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Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during one normal
(quiet) breathing cycle (about 500 ml for men & women)
...

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond
a tidal exhalation (about 1200 ml for men & 700 ml for women) or the additional amount of
air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration
...

Respiratory (lung) capacities (= two or more respiratory volumes added together):1
...

2
...

Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity = RV + VC
...

Objective - The therapists objective observations and treatment interventions (e
...

ROM, Outcome Measures)
Assessment - The therapists analysis of the various components of the assessment
...


****Grades of muscle strain*****

•

Grade I strain
...

Although the injured muscle is tender and painful, it has normal strength
...
This is a moderate strain, with a greater number of injured fibers and
more severe muscle pain and tenderness
...


•

Grade III strain
...
Grade III strains are serious injuries that cause complete loss of muscle
function, as well as considerable pain, swelling, tenderness and discoloration
...


*****Grades of ligament sprain*****
•

•

•

Grade 1 (mild) The ligament is stretched but still intact
...
There
may have been a feeling of "popping"
...

Grade 3 (severe) A complete tear of the ligament resulting in severe
pain, extensive bleeding, and swelling
...
There may be a feeling of complete dislocation,
even though that may not have happened
...
e
...
With this style of stretching, you stretch a muscle or group of muscles
to its furthest point, holding the position for 30 to 60 seconds
...


Passive

Passive stretching is similar to static stretching, the difference being that, with
passive stretching, you don't supply the force to stretch a muscle
...
For example, doing the splits is
considered passive stretching, as the floor acts as the apparatus helping you
stretch your leg and groin muscles
...


Dynamic

The controlled leg and arms movements of dynamic stretching help you to gently
push your muscles to the limits of your range of motion
...
Dynamic stretching can help
improve your flexibility, and the style is effective as part of a warm-up before
higher-energy active workout -- or even just to loosen up
...
But ballistic stretching
pushes your muscles beyond their normal range of motion
...
For example, a dynamic stretch would be repeatedly bouncing
toward your toes to stretch your hamstrings
...


Active Isolated

Active Isolated stretching, also known as AI stretching, requires you to assume
and hold a position with only the help of your natural muscle strength
...
As one muscle contracts, the opposing muscle will
relax, resulting in a better stretch
...


Isometric

Isometric stretching is a type of static stretching during which tension is
developed without contraction of the muscle
...
An example of isometric
stretching would be having a partner hold your leg up while you try to force your
leg back down
...
Types of PNF stretching include hold-relax, contract-relax
and rhythmic initiation
...

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Score
0

I

Ashworth (Ashworth 19(,4)

l\1odilied Ashworth (Bohdnnon dtHI
Sn1ith 1987)

No increase in tone

No increase in tone

Slight increase in tone giving a catch
when the limb is moved in flexion /
extension

Slight increase in tone giving a catch,
release and minimal resistance at the
end of range of motion (ROM) when the
limb is moved in flexion/ extensio n
Slight increase in tone giving a catch,
release and minimal resistance
throughout the remainder (less than
half) of ROM

1+

2

3

4

More marked increase in tone, but
the limb is easily moved through its
full ROM

More marked increased in tone through
most of the ROM, but limb is easily
moved

Considerable increase in tone passive movement difficult and ROM Considerable increase in tone - passive
movement difficult
decreased
Limb rigid inflexion and extension

Limb rigid in flexion and extension

The Cranial Nerves
Nerve Number
and Name

Composition

Some Functions

Olfactory

Sensory only

Olfaction (smell)

Optic

Sensory only

Vision

111 Oculomotor

Motor and
sensory

Serves muscles of the
eye

IV

Trochlear

Motor and
sensory

Serves the superior
oblique eye muscle

V

Trigeminal

Motor and
sensory

Sensory from face and
mouth;motor to muscles
of mastication (chewing)

VI

Abducens

Motor and
sensory

Serves the lateral rectus
eye muscle

VII Facial

Motor and
sensory

Serves the muscles of
facial expression, lacrimal
glands,andsalivaryglands

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Sensory only

Equilibrium and hearing

II

IX

Glossopharyngeal Motor and
sensory

Serves the pharynx
(throat) for swallowing,
posterior third of tongue,
parotid salivary gland

X

Vagus

Motor and
sensory

Sensations from visceral
(internal) organs, and
parasympathetic motor
regulation of visceral
organs

XI

Accessory

Motor and
sensory

Serves m uscles thatmove
head,neck,and shoulders

Motor and
sensory

Serves muscles of the
tongue

XII Hypog lossal

Electrical
Activity
Atrial
Depolarization

Delay at AV Node

Ventricular
Depolarization
Ventricular
Repolarizatlon
No electrical
activity


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Level of
Functioning

ody Function
nd Structures

y (body parts)

ctivities

Participation

Individual (person ociety (life
s a whole)
ituations)

ontextual Factors

Environmental
Factors(externainlfluence on
unctioning)
Personal Factorsvnternal
'nfluence on functioning)

Characteristics

ody function Performance of
ody structure individual's
ctivities

Involvement in life eatures of the physical, social
ituations
nd attitudinal world +
ttributes of the person

Positive Aspects
(Functioning)

unctional and
tructural integri ·ctivity

Participation

Negative Aspects
(Disability)
mpairment

Activity limitation rticipation
restirction
(Soucre: WHO, 1999)


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Received
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Randomized

Allocated to
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Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention
allocation, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel
randomized trial of two

in a controlled trial one

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