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PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION-LEFN 2200

COURSE OUTLINE

WEEK ONE
...

1) The Substantialists Approach
2) The Functionalists Approach
3) The Interactionalists Approach
4) The Existentialists Approach
WEEK TEN

CAT TWO

WEEK ELEVEN
-Metaphysics and teaching
-The pedagogical relation
Ethical and Moral theories
Descriptive, Normative, Analytical or Meta-Ethics

WEEK TWELVE
-Educational justification for normative ethical theories
-A normative definition of teaching
-Its application to classroom practice

4

WEEK THIRTEEN

Presentation, revision and end of semester examination
...
Acquire necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes for the
development of the self and national
2
...

3
...
Develop mentally, socially, morally physically and spiritually
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Enhance understanding and appreciation of inter-relationships
among nations
...
Enhance understating and appreciation of inter-relationships among
nations
...
Promote positive environmental and health practices
...
Build a firm foundation for further education and training
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Develop ability for enquiry, critical thinking and rational judgement
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Develop in to a responsible and socially well-adjusted person
...


Promote acceptable of and respect for all persons

12
...


Identify individual talents and develop them

14
...


Development in to a self-disciplined
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Foster nationalism, patriotism and promote national unity
...

• They must be about to live and interact as Kenya’s
...

2
...

• The education should prepare youth for the country to play an
effective and productive role in the life of the nation
...
Promote individual development and self fulfilment

6

• Education should provide opportunities for the fullest
development for individual talents and personality (character
building
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Promote sound moral and religious values
• Education should provide for the development of knowledge,
skills and attitudes that will enhance acquisition of sound
morals values and help children to grown up in to selfdisciplined, self-reliant and integrated citizens
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Promote social equality and responsibility
• To provide equal educational opportunities for all
• Should give children varied and challenging opportunities for
collective activities and corporate social service
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Promote respect for and development of Kenyans rich and varied
cultures
...

7
...


7

• Kenya is part of the international community
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8
...

Protection
• Positive attitude towards physical and mental health
environmental development and conservation
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Philos – a noun that means a lover friend or one who seeks
- The verb of this noun is called philein which means to love, to
seek
...


Sophia – a Greek term which refers to wisdom e
...
profound
real/true knowledge of a thing
...


8

- The purpose of philosophy is the interpretation and the
unification of reality
...
g
...

- It implies serious reflection on matters of education
...

- Seeks to provide answer to basic problems and establish a
coherence in the domain of experience
...
e
...
A process which ought to be geared towards the development of
good character in learning
...
It is viewed as a process which ought to be concerned with spiritual
development

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c
...

- Philosophy of education may involve the like of methods of
philosophy to address the fundamental issues of education
...


Approaches to Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of education addresses the following issues
...

b) Moral issues – this entails good/appropriate teaching methods, the
content, evaluation process etc
...

d) Metaphysical issues – this is the nature of man which is
fundamental (very important in the process of education
...


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e) Logical questions (issues) – the way the content is presented should
start from known – unknown, simple – complex concrete – abstract,
general to particular (deductive) – particular – general (inductive)

Epistemology
- This comes from two words
i
...


logos or logic – which means study of science

Therefore, epistemology is defines as the philosophical study of
knowledge
Logic
This is the art of correct reasoning it gives or offers structures and
principles of sound reasoning
...
Has two values
i
...


Moral values- Motives, goals, character etc

Metaphysics – this is divided in to two (Greek)
- Physica - means physical or something observed
Meta - meaning beyond
...

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- It deals with ultimate nature and meaning of reality
...
Idealism
- Believe that ideas are the only true reality
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- Emphasizes on discipline
- Learning process involves realization of goodness and truth
- Curriculum proposed is a fixed curriculum because truth and
reality are unchanging qualities
- The school of ideals advocated for deductive reasoning (general
to particular )
- They believed in the stratification of education
...

- Believe in the independence of an individual in the society
...
Realism
- This believed that worthwhile information or knowledge can be
gathered, organized and systemized in rational form
...

- Also believe that text books and other materials are very
important in helping learners to learn
...

- Learners should be able to recognize natural laws and react on
them appropriately
...

- A realism encourages objectivity in learning by using all the
senses of learning e
...
sight smell etc
...

- Learner are encouraged to accumulate facts and apply them in
real life
...

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- Materials used are text books, expertise prepared materials,
laboratories
- Sources of ideas; science and society

3
...
g
...

- They believe that student should be effective if they are taught
separately
...

- They came up with the perenialists format used toady primary,
secondary, university
...
Pragmatism
- Seeks to examine traditional ways of thinking and doing and
where possible and desirable
...

- Be taught in stimulating, exploration, emphasizing on practical
actions or activities by the learners
- They emphasize on teaching how to think rather than what to
think on curriculum learner
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- Experimentation is highly valued
...

- Not preparation for life but life itself
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- There is nothing essential to human minds beyond behavior
(input – output) (Hobbes, paplov, skinner and others
...

Existentialism
- Contracts with traditional philosophy which is concerned with
nature of knowledge, truth and meaning
...
g
...
g
...

- Concerned less with systems of thought than with the tools of
thinking
...

Analyses: What ought’ means here
a) To get a job
b) To maintain a high standard of living
c) To enjoy leisure time
- These “ought” may or may not be justified(Russel and others)

Reconstructionist (liberalist)
- They see the primary struggle in society today between those who
wish to preserve society as it is or with very little change and
those who believe that great changes are needed to make society
more responsive to the needs of the individual
...

- Education seeks to make students agents of change in their own
society
...


Purpose of Philosophy of Education
1
...
It seeks the criterial (standard) measurement of education
3
...
It seeks to justify or to establish a need for the curriculum
5
...

6
...

7
...

8
...
It provides us with a wide range of definitions to the concepts used
in education
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It given or leads to a better understanding of the nature of man

our society the curriculum and the main aim of education

Contents of philosophy

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Metaphysis

Epistemology

Logic

Concerned with
ultimate nature
of meaning of
reality

Concerned with
knowledge
meaning and
acquisition

Correct
reasoning

-

Axiology

Concerned
with values

Can reason in
deductive or
inductive
manner

Cosmology
Theodicy
Ontology
Rational
psychology

Have two values
Drawing a
particular
conclusion
from general
to particular or
vice versa and
make
conclusion
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i
...


Anesthetic –
non moral
values e
...

Beauty,
love
...

- The Etimology (meaning) of the term Meta physical it that it is a
branch of philosophy that studied the reality beyond the world of
physical manifestation
...

- These goes beyond the tangible word of matter
...
Cosmology
- The philosophical study of the physical universe
- It the study of principles up on which the universe is based
...

- Topics discussed include
a) space
b) Motion
c) Time
d) Number matter

ii
...


iii
...

- Being refers to that which is or that which has existence
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- Everything that exists whether living or nonliving, physical or nonphysical participates in being but differently
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- Actuality - refers to the actual existence of the moment
...


Rational psychology

- Is the philosophical study of the human mind in relation to the body
- Does the human body has a mind?
- Is the body and the mind two different entities is or are they one?
- There are two brad theorist to explain this

a) Monism theory
- Holds that the body and the mind are only two aspects of the
something
...


Forms of knowledge
- This refers to a distict way in which our experiences become
structured around the use of allowed/ accepted public symbols
...

Characteristics
1
...
g
...

2
...

- The idea within the content of a form are inter-related or interconnected
...
Each form of knowledge has expressions or statements that are
tasteful against experiences in accordance with a particular criterial
that is peculiar to the form e
...
grammatical correctness of sentences
is tested against certain grammatical rules procedures and not
through scientific investigation or mathematical formula
...
E
...
science uses the scientific method which
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involves experimentation, observation and deduce some
conclusions
...

i
...


Physical sciences

iii
...


Aesthetic – the art (visual arts)

v
...


Religion

vii
...

He says there are five classes
...


Symbolic – languages and mathematics

ii
...
Aesthetics – music painting and literature
iv
...


Syninoetics – subject that enhance self-knowledge which include
philosophy literature, psychology and religion
...
g
...

Human sciences and Unique

rules

experiments

understating Reading

revolution reasons for action
...


reasons and causes
...
g
...

Morality / ethics

Good/

right

poem

wrong , evil , wicked presented/fundamental

ground

truthfulness etc
...


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in

intuition

(feeling) instincts

aught Good reason based on Practical

principle
...


to deduce and draw criterial etc
...


for revealed truth
...
g
...


redemption
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- Knowledge is defined as justified true believe
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Believe

ii
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Verification and truth
Knowledge skills and their application
- Skills are important components of the learning process
...

- The skills are related to the specific subject matter or filed of
experience
...

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- Knowledge is acquired through the following ways
i
...
Sense
iii
...

- Knowledge acquired into this manner is based on observation and
practice
...

NB: example a child when born has blank mind according to Tabuta
Rose theory which was supported by British Philosopher John Locke we
are born with no ideas, no knowledge of whatever type it is only when
we experience the environment that ideas are implanted on to the mind
...

- The mind has the ability to establish and order certain relations of
ideas without having to rely on observation or practice
...

- Rational knowledge provides conceptual or the theoretical skills
which are necessary or the theoretical skills which re necessary for
abstraction and analysis
...

- Skills are divided in to categories such as
i
...
Analytic – what is need prove
iii
...
Practical – applied skills
Logic
This is the art of corrected reasoning it offers/ gives structures and
principles of sound reasoning
...


Drawing up of wrong conclusion

ii
...
Confusion of different types of statements which can lead to
misunderstanding and meaningless arguments
iv
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Conclusion it helps us to use concepts and terms appropriately
...


Deductive

ii
...
g
...

- Logic argument are arranged in structure called syllogism
...

31

AXIOLOGY
- This is the philosophical study of values
- There are two different kinds of values
a) Moral values that are studied in ethics
b) Non moral values that are studied in aesthetics (love, beauty)
- Ethics is concerned with values to do with human conduct
- It distinguishes between right and wrong what ought to be done
and what ought not to be done, good or bad
...
g
...


How can we apply ethics in education (learning aesthetics and ethics?)

Axiology/ values
Types of values
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...
Practical values - good state or government relationship between
individual and the state
...

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Functions of values
1
...
They are great determinants
of our purpose of life
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Help in making plans, decisions and policies
...

3
...
g
...

4
...
Organic values – values which are consciously enjoyed
- They are mostly physical or pleasure oriented
...
g
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- Are important because they enable the full enforcement of human
and spiritual values
...
Human values

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- At

human

level

an

amount

of

thinking

deliberation,

contemplation, reflection and appreciation are involved
...

Examples of the basic human value incudes human association,
artistic or aesthetic appreciation, moral sense
...

3
...

- Few people reach this level of valuation (Martin Luther King Jr
and Gandhi)
- Under this level of values, we include love and reverence
...


Eros – sensuous feeling

ii
...


Agape – selfless love

- The spiritual love is closer to agape
...

- Reverence – is a kind appreciation of the universe as a whole

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- It is commitment to all lives and respect for human sources of
values
- It is a worship of nature beyond doctrinal worship
...


Idealism

v
...


Existentialism
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Decide on values which are productive
2
...
Which are greater
4
...
Observe the principle of the values and worth of human life
...
Observe the principles of rightness always try to do what is right
...
Observe the principle of justice and fairness
...
Education and curriculum contents are decided on certain value
judgement not on factual basis
...
Schools are centers for value transmission
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- Learners are expected to acquire cultural values from schools
...

3
...
Policies are not
based on factual claims but are in the main, the product of some
assumed values of either a group making the policies or of society
as a whole
...
In teaching, ask whether what is taught has to posse those subjective,
objectives or relative merits
...


Social Education, Social Ethical values and Education
- Education is a value concept
- Educator / we make value judgement about what constitutes to a
good or desirable educational system, theory, curriculum,
evaluation in that;
a) Education and curriculum contents are decided on certain value
judgement not on factual basis
...

The teacher is the respective of society aesthetic and political
value
...

d) In teaching what is to be taught has to possess those subjective,
objective or relative merits
...

- These values act as standards or criteria that defines our direction
in regard to choices/ decision to be made in education
...
These are;
i
...
g
...


ii
...
g
...


iii
...
g
...

That is why we have schools rules and core values
...


Civic values: Value that dictate or define our relationship
with the state (country) e
...
respect for the rule of the law
duty conciousness, sense of responsibility, accountability
and respect for the right of others
...


How values influence education
- The term value could be used in two different ways;
a
...
Normative/prescriptive
Descriptive – means stratify facts about a thing as an objective of desired
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- It involves communication, participation and sharing among
people
...
The people
involved in communication recognizes the dignity and respect of
each other
...


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- This kind of dialogue in inter-subjective (respect for each) it
becomes a humanity experience
...
An education system that equits educational socialization reduces
the learner to a passive spectator whose role in education is
secondary
...

2
...
These
ignores the social aspect of education and as such it becomes narrow
and unrealistic
...
An education that over emphasizes creativity at the expense of other
dimensions promotes self-development, self-expression, selfdetermination, self-consciousness and self-identity
...

- True concept of education must encompared (include) a social
element (man is a social being)
...
g sharing, participation
togetherness, co-operation and mutual respect
...
Teachers and students are expected to relate to each other as
subjects
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...
Composition and insha writing to students should be
emphasized
...

-It comes from two Greek words “Demo”and “cracia”
...

-Cracia means a rule or governance
...

-In the ancient Greek people could rule in two ways1
...


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2
...

-The common interest of all is looked for and whatever decision is
reached /agreed upon
...
Ontological concepts –Inter-relational relationship between people,
how people exist in a society together and among others
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To share their experiences in a friendly manner
...
Instead it calls for fairness, consideration
of others
2
...

3
...

4
...

- The leader must tap the diversity of ability and talents among
his/her staff effectiveness
...

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DEMOCRACY IN EDUCATION
This can be done in various ways e
...
Education Opportunities
Facilities, personnel or resources should be equitably distributed
...
The posting, transferred and promotion of teachers should be done
on trends but not on extra-merirocratic e
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

Democratic ideas such as respect, equality, respect for human rights,
liberty, freedom of expression and association
...

6
...
Embrace consultations where necessary e
...

- This gives the other staff members and learners the opportunity
to air their suggestions and feel part of decision making
...
How can we make our universities more democratic?
-Free from political interference
- V/c to be elected (go through voting procedures) etc
42

PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN EDUCATION
The concept of teaching

CREATIVITY
Creativity comes from two “latin words ‘creauts’and ‘creatio’
...

Creatio means to cause to exist
...
g developing tools and
machinery in order to promote his effectiveness and capacity in dealing
with his limitations
...

-To overcome them, he needs to act on his physical environment/physical
world
...
Man discovers his potentials and actualizes
them/realizes
...


ELEMENTS/CHARACTERISTICS OF CREATIVITY
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Properties
1
...
Orginality
Newness
Unpredictability
Uniqueness
Surprise
3
...
Openness
5
...

-These elements are now seen in a new light, new outlook and new
relations
...
Originality
-Every single instance of creativity involves authenticity, something
unique to the author
...

-Originality has four elements
...

This newness entails/involves invention, discovery of new ideas
...

c) Uniqueness – Every instance of originality is peculiar (unique)
...

d) Surprise -Every aspect of originality creativity is accompanied by
surprise
...

3) Non Rationality – Some instances of creativity do not follow from any
systematic reasoning that is they are not anticipated or or-meditated
...

4) Openness – The future is open to new possibilities thus a product of
creativity, originates from a mind that is open to various alternatives
...

5) Self-actualization – Every instance of creativity not only transforms the
environment but also has an impact on the creator/ the individuals
...

- Individual fulfills the inner curiosity and desire to actualize/realise
oneself
...


ASSIGNMENT
1(a) The cognitive dimension of Education cannot be fully understood in
isolation from the other dimensions
...
(10 marks)
SUBMISSION DATE 11th Nov 2020 ruthmwili23@gmail
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These are:
I
...
Normative
iii
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DESCRIPTIVE ETHICAL THEORIES
-These theories are basically empirical or scientific in orientation
-They deal with factual information about ethical norms of particular
societies
...

b) Explain the way people have acquired moral norms
46

c) Observe the way people actually behave
...

- Descriptive ethical theories are found in

a) Cultural or anthropological studies and assumptions
...

c) Religious assumptions and their ethical implications
...

-Descriptive theories are important primarily because they tell us about
how people acquire moral norms
...


EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE EHTICAL THEORIES
...


JEAN PLAGET

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-Jean planet believed that children develop the use of rule according to
their different ages
...

- He authorized that there are three basic stages of moral development
through which all children go, irrespective of culture
...
Egocentric stage (0 – 4)
2
...
Consensus Derived stage( 111
...

-The child believes that things are the way in which he perceives them
...


2
...

-Rules are regarded as sacred
...


CONSENUS DERIVE
3
...

-an act is right because it is agreed upon by many people
...

- Each level constitutes two dimensions
...
Pre-conventional stage
...
Conventional level
...
Post-conventional level
...

-Life is assessed from the point of power and possessions
...

-have two stages
...
No underlying
rules of behavior are yet cultivated
...

-Actions which are right are done because favors are expected in return
...

-Actions are interpreted rarely on pragmatics terms
...
CONVENCTIONAL LEVEL
-This is the level of conformity to socially accepted standards
...

-It is loyalty to the ideas of the society and family that counts
...

I) Interpersonal harmony – “Good boys” and “nice girls” orientation
stage
...
The life
lived is stereotypical
...

-This is the orientation to authority, law, duty, the maintenance of fixed
order
...
These are the principles at
this stage
...
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
...
He begins to question the assumptions
underlying the laws and stipulations of authority
...

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-There is an inclination towards general ideas
...

-Moral concepts as right and good are defined as the basis of individual
conscience
...

1
...

- The moral sense of the child/learner is key to his emotional
adjustment
...

2
...
Spiral syllabus is
essential in that the stages of moral development are not clear cut as
they overlap each other, these stages are also integrated
...

3
...
The
approach must be practical since moral values and attitudes are
inseparable from real and human situations
...
The teacher should be adaptable and flexible in terms of content
...

Teachers represent the values of society which they transmit to (children)
/learners
...


NORMATIVE ETHICAL THEORIES
-Normative ethical theories are not interested in description about the
nature of morality
...

-Normative theories play the following roles -:
a) Guiding our decisions about morally acceptable behavior
...


TYPES OF NORMATIVE MORAL THEORIES
They are of two types:
52

1
...
De-ontological theories
...

- The understanding of the nature of moral concepts are to be sought after
in the ends or goals of the act
...

ii) Are future looking?
ii) Are goal oriented
...

i) An act is right if and only if it promotes or intends to promote the
greatest number of people
ii) It holds that the end of an action justifies the means
iii) The utilitarian principle requires that:
a) we maximize pleasure or happiness
...


53

DE-ONTOLOGICAL THEORIES
-Are not interest in the consequences of actions? The primary interest are:
a) The consideration of nature of the act itself
...

-De-ontological ethics is one duty, obligation
...

-He advises that
-When you act you should with that it is the sort of action which would
be recommended for everybody else
...

-The ethics of duty is also called Categorical imperative
...

EDUCATIONAL

JUSTIFICATION

FOR

NORMATIVE

EHTICS/THEORIES
-Education is a moral activity, morality is the basis of most of discussions
about the practice of education
...

b) Decisions about educational policies
...

54

d) The method through which the transmission of knowledge and values
are made possible,
e) Determines the agenda for considerations of Educational commission
reports
...

g) The criteria of discipline and the extent of school authority
...

-Central to meta-ethics is not the prescription of norms or principles, it is
interested in
...
g what is
meant by right, wrong, good, bad etc
Ii) Analysis of statements about morality
...

-Meta-ethics is basically concerned with the analysis of language we use
about moral discourse
...

-It is interested in analyzing the meaning of:
a) Educational concepts terms so that the frame of reference is clear
...

c) Standards used to evaluate educational goals, policies and theories
...

-Pedagogy is referred to the whole business of leading children, guiding
them into the right direction, teaching and educating them
...

-It also refers to the approaches one adopts in the matter of teaching
...


PEDAGOGICAL ISSUES AND PHILOSOPHY
...

-The conceptual issues were seen to link to matters of logic within which
conceptual analysis is located
...


56

-Pedagogical issues are related to metaphysics especially to the
philosophy of man
...


APPROACHES TO TEACHING
-The basic approaches to teaching are:
1The substantializes approach
...
The funtionalists approach
...
The interactionists approach
...
The existintialists approach
...

-These principles, in turn have been derived from various sources such as:
a) A religious doctrines
B) A politico-social ideology
...

d) A socio- cultural tradition
...

57

- Teaching is seen in normative terms as something very important very
worth- while and valuable teaching stands in the service of a definite ideal
...

-Teaching is perceived or viewed as fulfilling a special function within
the society, within the social system or structure
...

-Teachers have to be trained in specific skills, they must be highly
qualified if they are to function adequately in modern society
...

-The teacher accordingly is to be practically trained and is able to do his
job well
...

-The word ‘good’ has no moral meaning hence, it is simply a practical
word referring to practical knowledge (the cognitive dimensions)
...
It is expressed by means of the dialogical dimension that is at
the basis of the interactionist approach in reaction to the functionalist
approach
...

-Teaching in this context, is primarily seen or viewed in psychologicalsociological terms
...


4) THE EXISTENTIALIST APPROACH TO TEACHING
...

-The teacher cares for and is concerned about the learners entrusted to his
care
...

-The learner appears in the world as being a “not -yet” as one who is not
yet independent financially socially, psychological, one who is not yet
self-relevant
...

-An effective teacher will employ the four approaches in his/her
classroom practice (substantiality, functionalist, interactionist and
existentialist

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