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Appendicular skeleton
4
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4
...
1 Pectoral girdle
The pectoral girdle is composed of four bones (k Fig
...
14):
• two clavicles which are attached to the sternum
...
4
...
Box 4
...
Sometimes
during pregnancy the joints move
unevenly, causing pelvic girdle
pain, felt when walking on uneven
ground, climbing stairs or turning
over in bed
...
• two scapulae (sing
...
The scapula moves by sliding
over the rib cage, taking the arm with it
• the shoulder joint is formed where the end of the humerus (long bone of
the upper arm) fits into a bony socket of the scapula (shoulder blade)
...
4
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2 Pelvic girdle
hip bone
acetabulofemoral
(hip) joint
neck of femur
(liable to fracture, particularly
in elderly people if they have
osteoporosis)
The pelvic girdle consists of three bones – the right pelvis, left pelvis and
sacrum (the lower part of the spine)
...
The right and left
pelvis meet at the pubic symphysis where they are held together by tough,
fibrous connective tissue
...
4
...
The shape of the pelvic girdle depends on gender
...
12)
...
femur
(thigh)
joint between the sacrum
and the 5th lumbar
vertebra
RIGHT
PELVIS
patella
(kneecap)
sacroiliac joint
(joint between
the pelvis
and the
sacrum)
LEFT
PELVIS
sacrum
LEG
ilium
coccyx
tibia
pubis
the 3 bones
of the
left pelvis
pubic
symphysis
ischium
fibula
Fig
...
15 Pelvic girdle
...
3
...
4
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The upper limbs – arms and hands – function to grasp and manipulate objects
and the lower limbs – legs and feet – enable locomotion
...
They are pentadactyl (five-fingered) limbs with a common pattern
...
4
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17)