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Cancer
15
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18)
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Some of these can be inherited from
parents, some by exposure to certain substances from the environment, and
some may be the result of the cancer itself because as cancer develops, it
damages local tissues and causes inflammation
...
A tumour can be:
• benign – contained within a thick fibrous capsule; it grows slowly and does
not destroy the tissue in which it originates, or spread to other sites
• malignant – tends to grow quickly, spreads to other tissues and organs, and
threatens life or wellbeing (k Table 15
...
19)
...
18 Worldwide, the
most common causes of
death from cancer are lung,
liver, colorectal (bowel),
stomach and breast
...
10
...
Metastasis
Metastasis is the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance
from a primary site of cancer
...
In order to do this, the cells must escape by moving through the
extracellular space and penetrating blood or lymph vessel walls
...
Table 15
...
g
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19 When a primary skin
cancer, e
...
melanoma (k 15
...
5,
item 4) spreads to form a
metastatic tumour in the
skeleton, the secondary tumour
is called metastatic bone cancer,
not bone cancer, because it will
have cellular and molecular
features of the original skin
cancer cells
...
10
...
20 Since the 1970s, dozens
of oncogenes have been
identified in human cancer, and
many chemotherapy drugs target
the proteins encoded by the
oncogenes
...
21 An example of a
tumour suppressor gene is the
p53 gene
...
3
...
Cancer is a complex disease that can arise in almost any part of the body
when an error occurs in gene expression – the way that cells divide, grow
and develop
...
3
...
Mutations
are sometimes known as the ‘drivers’ of cancer and can affect oncogenes,
tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes
...
If mutations
arise in these genes, they can become oncogenes
...
When
mutations occur in a cell’s genes, most normal cells undergo apoptosis
...
Most oncogenes require an additional factor before they can cause cancer,
e
...
mutations in another gene, or environmental factors such as a viral
infection or smoking