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Immune System
1
...
Functional system rather than organ system
3
...
Innate system
a
...
Antimicrobial proteins and phagocytes
i
...
Adaptive(specific immunity)
a
...
Third line of defense and takes longer to activate that innate
system
c
...
Immune system lines of defenses
a
...
Invaders are “arrested” if the breach
c
...
Surface barriers(skin)

a
...
Acid mantle: sweat and sebum have low ph and contain
bactericides
8
...
Nasal hair
b
...
Cilia
d
...
Tear and saliva
f
...
Behavioral: coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and diarrhea
10
...
Nonspecific cell and chemical responses
b
...
Inflammation: macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes, and dozens
of chemicals
i
...


Toll-like receptors: expressed by macrophages and a
cascade (cytokines) causes inflammation

11
...
Neutrophils- become phagocytic when they contact pathogens
b
...


Free macrophages- wander in search of debris

ii
...
Phagocytosis
a
...
Endocytosis and form a vesicle called a phagosome
c
...


Some pathogens are resistant to phagolysosomes and
helper T cells produce a respiratory burst ( produce
peroxide)

ii
...
Immune system can get around bacteria resistant to detection with
opsonins
a
...
Phagocytes can release toxins to extracellular space

14
...
Large granular lymphocytes that kill infected and cancerous
cells before immune response is activated
b
...
Induce apoptosis or programmed cell death like cytotoxic T
cells of adaptive system
15
...
Nonspecific response that causes redness, heat, swelling
i
...


Disposes of invaders

iii
...


Set stage for repair

16
...
Signals released into extracellular fluid
b
...


Respond to antibodies, pathogens, cytokines

ii
...


Produces growth factors, cytokines, and prostglandins

iv
...
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
a
...
Increased permeability of capillaries and venules
c
...
Phagocyte mobilization
a
...
Margination- neutrophils express cell adhesion molecules that
bind to endothelial cells
c
...
Chemotaxis- WBC’s move up the concentration gradient to
inflammatory chemicals
i
...
Antimicrobial Proteins: Interferons
a
...
Virus infects the cell and replicates inside the cell
c
...
IFN are expressed and released by exocytosis
e
...
Antimicrobial Proteins: Complement
a
...
Nonspecific defense mechanism that enhances both adaptive
and innate immunity
21
...
Classical- antibody binding to pathogens
b
...
Alternative pathway- spontaneous activation
22
...
C3 goes to C3a and C3b
b
...
C3b is opsonin but also promotes target cell lysis

i
...
Fever
a
...
Leukocytes release pyrogens that can act on the hypothalamus
to raise body temperature
i

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