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Name: _____________________

Unit 3:1

Period: _____________________

Naming Compounds

How to use this chart—
Determine what the
compound is made of and
follow the arrows
...


Exception—
O2 is “peroxide” and can
make polyatomic compounds with only 2 elements! O2 with a non-metal
is dioxide
...


What’s it Made of?

Metal and
non-metal

ionic
compound

USE “- IDE” ENDING
(NO PREFIXES!)
Name the metal and non-metal
and change the ending to “ide”
...

Don’t use “mono” for first name,
but always for second name
...

In covalent compounds, though,
non-metals can sometimes combine in multiple ways (carbon
monoxide; carbon dioxide)
...


(di =2 and tetra =4)
“Dinitrogen tetroxide”

polyatomic
compound

CHECK THE CHART BELOW
(NO PREFIXES!)
Use the names on the chart
...


NaNO3
3 elements — polyatomic
Check chart (see below)

Na - sodium
NO3 - nitrate (on chart)
Sodium nitrate

Polyatomic Ions

Greek Prefixes

Oxidation #

Name

Formula

1+

ammonium

NH4+

1-

acetate

C2H3O2-

2-

carbonate

CO32-

2-

chromate

CrO42-

1-

HCO31-

1+

hydrogen
carbonate
hydronium

1-

hydroxide

OH1-

1-

nitrate

NO31-

2-

peroxide

O22-

Tricycle – 3 wheels

3-

phosphate

PO43-

Pentagon – 5 five sided military
building in Washington, D
...


2-

sulfate

SO42-

2-

sulfite

SO32-

Mono - 1
Di – 2
Tri – 3
Tetra – 4
Penta – 5

Hexa – 6
Hepta – 7
Octa – 8
Nona – 9
Deca – 10

Hints to remember prefixes:
Transition Metals Can Have More
Than One Oxidation Number
Iron (II) has an oxidation number of 2+
Iron (III) has an oxidation number of 3+
...

FeO—Iron (II) oxide
Fe2O3— Iron (III) oxide

Monorail – one rail train
Monocle – glasses for one eye
with only a single lens
...


Octopus – 8 legs

H3O+

Decade – 10 years
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...


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...
CO2

A
...
C2O4

B
...
C3O5

C
...
CO

D
...
C2O

E
...
CO8

F
...
BaCl2

K2CO3

________________ carbonate

2
...
Ag2O

_____________

______________________________

NH4Cl

_________________ chloride

4
...
MgBr2

_____________

______________________________

K3PO4

Potassium _________________

6
...
P2O4

_____________

______________________________

Mg(OH)2

M___________ H_____________

8
...
LiF

_____________

______________________________

K(NO3)

_____________ ______________

11
...
OF2

_____________

______________________________

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...


Barium chloride

__

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Stephen Murray

Name: _____________________

Unit 3:2

Period: _____________________

Oxidation Numbers, Notation, Lewis Dot Diagrams
The oxidation numbers tell you how many electrons an element will gain or lose
...


Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

1

Atoms gain or lose
electrons when near
certain other
elements to fulfill
the octet rule:
“If I 8 I full”
...
If
an atom has 1 or 2
valence electrons it
will lose them to
have a full inner
level
...


1A
1
H

2

3

2A

3
Li

4
Be

11
Na

12
Mg

19
K

20
Ca

1

2

Divides
metals and
non-metals

Transition Metals
(Oxidation #s vary)

(Positive Ions)

Notation
Charge
(Oxidation #)

1+

Na 2

4

Positive because
they LOSE
electrons
...

This means they
don’t gain or lose
electrons, so they
don’t react or
form compounds
...


Negative because
they GAIN
electrons
...

Electrons are negative, so losing
negatives makes it more positive
...


O2

Lost 2 electrons

2 Oxygen atoms

No number means 1 atom
Gainers of electrons become negative
(a negative ion)
...


The above notation tells you that each of
the Sodium atoms lost 1 electron
...

The charge is the oxidation number
...
They are a powerful tool in helping you understand, see, and even
predict molecular bonding
...


The dots represent
valence electrons

Ne

O

Open

Neon has 8 valence electrons
and no openings
...


Oxygen has 6 valence
electrons, so it wants
2 more to be full
...


Electrons can move
around for bonding
...
com

-3

13A 14A 15A 16A 17A

Metals

Chemical
symbol

0

Also right

Magnesium has 2 valence
electrons
...


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...
Chlorine now
has 8 and is full
...
Stephen Murray

Name: _____________________

Unit 3:2

Period: _____________________
1
...
Show the number of atoms in a
molecule
...
Metals

A
...


2
...
An atom that lost electrons
...
Nonmetals

3
...
Shows the number of electrons
commonly gained or lost
...
Octet Rule

B
...


D
...


4
...
Elements that gain electrons
...
Transition
Metals

E
...


4
...
Lewis Dot
Diagrams

E
...


C
...


Give abbreviations and oxidation numbers

Give these elements with oxidation # in ion notation

Calcium (Ca)

+2

O2–


...


Fluorine (____) ________

Potassium (____)________

Nitrogen (____) _________

Nitrogen (____)_________

Lithium (____) _________

Chlorine (____) ________

Hydrogen (____) ________

Beryllium (____) _______

Hydrogen (____)________

Helium (____) _________

Magnesium (____) ______

Silicon (____) __________

Calcium (____) ________

Aluminum (____) _______

Krypton (____) _________

Boron (____)___________

Bromine (____) ________

MgCl2 How many Chlorines? ___________

MgCl2 How many total atoms? _____________

Li2O How many Oxygen? ____________
Al2O3 How many Aluminums? _________

Li2O How many total atoms? _____________
Al2O3 How many total atoms? _____________

C12H22O11 How many Hydrogens? __________
CO2 How many Carbons? ____________

C6H12O6 How many total atoms? _____________
CO2 How many total atoms? _____________

H2O How many Hydrogens? __________

H2O How many total atoms? _____________

How many electrons are gained or lost?
Na1+ Lost 1
Cu2+ _________
3+
Al __________
Cl1- _________
2O __________
N3- _________
0
He __________
Si4+ _________

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagrams for the following
...


Carbon

Magnesium

Oxygen

Helium

Aluminum

Argon

Lithium

Fluorine

Give abbreviations and valence electrons
Oxygen (O )


...


Which of these is incorrect?
A
...


C
...


Be

Be

Be

Put boxes around any electrons openings

O
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...

Lithium

Oxygen

Combined

K

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Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________

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Copyright © 2009, C
...

With multiple ions, their charges add together
...
Positive ions (metals) attract
negative ions (nonmetals), forming ionic compounds
...


Each Sodium atom gives up 1 electron,
so 2 Sodium atoms (Na2) will give up
2 electrons and have a charge of 2+
...


Losing 1 electron

How do elements combine to form
compounds? Elements rarely occur
naturally as individual atoms
...
The positive ions are attracted to
negative ions and combine into ionic
compounds
...
This
is the limiting reactant, the reactant that is
limited in amount
...

When the wood is all
burned, the fire will
stop
...


F1-

K1+

K

Sulfur’s oxidation number is −1,
so it will gain 1 electron
...
Each atom
will gain or lose electrons according to its
oxidation number
...


K1+

K1+
K1+

O2−

Oxygen is not full, so it
will attract another K
...


Each oxygen will attract two potassiums, so
potassium and oxygen will always combine as K2O
...


Ionic compounds always combine in a
particular ratio (same number of each
atom) so that they are balanced
...
com

K1+

K1+

K1+

Magnesium Fluoride

MgF2

Magnesium’s oxidation number
is +2, so it will lose 2 electrons
...
Positives give electrons; negatives receive
...
In this simplified
example, the 8 fluorine atoms could combine with 4 magnesium atoms
...
In the real world there are billions
of atoms when they form compounds
...


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Stephen Murray

Name: _____________________

Unit 3:3

Period: _____________________
1
...
Attracted by a positive ion
...
Zero

B
...


3
...
Net charge of a balanced ionic
compound
...
Positive ion

D
...


C
...
Attracted by a negative ion
...
Used for a nonmetal:

5
...
Use the following symbols to answer the following
...
An electron being lost:
B
...
Used for a metal:

8
...
Give abbreviations with oxidation numbers and arrows
Calcium

Ca

Ca2+

Nitrogen

2+

1-

Al

Fluorine

O

2-

Na

Aluminum

Sodium

N

6 lost

___________

_________

F1-3
Al3+
2

___________

_________

O2-3

____________

_________

Na1+
3

____________

_________

N3-2

___________

_________

F

3+

Oxygen

Ca2+
3

2 lost

1+

3-


...

Combine Sodium and Oxygen

Give the balanced
ionic formula for
Sodium Oxide
...


Combine Magnesium and Sulfur

Give the balanced
ionic formula for
Magnesium Sulfide

Combine Lithium and Phosphorus

Give the balanced
ionic formula:

Compound name:

Combine Calcium and Nitrogen

Give the balanced
ionic formula:

Combine Aluminum and Oxygen

Compound name:

Write the balanced ionic compounds for the following:
Be2+ and O2- : __________

Na1+ and S2- : __________

Li1+ and N3- :

__________

Ca2+ and N3- : __________

Al3+ and Cl1- : __________

K1+ and (SO4)2- : _________

Give the balanced
ionic formula for
Beryllium Fluoride
...
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Calcium and Sulfur:

__________________

Aluminum and Oxygen: __________________

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Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________

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...
Why? Because
they are too close to having a full octet of valence electrons
...

Use x’s or dots for different atoms

Remember the dots are Valence Electrons

If you use only dots you won’t be able
to see where the electrons came from
...


Cl

Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons
Phosphorus needs 3 more to be full
...


Covalent Bonding
Oxygen does not exist
as an individual atom
...


Short Hand

O
8

F

F

A single covalent bond
...
e
...
e
...
e
...

Each Oxygen has 6 v
...

plus 2 for the 2 bonds = 8!

N

A triple covalent bond
...
e
...
Ionic compounds are good electrolytes
...


Ionic Compounds are Electrolytes

Dissolved
ionic
compound
(like salt)

Covalent Compounds are NOT Electrolytes

Covalent compounds
do not dissolve into
ions and do not
conduct electricity
...


+

+

cstephenmurray
...
Chemists use lines to show bonds
...
e
...


Each oxygen has only
6 valence electrons
and needs 2 more
...

Ions conduct
electricity
...


Dissolved
covalent
compound
(like sugar)

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X’s
2
...
Ionic

A
...


1
...
When 4 valence electrons are shared
...
Used instead of dots to show a
different atom’s valence electrons
...
Double Bond

B
...
Means 2 electrons
...
Triple Bond

C
...


D
...


4
...
Something dissolved in water that
allows electricity to flow
...
A molecule of two atoms of the same
element
...
Single Bond

C
...


4
...
8 Valence
Electrons

)

E
...


Decide what’s wrong with these covalent compounds and then draw them correctly
...


P

# of electrons:

C

# of electrons: ______ Full? _______

Cl

# of electrons: ______ Full? _______

Si

# of electrons: _______Full? _______

I

# of electrons: ______ Full? _______

S

# of electrons: _______Full? _______

8

Full?

Yes


...


O

# of electrons: _______Full? _______

N

# of electrons: _______Full? _______

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for molecular Oxygen (O2)
...


Short hand

Using Lewis Dot Diagrams to predict how
Nitrogen and Bromine will combine
...
com

In this setup, is the
dissolved compound
ionic or covalent?
How do you know?

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Stephen Murray

Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________

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2
...

4
...

6
...
Become positive ions
...
Tells you that atoms are more stable
with 8 valence electrons
...
Oxidation #s

B
...

2
...
Compounds formed when electrons are
shared
...
Diatomic
Metals
Molecule
D
...

4
...
Do not combine into compounds
...
Valence
Covalent
F
...


B
...

C
...

D
...

E
...


Give the symbol and atomic number of these elements
...


Boron (___) ________

Aluminum (Al)

13


...


Give these elements with oxidation # in ion notation

Aluminum (Al)

13

O2–


...


Boron ____________

Phosphorus (___)______

Magnesium __________

Nitrogen __________

Bromine __________

Argon (___) __________

Silver (___) __________

Helium____________

Potassium _________

Copper (___) _________

Gold (___) ___________

Carbon ____________

Hydrogen _________

How many Aluminums in Al2O3? _________________

How many total atoms in Al2O3? _________________

How many Magnesiums in MgCl2? ________________

How many total atoms in MgCl2? _________________

How many Sodiums in Na3N? ___________________

How many total atoms in Na3N? _________________

How many Oxygens in Li(NO3)? _________________

How many total atoms in Li(NO3)? _______________

How many electrons are gained or lost?
K1+ Lost 1
Fe2+ __________
3+
B __________
F1- __________
2S __________
N3- __________
0
He __________
Si4+ _________

How many electrons will be gained or lost by:
Lost 1
K
Ar ___________
Al ___________
Br ___________
O ___________
Ca ___________
Be ___________
H ____________


...


Draw the Lewis Dot Diagrams for the following
...


Use Electron Arrows to Combine Magnesium and Fluorine

cstephenmurray
...


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...


Al2O3

2
...


BeF2

_______

_________

________________________________

____ Magnesium (___)

4
...


N2F3

_______

_________

________________________________

Give the total charge

6
...


_________

________________________________

____ Argon (___)

Ca2+
3

+6

2+

2-

__________

1-

Mg F

__________

1+

__________

Ca O
2+

8
...


_______

NaN3

10
...
PF3

________________________________

_________

F1-2

Al3+S2-2

__________

3+

__________

________________________________

Al

________________________________

O2-3

O2-2

__________
2+

Mg (NO3)
12
...

Short hand

Using shorthand,
make Oxygen Dichloride

C
# of electrons: ______

N
# of electrons: ______
For the light to come on, what
kind of compound would need
to be dissolved: ionic or
covalent?
+
What do we call a compound
that will allow electricity to
flow?

cstephenmurray
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Legal copying of this worksheet requires written permission
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Stephen Murray

Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________

cstephenmurray
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Copyright © 2009, C
...

As ions add together, so do their charges
...
Positive ions (metals) attract
negative ions (nonmetals), forming ionic compounds
...


Each Sodium atom gives up 1 electron,
so 2 Sodium atoms (Na2) will give up
2 electrons and have a charge of 2+
...


Li1+ Li1+ O2– O2–
2– 2–
Li1+ Li1+ O O
Li1+ Li1+ O2– O2–

Each Oxygen
will attract
2 Lithium ions
to be balanced
...
The net charge must equal zero!

Balanced Ionic Compounds
If Lithium atoms are
placed near Oxygen
atoms they will combine
and form ionic bonds
in a certain ratio
...


= 1-

1+

2-

Li Li O

Using Lewis Dot Diagrams

Li
Li

Oxygen needs 2 more electrons to
be full
...


O
2 openings

Li Li O

With only 1 Lithium, Oxygen is
still not full, so it attracts one
more Lithium atom
...


Li O
Li

BALANCED

Li2O

Li2O

Lithium and Oxygen will ALWAYS combine in a 2:1 ratio
...

Magnesium loses 2 electrons

The Symbols

Mg2+

Losing 1 electron
Gaining 1 electron

Chlorine gains 1 electron

Cl1-

An ionic bond

How to Balance Ionic Compounds
Step 1: Write the symbols for each element
...

Step 3: Balance so the # of electrons lost = # gained
...

cstephenmurray
...
Find the balanced ionic formula for Calcium Bromide
...


Balanced!

Calcium Bromide is
ALWAYS: CaBr2

Copyright © 2009, C
...
13 is the older “Ionic Compounds” page, which has multiple ways of showing multiple methods
...
7)
uses the electron arrows, which I believe to be superior and much easier for the students
...

I haven’t had time to complete the rewrite of “Covalent Compounds” using electron arrows, but you can show this method
very easily and students will make the connection very fast
...
The idea that they “share” electrons is a simple step
...
Covalent compounds works for everyone easily with the
electron arrows
...
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