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest substances
g
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Peroxisomes: vesicles in cytosol involved in production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
i
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Chromosomes: part of nucleus and distinct during replication
2
...
Cytoskeleton: a network of filaments that determine the structure and motility of the cell
b
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larger than microfilaments
ii
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involved in flagella and cilia construction and spindle apparatus
c
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squeeze membrane together in phagocytosis and cytokinesis
ii
...

d
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Cilia: are found only in fallopian tubes and respiratory tract of humans
f
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Microtubules grow from it
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Centrioles: function in production of flagella and cilia, but not for microtubule
production
3
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G1: usually the longest stage
...

b
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G2: cell prepares to divide
d
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C: Cytokinesis- separation of the cellular cytoplasm due to constriction of microfilaments
about the center of the cell
4
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Prophase: condensation of chromatin into chromosomes
i
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Nucleolus and nucleus disappear

b
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d
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iii
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Meiosis: double nuclear division which produces 4 haploid gametes
a
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Prophase I: homologous chromosomes line up alongside each other, matching their
genes exactly
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c
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Anaphase I: homologs separate
e
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If cytokinesis occurs the cells are
haploid with 23 chromosomes
f
...

6
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DNA –transcription- mRNA –translation- Protein
b
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mRNA: conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome and is encoded in a
sequence of nucleotides
d
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nucleic acid: basic building block of DNA or RNA
7
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Fermentation: glycolysis and reduction of pyruvate producing ethanol or lactic acid and NAD+
9
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Aerobic Respiration: presence of O2 results in net 36ATP/mol of glucose
11
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They are globular proteins
b
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Are not consumed or altered by reaction
d
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Enzyme inhibition:
a
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Noncompetitive inhibitors: bind to enzyme in area other than active site
c
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Eukaryotic vs
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Folded DNA is
then organized into a variety of conformations
that are supercoiled and wound around tetramers
of the HU protein
...
:
called histones
...
Animal vs Plant Cells

Animal Cell
Cell wall:
Shape:
Vacuole:
Centrioles:
Chloroplast:
Cytoplasm:
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Smooth and Rough):
Ribosomes:
Mitochondria:
Plastids:
Golgi Apparatus:
Plasma Membrane:
Microtubules/
Microfilaments:
Flagella:
Lysosomes:
Nucleus:
Cilia:

Plant Cell
Absent
Round (irregular shape)
One or more small vacuoles
(much smaller than plant cells)
...

Only present in lower plant
forms
...

Present
Present

May be found in some cells
Lysosomes usually not evident
...
Chemicals responsible for transmission in neurons:
a
...
Choline: water soluble essential nutrient
c
...

d
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Only neurotransmitter used in the motor
division of somatic nervous system
...
Plant Hormones
a
...

b
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c
...

Invovled in cell growth and differentiation
...
Gibberellin: plant hormones regulate growth and development processes including stem
elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering sex expression, enzyme induction etc
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Ethylene: Important natural plant hormone, used to ripen fruits
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Na+ and K+ Channels
a
...

18
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Platelets rupture
b
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Fibrinogen –thrombin→ fibrin
d
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Definitions
a
...
Plasmolysis: process in plant cells where cytoplasm pulls away from cell wall due to loss
of water through osmosis
20
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Beta-oxidation: when fatty acid molecules are broken down in mitochondria to generate
actyl-coA
...
Transamination: chemical reaction between two molecules (amino acid containing
amine (NH2) and a keto acid (=O)
...

c
...
This is an
alternative to glycolysis
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21
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Arteries
a
...
Arteries: bring oxygenated blood away from the heart
c
...
Renal Vein: veins that drain the kidney
...

e
...
Hepatic portal vein: blood vessel that conducts blood from gastrointestinal tract and
spleen to the liver
...
Brain parts
a
...
Contains cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasometer
centers and deals with involuntary functions (breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
...
Cerebrum: Contains cerebral cortex, functions in movement sensory processing,
olfaction, language, communication, learning and memory
c
...
Superior pons: Establishes regularity of respiration
23
...
Mouth: digestion begins here with alpha-amylase which is in saliva and digests
carbohydrates
...
Esophagus: no digestion occurs only peristalsis which move bolus
c
...

i
...
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen and precursor for pepsin which begins protein
digestion
iii
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Also
secrete intrinsic factor which helps ileum absorb B12
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G cells: secrete gastrin which stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCl
d
...
Duodenum
ii
...
Jejenum
e
...

i
...
Transverse colong
iii
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Sigmoid colong
v
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Anus
24
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Anterior Pituitary
i
...
Luteinizing: ovulation; testosterone synthesis
iii
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Thyroid: stimulating: stimulates thyroid to make hormones
v
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Endorphins: inhibit perception of pain
vii
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Hypothalamus store in posterior pituitary
i
...
Vasopressin (ADH): water reabsorption in kidneys
c
...
T3 and T4: metabolic activity
ii
...
Parathyroid: increase blood calcium level
e
...
Glucocorticoids: increase blood glucose level and decrease protein synthesis
ii
...


Adrenal medulla
i
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Pancreas
i
...
Insulin: lowers blood glucose, increase glycogen stores
iii
...
Testes
i
...
Ovary/Placenta
i
...
Progesterone: promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium
25
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Thigmotropism: plant moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli
b
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Heliotropism: seasonal motion of plant parts in response to direction of the sun
d
...
Phototropism: growth of organisms in response to light
f
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Applying things to one side of a plant
a
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Short day plants vs Long day plants
a
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Long-day: flower when the day length exceeds their critical photoperiod
28
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Succession: series of changes in an ecological community that occur over time after a
distrubance
b
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Microsere: terminating by the loss of identity of the habitat and without the development
of a climax
d
...
g
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Biomes
a
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Makes up 1/5th of earth’s
land surface
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Desert: Very hot and dry with little rain
c
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d
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Almost half of
the world’s species live there
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Savannah/Tropical grasslands: hot and dry, mainly grass, scrub and some trees
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30
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Abyssal: depths or bed of the ocean between 3000 and 6000 meters down
b
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Pelagic: any water in a sea or lake that is neither close to the bottom nor near the shore
d
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Exposed during low tide and
covered during high tide
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Definition
a
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Kingdom
c
...
Class
e
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Family
g
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Species: organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring with eachother
i
...
Population activities
a
...
R-selection: producing large numbers of offspring that mature rapidly with no parental
care (high mortality rate)
c
...
Speciation: process by which a new species is formed
e
...
Evolutionary bottleneck: species may face a crisis so severe as to cause a shift in allelic
frequencies of the survivors of the crisis
g
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Convergent evolution: two species independently evolve similar structures
i
...
Symbiosis: relationship between two species
i
...
Commensalism: beneficial for one and not affect the other
iii

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