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Learner Centered Instructional Strategies
(Santrock, 2011)
Problem-Based Learning
 This strategy Emphasized real life problem solving
...


Essential Questions
 Questions will be asked to perplexed the student and would provoke students’ curiosity
...


Discovery Learning
 This approach is in contrast with the direct-instruction approach
...


Learning Point: Theories of Learning
BEHAVIORISM
 Is a world view that assumes that the learner is essentially passive, responding to
environment stimuli


An opposed notion to the idea of learning as introspection



Emerged as a perspective on early 1900s through the research effort of Ivan Pavlov and
Edward Lee Thorndike

 The learner starts off with a clean state ( Tabula Rasa)


Behavior is learned through positive reinforcement



Probability that the antecedent behavior will be repeated or will happen again



Stimulus and response



Association of stimuli and responses

Assumptions of Behaviorism
 Learning should apply equally to different behaviors and to a variety of animal species


Learning processes can be studies most objectively when the focus of the study is on the
stimuli and responses



Internal processes is excluded or minimized in theoretical explanations

 Learning involves a behavior of change



Organisms are born as blank states



Learning is largely the result of environmental events



The most useful theories tend to be parsimonious

Application of Behaviorism
 Drill/ Route work


Repetitive Practice



Giving Bonus points



Verbal reinforcement/Positive Reinforcement



Establish rules



Giving of rewards/ Token reinforcers

 Applying punishment


Giving Feedback

COGNITIVISM OR COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM
 started from the late 1950’s to 1960’s replacing the dominion of Behaviorism


The human mind is seen as “black box”



Mental processes need to be explored



People are not seen as programmed organisms

 Emphasis on the symbolic mental constructions


Requires active participation for learning and actions are seen as a result of thinking



Change in behavior indicates mental constructions



Learners mind is like a computer



Learning is a product of an internal processes



Reorganization of experiences



Learning is stored

Application of Cognitivism
 Classifying or chunking of information


Linking Concepts



Providing structure



Real world examples



Discussions

 Problem solving


Analogies

 Imagery
 Mnemonics

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
 Emerged in the 1970’s and 1980’s


Learning is an active constructive process



People actively construct or create their own representation of objective reality



Mental representations are subjective



Learning as an active contextualized process

 e
...
A simple task of listening to a lecturer or a speaker is an attempt to construct new
knowledge and not just absorbing what is being said in the lecture
...
Thus, the individual needs
to have a wide and significant base of knowledge upon which to create and interpret ideas
...




Cognitive Constructivism- Knowledge is actively constructed based on cognitive
structures



Social Constructivism- Knowledge is constructed within social contexts through
interactions with a knowledge community

VIEW OF LEARNING
 Behaviorism- passive absorption of a predefined body of knowledge by the learner
...


VIEW OF MOTIVATION
 Behaviorism- Extrinsic
 Cognitive Constructivism- Intrinsic
 Social Constructivism- Both intrinsic and extrinsic

IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING
BEHAVIORISM


Correct behavioral responses are transmitted by teachers and absorbed by students

COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVISM


Teachers facilitates learning by providing an environment that promotes discovery and
assimilation/accommodation

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM


Collaborative Learning is facilitated and guided by the teacher group work



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