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Introduction to Genetic Engineering
Notes at a glance
Genetic engineering is when an organism's genetic makeup is altered to create
genetically modified organisms or in other words,
Genetic engineering is when the genetic makeup of an organism is altered by
inserting, deleting or changing specific pieces of DNA
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This is a process
in which the alteration of the genetic make-up of cells is done by deliberate and
artificial means
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This can be done by cutting DNA molecules at specific sites to get
fragments containing desirable and useful genes from one type of cell
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Now,
these recombinant DNA can be put into completely different cell of a bacterium
or plant or animal cell
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Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering:
Genetic engineering involves cutting and pasting fragments of DNA may be cut
and pasted in the vector, a plasmid or a virus whose DNA then becomes the
recombinant DNA
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Cell culture containing cells:
Cell culture containing cells with the desired DNA segment (gene)
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(a)

DNA modifying enzymes:
Restriction endonuclease from various bacteria
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coli which synthesises a new strand of DNA
complementary to an existing DNA or RNA template
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Restriction enzymes, synthesized by microbes as a defense mechanism, are
specific endonucleases, which can cut the DNA at specific sites
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With the use of restriction enzymes it is possible to cut a DNA sequence
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Hundreds of such
restriction enzymes with different sequence specificities have been isolated
from several bacteria and are commercially available
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Thus, such enzymes are helpful in breaking DNA
molecule at a specific point
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DNA Synthesising Enzymes:
DNA synthesising enzymes, such as DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase
to make DNA complementary to an existing DNA or RNA template
respectively called c DNA (complementary or copy DNA) are also required
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This happens so by the formation of
phosphodiester bond, again
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g
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3
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Vectors
carrying recombinant DNA (r-DNA) divide and thus help in producing several
copies of the r-DNA
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coli
animals/humans are:
(a) Plasmids
(b) Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
(c) Plant/Animal Viruses
(d) Transposons (Jumping Genes), and
(e) Artificial Chromosomes of Bacteria, Yeast and Mammals
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