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Chapter 50 Sample Questions & Answers:

MULTIPLE CHOICE
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1) Important abiotic factors in ecosystems include which of the following?
I
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water
III
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B) Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection and evolutionary history
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D) Ecology spans increasingly comprehensive levels of organization, from individuals to ecosystems
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3) Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least
inclusive?
A) ecosystem, community, population, individual
B) community, ecosystem, individual, population
C) individual, population, community, ecosystem
D) population, ecosystem, individual, community
E) individual, community, population, ecosystem
4) Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological
communities?
A) nutrient availability, soil pH, light intensity
B) precipitation, wind, temperature
C) predation, competition, disease
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
5) Landscape ecology is best described as the study of
A) the array of interacting species within a community
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C) the factors affecting the abundance of single species
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E) related arrays of ecosystems
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B) population
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D) cellular
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7) "How does the foraging of animals on tree seeds affect the distribution and abundance of the trees?" This
question
A) is difficult to answer because a long-term experiment would be required
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C) is difficult to answer because a large experimental area would be required
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E) A, B, and C are correct
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There is as yet no documented scientific evidence against the chemical, but many
suspect it to be a health hazard
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B) Caution individuals to use their own judgment in deciding whether to drink water from a potentially
contaminated area
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D) Set the acceptable levels at the highest levels encountered, and keep them there unless future studies
demonstrate negative health effects
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9) All of the following would have a direct effect on the amount of precipitation in an area except
A) mountain ranges
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C) continental drift
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E) evaporation from vegetation
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B) precipitation and temperature
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D) climate
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11) Species transplants are one way of
A) determining the distribution of a species in a specified area
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C) developing mathematical models for distribution and abundance
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E) determining the abundance of a species in a specified area
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The best
explanation for this unchecked population growth is that
A) they muddy the water around them, making it difficult for their natural enemies to see them
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C) a mutation caused by pollution has increased their reproductive rate
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E) they are feeding on a source of food that had previously been underutilized
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B) often fail to colonize the new area
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D) Both B and C are correct
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14) Which ecological unit or relationship is least related to abiotic factors?
A) community B) symbiosis C) population D) species E) ecosystem

15) Which of the following are correct statements about light in aquatic environments?
I
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II
...

III
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A) I only B) II only C) I and III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

1) Answer: E 2) Answer: B 3) Answer: A 4) Answer: C 5) Answer: E 6) Answer: D 7) Answer: E 8) Answer: C
9) Answer: C 10) Answer: C 11) Answer: C 12) Answer: B 13) Answer: E 14) Answer: B 15) Answer: C
Chapter 51 Sample Questions & Answers:

MULTIPLE CHOICE
...


1) When, during a field trip, the instructor touched the body of a moth that was sitting on a tree trunk, the moth
raised its forewings to reveal large eye-spots on its hind wings
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One student said that certain sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex
culminating in the contraction of certain muscles
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What can you say about the explanations of these two students?
A) The first response is correct, while the second is incorrect
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C) The first response answers a proximate question, while the second answers an ultimate question
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E) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, while the second is not
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When a female cat comes into heat, she urinates more frequently
and in a large number of places
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2) Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination?
A) It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle
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C) The female cat saw other cats doing it, and it worked for them
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E) It announces to the males that she is in heat
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B) By smelling the odor, various neurons in the males' brains are stimulated
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D) The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males
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4) Which of the following is a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?
A) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps it to improve its social position and find a mate
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C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day
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E) A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on
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B) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because several times in the past, red tennis balls have been thrown at
it, and it has learned that they are dangerous
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D) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it confuses it with an encroaching male, and if it does not
attack rival males it will lose its territory
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6) After eating a monarch butterfly and regurgitating, a bird will subsequently avoid orange and black
butterflies
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B) associative learning
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D) adaptive behavior
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7) In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by
functioning as
A) a search image
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C) a sign stimulus
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E) an imprint stimulus
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All the males immediately fly to the earphone and thrust their abdomens through the fabric
of the cage
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B) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the
earphone with the normal response of copulation
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D) The males learn to associate the sound with a female and are thus attracted to it
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9) Mayflies laying eggs on roads instead of in water involves which of the following?
A) insecticide poisoning
B) a defective behavioral gene
C) trial-and-error learning
D) natural behavioral variation in the mayfly population
E) misdirected response to a sign stimulus
10) Which of the following statements is (are) true of fixed action patterns?
A) They are triggered by sign stimuli in the environment and, once begun, are continued to completion
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C) An inappropriate stimulus can sometimes trigger them
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E) A, B, and C are correct
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B) the nervous system
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D) pheromones
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12) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) pheromones
B) sign stimulus
C) fixed action pattern
D) optimal foraging
E) hormones
13) During a trip to the north woods, you discover a patch of blueberries
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The next
year you return to the same spot and find berries everywhere
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This is a good example of
A) trial-and-error learning
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C) operant conditioning
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E) optimal foraging
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What is this behavior called?
A) dominance hierarchies
B) animal cognition
C) optimal foraging
D) territoriality
E) agonistic behavior

1) Answer: C 2) Answer: A 3) Answer: E 4) Answer: C 5) Answer: D 6) Answer: C 7) Answer: C 8) Answer: A
9) Answer: E 10) Answer: E 11) Answer: A 12) Answer: D 13) Answer: E 14) Answer: E 15) Answer: C
Chapter 52 Sample Questions & Answers:

MULTIPLE CHOICE
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1) A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics?
I
...
individuals belonging to the same species
III
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What was the biologist measuring?
A) range
B) dispersion
C) density
D) carrying capacity
E) quadrats
3) All of the following phrases could characterize a population except
A) dispersion
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C) density
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E) several species
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The next day, another 100 butterflies are
captured, including the recapture of 20 marked butterflies
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B) 200
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D) 900,000
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5) The most common kind of dispersion in nature is
A) uniform
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C) dispersive
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E) indeterminate
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The pattern of dispersion for a certain
species of snail that lives only on this kelp would likely be
A) clumped
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C) random
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E) uniform
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B) life table
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D) rate table
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11) Life tables are useful in determining which of the following?
I
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mortality rates
III
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B) Death rates are highest in middle-aged adults, whereas the birth rates are highest in teenagers
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D) Both death rates and birth rates are highest in teenagers
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13) A demographer studying a population of a particular organism would be least likely to be engaged in which
of the following?
A) constructing a life table for the organism
B) measuring birth and death rates
C) sampling the population and determining the sex ratio
D) estimating how long an individual of a given age will live
E) studying courtship behavior between males and females
14) Life history strategies result from
A) natural selection
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C) conscious choice
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E) A, B, and C
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Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question
...
E
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B) The community functions as an integrated unit
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D) The community is a chance assemblage of species
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2) All of the following statements about communities are correct except:
A) The distribution of almost all organisms is probably affected to some extent by both abiotic gradients and
interactions with other species
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C) The trophic structure of a community describes abiotic factors such as rainfall and temperature affecting
members of the community
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E) Many plant species in communities seem to be independently distributed
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She discovers that predation
rates remain the same but that the major predators shift from spiders to ambush bugs
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predation
II
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competition
A) I only B) III only C) I and II only D) I and III only E) I, II, and III
5) Which of the following statements is consistent with the competitive exclusion principle?
A) The density of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other
competing species
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C) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of inferior species
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E) Evolution tends to increase competition between related species
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B) patchy environments
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D) migration of populations
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7) According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same
A) biome
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C) territory
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E) niche
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B) logistic growth
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D) ecological niche
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9) A species of fish is found to require a certain temperature, a particular oxygen content of the water, a
particular depth, and a rocky substrate on the bottom
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B) prime habitat
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D) home base
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10) Resource partitioning is best described by which of the following statements?
A) Species diversity is maintained by switching between prey species
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C) Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist
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E) Competitive exclusion results in the success of the superior species
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Which of the
following best accounts for this niche separation?
A) mutualism
B) predation of Chthamalus by Balanus
C) primary succession
D) cooperative displacement
E) competitive exclusion
12) Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between
A) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches
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C) sympatric populations of a predator and its prey
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E) sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator
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They obtain nutrients and water
from the vascular tissues of the trees
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Which of
the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?
A) competition B) mutualism C) parasitism D) commensalism E) facilitation
14) Which of the following is not an example of a plant defense against herbivory?
A) cryptic coloration
B) spines
C) nicotine
D) morphine
E) thorns
15) An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid
A) competition
...
C) commensalism
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E) predation
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Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question
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B) decomposer
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D) autotroph
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2) Which of the following organisms fix nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems?
A) fungi
B) chemoautotrophs
C) cyanobacteria
D) legumes
E) phytoplankton
3) Which of the following statements is (are) true?
A) At any point in time, it is impossible for consumers to outnumber producers in an ecosystem
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C) Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes near deep-sea vents are primary producers
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E) Both C and D are true
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Organisms in which of the
following taxa perform decomposition?
A) invertebrates B) bacteria C) vertebrates D) A and C E) A, B, and C
5) Organisms in which of the following taxa are responsible for most of the conversion of organic materials into
inorganic compounds that can be utilized in primary production?
A) autotrophs B) bacteria C) fungi D) B and C E) A, B, and C
6) The main decomposers in an ecosystem are
A) fungi
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C) insects
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E) A and B
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B) materials can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into materials
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D) ecosystems are much more efficient in their transfer of energy than in their transfer of materials
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8) The concept that energy cannot cycle through an ecosystem is best explained by
A) the law of conservation of energy
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C) the second law of thermodynamics
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E) the Green World hypothesis
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B) sphagnum moss in a bog
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D) corn plants in a farmer's field
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11) Which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earth's primary productivity?
A) open ocean
B) savanna
C) tundra
D) salt marsh
E) tropical rain forest
12) The producers in ecosystems include which of the following?
I
...
algae
III
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B) standing crop
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D) gross primary productivity
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15) Aquatic primary productivity is often limited by which of the following?
I
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nutrients
III
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Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question
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B) 50,000 to 150,000
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D) 10,000,000 to 80,000,000
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2) Which of the following most directly relates to the current biodiversity crisis?
A) increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
B) ozone depletion
C) the rate of extinction
D) introduced species
E) zoned reserves
3) Which of the following terms includes all of the others?
A) genetic diversity B) species diversity C) biodiversity D) ecosystem diversity
4) In order to better understand the extent of current extinctions it will be necessary to do which of the
following?
A) Focus intensely on identifying more species of mammals and birds
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C) Differentiate between plant extinction and animal extinction
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E) Identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on our planet
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B) suggest that one-half of all animal and plant species may be gone by the year 2100
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D) B and C only are true
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6) The most accurate assessments of current extinction rates probably come from studies of
A) reptiles, because they are ectothermic and susceptible to population declines during frequent past glacial
periods
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C) marine invertebrates, because of their relatively long and complete fossil history
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E) vascular plants, because they do not move around
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B) Humans cannot live in small spaces for an extended period of time
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D) Small populations are more likely to go extinct
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9) According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is
A) insufficient recycling programs for nonrenewable resources
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C) stratospheric ozone depletion
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E) alteration or destruction of the physical habitat
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B) threatened migratory species
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D) population sink
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11) Which of the following was not presented as an example of an introduced species?
A) red foxes in Australia
B) timber wolves in Minnesota
C) starlings in New York
D) zebra mussels in the Great Lakes
E) kudzu in the southern United States
12) Introduced species can have important effects on biological communities by
A) preying upon native species
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C) reducing biodiversity
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E) doing all of the above
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D) harvesting all of the oysters from an oyster bed off the Atlantic coast
E) shooting wolves because they pose a threat to cattle farmers
14) All of the following apply to the concept of the extinction vortex except:
A) Populations of the species entering it are small
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C) The genetic variation of the species' population decreases
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E) Interbreeding leads to smaller populations, which leads to more interbreeding, and so on
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1) Answer: D 2) Answer: D 3) Answer: C 4) Answer: E 5) Answer: D 6) Answer: B 7) Answer: A 8) Answer:
A 9) Answer: E 10) Answer: E 11) Answer: B 12) Answer: E 13) Answer: B 14) Answer: D 15) Answer: D



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