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Autonomic nervous
system
)
...
(a)
(b)
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
eye muscles
contraction
cerebellum
cranial nerves
brainstem
salivary glands
C1
C2
heart
decrease in heart rate
decrease in contrctility
stomach
increase in motility
relaxation of sphincters
stimulation of secretions
lungs
heart
arterioles
coeliac
ganglion
increase in heart rate
increase in contractility
constriction
dilation
decrease in motility
small intestine
decrease in motility
decreased secretion
increased insulin/glucagon
glycogenolysis
relaxation
liver
gall bladder
adrenal gland
T12
large intestine
L1
gall bladder
contraction
relaxation
bronchiodilation
stomach
pancreas
pancreas
increased insulin and
glucagon secretion
contraction
relaxation
salivary glands
C7
T1
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
LUNGS
bronchial muscles
contraction
bronchial glands
stimulation
arterioles
dilation
eye muscles
tend to inhibit motility
and secretions
rectum
inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
urinary bladder
relaxation
male genitals
emission of semen
and ejaculation
urinary bladder
small and large intestine
peristalsis
L5
sacral
splanchnic
nerves
urinary bladder
contraction
pelvic
splanchnic
nerves
uterus
(smooth muscle)
vagina
(smooth muscle)
ganglion
genitalia
vasodilation
secretion
Fig
...
20 Organs controlled by (a) parasympathetic; (b) sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
...
Parasympathetic nerves act by releasing acetylcholine at the synapses
...
)
...
output
...
8
...
Acetylcholine is the
neurotransmitter released in the ganglia (k Fig
...
21), but the parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions are mediated by different neurotransmitters with opposing effects on the organs and glands
they affect (k 11
...
1):
• the parasympathetic division releases acetylcholine in effector tissues
...
g
...
9
...
Noradrenaline
is an excitatory neurotransmitter producing diverse effects, e
...
increase in heart rate, increased
depth and rate of breathing, dilatation of the pupils, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and
inhibition of activity of smooth muscle in the digestive system (k Fig
...
21b)
...
(a) parasympathetic division
preganglionic
fibre
acetylcholine
(ACh)
postganglionic
axon
acetylcholine
(ACh)
myelinated
unmyelinated
ganglion
(b) sympathetic division
preganglionic
fibre
acetylcholine
(ACh)
myelinated
EFFECTOR
(smooth
muscle)
noradrenaline
postganglionic
axon
unmyelinated
ganglion
EFFECTOR
(smooth
muscle)
Fig
...
21 Neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system: (a) parasympathetic division; (b) sympathetic division