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Title: ProfEd 122 Facilitating Learner- Centered Teaching: Learner Centered Instructional Strategies
Description: Learner- Centered Instructional Strategies This is a study note in ProfEd122 for College and University students

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Learner Centered Instructional Strategies
(Santrock, 2011)
Problem-Based Learning
 This strategy Emphasized real life problem solving
...


Essential Questions
 Questions will be asked to perplexed the student and would provoke students’ curiosity
...


Discovery Learning
 This approach is in contrast with the direct-instruction approach
...


Learning Point: Theories of Learning
BEHAVIORISM
 Is a world view that assumes that the learner is essentially passive, responding to
environment stimuli


An opposed notion to the idea of learning as introspection



Emerged as a perspective on early 1900s through the research effort of Ivan Pavlov and
Edward Lee Thorndike

 The learner starts off with a clean state ( Tabula Rasa)


Behavior is learned through positive reinforcement



Probability that the antecedent behavior will be repeated or will happen again



Stimulus and response



Association of stimuli and responses

Assumptions of Behaviorism
 Learning should apply equally to different behaviors and to a variety of animal species


Learning processes can be studies most objectively when the focus of the study is on the
stimuli and responses



Internal processes is excluded or minimized in theoretical explanations

 Learning involves a behavior of change



Organisms are born as blank states



Learning is largely the result of environmental events



The most useful theories tend to be parsimonious

Application of Behaviorism
 Drill/ Route work


Repetitive Practice



Giving Bonus points



Verbal reinforcement/Positive Reinforcement



Establish rules



Giving of rewards/ Token reinforcers

 Applying punishment


Giving Feedback

COGNITIVISM OR COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM
 started from the late 1950’s to 1960’s replacing the dominion of Behaviorism


The human mind is seen as “black box”



Mental processes need to be explored



People are not seen as programmed organisms

 Emphasis on the symbolic mental constructions


Requires active participation for learning and actions are seen as a result of thinking



Change in behavior indicates mental constructions



Learners mind is like a computer



Learning is a product of an internal processes



Reorganization of experiences



Learning is stored

Application of Cognitivism
 Classifying or chunking of information


Linking Concepts



Providing structure



Real world examples



Discussions

 Problem solving


Analogies

 Imagery
 Mnemonics

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
 Emerged in the 1970’s and 1980’s


Learning is an active constructive process



People actively construct or create their own representation of objective reality



Mental representations are subjective



Learning as an active contextualized process

 e
...
A simple task of listening to a lecturer or a speaker is an attempt to construct new
knowledge and not just absorbing what is being said in the lecture
...
Thus, the individual needs
to have a wide and significant base of knowledge upon which to create and interpret ideas
...




Cognitive Constructivism- Knowledge is actively constructed based on cognitive
structures



Social Constructivism- Knowledge is constructed within social contexts through
interactions with a knowledge community

VIEW OF LEARNING
 Behaviorism- passive absorption of a predefined body of knowledge by the learner
...


VIEW OF MOTIVATION
 Behaviorism- Extrinsic
 Cognitive Constructivism- Intrinsic
 Social Constructivism- Both intrinsic and extrinsic

IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING
BEHAVIORISM


Correct behavioral responses are transmitted by teachers and absorbed by students

COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM


Teachers facilitates learning by providing an environment that promotes discovery and
assimilation/accommodation

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM


Collaborative Learning is facilitated and guided by the teacher group work


Title: ProfEd 122 Facilitating Learner- Centered Teaching: Learner Centered Instructional Strategies
Description: Learner- Centered Instructional Strategies This is a study note in ProfEd122 for College and University students