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PHARMACOLOGY
Major concepts:
Medicinal Drugs
Addictive Drugs
Antibiotics and Vaccines
Introduction:
Pharmacology is the study of drug
compositions, properties and medical
applications
...

|Pharmacology is not synonymous with
pharmacy, which is the name used for a
Profession, though in common usage the two
terms are confused|
Clinical Pharmacology was present in the
middle ages
...

Any substance that, when absorbed into the
body of a living organism, alters normal body
function is known as a drug
...

A pharmaceutical drug of medical drug is
defined as any chemical substance used in the
diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of
disease
...

Prescription drugs are sold only on physician’s
prescription
...

Non-Prescription drugs are sold over the
counter because these are considered safe
enough
...
|

Some drugs often make person dependent on
them, or adducted
...
By using such drug, the
person’s body becomes familiar to it and the
user cannot function well without it
...

Medicinal Drugs:
Various diseases have been made easier to
treat in recent years by the production of
medicinal drugs
...

Synthetic drugs:
Such drugs do not occur naturally but are
synthesized in laboratory
...
g
...

Drugs From Plants and Fungi:
Many important medicines are obtained from
plants and fungi
...
The antibiotic penicillin comes
from a fungus
...
It is
made from the leaves of purple flowered
plant foxglove
...

Drugs From Animals:
Drugs obtained from animals are usually their
glandular products
...

Drugs Form Mineral:
Several common drugs are produced from
minerals
...
The powder form of silver nitrate is

applied on wounds to stop bleeding and
prevent infection
...
The project
resulted in the development of one antibiotic,
Terramyicn, which is used to treat many
infections
...
g
...

Principle Usage of important Medicinal Drugs:
Drugs are classified on the basis of their
chemical properties and modes of action
...
g
...

Antibiotics inhibit or kill bacteria and treat
bacterial infections e
...
tetracycline
cephalosporin etc
...

Antibiotics inhibit or kill bacteria within or on
the body
...
|
Sedatives induce sedation by reducing
irritability or excitement e
...
diazepam
...
g
...

|Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) was a
Scottish biologist
...
|
|Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was an English
surgeon
...
He introduced

carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments
and to clean wounds
...
But if
medicines are taken incorrectly, they can
actually make you feel worse
...

Always check the expiry date printed on the
medicine pack
...

Never take medicines prescribed for someone
else, even if you think you have the same
medical problem
...
Make
sure you take the medicine for the stated

time
...

Always check with your doctor before you
stop taking a medicine or consider a new
treatment
...

Do not take medicine in the dark
...

Always keep healthcare products out of the
reach of children
...
Inform the pharmacist and the
manufacturer of the medicine, about it
...

Sedatives
These drugs interact with central nervous
system to depress its activities
...
Long-term use of
sedative induces suicidal thoughts
...
These drugs
are often prescribed in conjunction with other
less potent painkillers (paracetamol or
aspirin)
...

These are also used to relieve acute pain after
operations
...


Morphine and codeine are the narcotics,
derived from opium (poppy)
...
Morphine has a high potential for
addiction
...
e
...
It effects on central nervous
system and causes drowsiness
...
Its use includes treatment
for acute pain, such as in severe physical
trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical
pain etc
...
The group includes
mescaline, which comes from a cactus and
psilocin, which comes from a mushroom
...
|
Physiological, hallucinogens effect on the
sympathetic nervous system, causing dilation
of pupils, construction of some arteries and
rise in blood pressure
...
it is obtained from the flowers,
stems, and leaves of the marijuana plant
(Cannabis sativa and C
...
Small doses of
marijuana result in a feeling of well-being that
tests two to three hours
...
It also affects the productions of
sperms in man and also weakens the shortterm memory
...
|
Drugs Addiction and Associated Problems
Drugs abusers go through withdrawal of social
contract or communication
...
The compulsion for
narcotic drug makes every drug addict a law
violator and a criminal
...
Thus,
every drug addict is subject to arrest by the
police
...
|
Most narcotics addicts get involved in various
types of crime e
...
robbery, shoplifting,

burglary, embezzlement etc
...
The addicts are very weak in
their social behavior
...
e
...


Antibiotics and Vaccines
Two important medicinal drugs are antibiotics
and vaccines
...
They are
the chemicals produced by or derived from
micro-organisms (bacteria and fungi)
...
|
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic antibiotics

Antibiotic are used to treat many different
bacterial infections
...

Others are ‘bacteriostatic’, meaning that they
work by stopping bacterial growth
...
|
|expired drugs can cause damage to kidneys
...

Cephalosporin’s
Cephalosporin interferes with synthesis of
bacterial cell wall and so is bactericidal
...


Tetracycline’s
These are broad spectrum bacteriostatic
antibiotics and inhibit bacterial protein
synthesis
...
Tetracycline’s are
not used in children under the age of 8, and
specifically during periods of tooth
development
...
Sulfonamides are
broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics
...
They are used to treat pneumonia
and urinary tract infections
...
g
...
|

Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are extremely important in medicine,
but unfortunately bacteria are capable of
developing resistance to them
...

|when bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics
over and over; they can change and are no longer
affected by the drug
...
Sometimes, their internal mechanism
stops the working of antibiotic
...
So such resistance bacteria make it
possible for other bacteria to acquire resistance
...
g
...


Resistance to antibiotics poses a serious and
growing problem, because some infectious diseases
are becoming more difficult to treat
...


Vaccines
A vaccine is a material containing weakened or
killed pathogens and is used to produce immunity
to a disease by stimulating the production of
antibiotics
...

In 1796, a British physician, Edward Jenner, infected
a young boy with cowpox, by injecting pus cells
...
The boy did not get smallpox
...
This
method was named “Vaccination” and the
substance used to vaccinate was called a “vaccine”
...

Pathogens contain special proteins called
“antigens”
...
e
...

Antibodies bind to pathogens and destroy them
...

When a Vaccine i
...
weakened or dead pathogen is
introduced into bloodstream, the white blood cells
are stimulated
...
These
antibodies remain in blood and provide protection
against pathogens
...




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