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UNIVERSITY OF CHAKWAL
SUBJECT: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ASSIGHNMENT NAME: ONTOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY IN RESEARCH
SUBMITTED FROM; HAFZA BI BI
TO: MR
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ONTOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY IN RESEARCH
According to clough And nutbrown 2002
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There are several reasons for wanting to have a clear and transparent knowledge of ontological and
epistemological assumptions that underpin research
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2__to avoid confusion when discussing theoretical debates and approaches of social phenomena
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Ontology and epistemology can be considered as foundations upon which research is built
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ONTOLOGY IN RESEARCH
Ontology and epistemology are two different ways of viewing the research philosophy
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Ontology is a system of belief that reflects an interpretation of an individual about what constitutes a
fact
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Ontology relates to a central question of whether social entities need to be perceived as objective or
subjective
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Objectivism “ portrays the position that social entities exist in reality external to social actors concerned
with their existence
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Subjectivism on the contrary, perceives that social phenomena are created from perceptions and
consequent actions of those social actors concerned with their existence
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Specifically, Epistemology is concerned with possibilities nature, sources and limitations of knowledge in
the field of study
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In simple words, Epistemology focuses on what is known to be true
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As a branch of research philosophy, Epistemology deals with following questions
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2
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4
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Example:
Researchers can use intuitive knowledge i_e researchers can use their intuition to choose a specific
problem to explore within research area
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Ontology concerned with existentional
conditions related to material, social, cultural and political contexts
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