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ANATOMY
Study of: Structure & shape
Sizes: Gross (large), microscopic (small)

PHYSIOLOGY
Study of: Body functions & organ systems
Sizes: Cellular & molecular
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1
...
Cells
3
...
Organs
5
...
Organisms

ORGAN SYSTEMS
SYSTEM

PARTS

FUNCTIONS

Integumentary

Hair, skin, nails

Waterproofs, cushions, makes
salt, makes vitamin D, regulates
temperature

Skeletal

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

Joins muscles, protects organs,
makes blood cells stores minerals

Muscular

Muscles

Skeletal muscles contract,
movement

Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory
receptors

Reacts, detects, assesses,
activates

Endocrine

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,
thymus, pancreas, pineal
(melatonin), ovaries, testes,
gametes: make hormones

Secretes hormones to blood,
growth, reproduction

Cardiovacular

Heart, blood vessels,

Lymphatic

Lymphatic vessels, lymphnodes,
lymphoid organs

Complements cardiovascular
system, cleans blood

Respiratory

Mouth, nasal passages, pharrynx,
larynx, trachea

Oxygen, removes CO2

Digestive

Mouth, esophogus, stomach, small
& large intestines, rectum

Breaks down food

Urinary

kidneys , ureteres, bladder,
urethra

Removes nitrogenous waste,
regulates H2O, electrolytes, blood
pressure, acid-base balance

Reproductive

Testes, scrotum, penis, glands,
duct system, ovaries, vagina,
uterine tubes, uterus

Make sperm, make eggs, house
fetus

LIFE FUNCTIONS
-

Boundaries
-

LIFE NEEDS
-

Separate inside & outside (think

Nutrients
-

skin)
-

substances
Responsiveness

-

Metabolism

-

Chemical reactions

-

Break down complex molecules

-

Makes larger molecules

-

Makes energy (ATP)

-

Controlled by hormones

-

-

60%-80% of body weight

-

Most abundant chemical in humans

-

Fluid base for secretions &
exrections

-

Atmospheric pressure
-

-

-

For chemical reactions

-

Respiratory & cardiovascular work
together to make oxygen available

-

Normal temperature

Waste leaves via urine, feces,

-

37C or 98
...
Reactions slow &
stop

Increases cell or body size
...
Reactions occur
too fast

ANATOMICAL DIRECTION
Superior: Near head/above
Inferior: Below
Posterior: Behind
Anterior: In front of
Lateral: Outer side/away from midline
Medial: Near midline/inner side
Intermediate: Betweel medial and lateral
Proximal: Near origin, near point of attachment, near trunk
Distal: Away from origin, away from point of attachment, away from trunk
Superficial: Near surface/external
Deep: Awat from surface/internal

BODY PARTS

-

Crural: Leg

CEPHALIC- HEAD

-

Sural: Calf

-

Fibular/peroneal: Side of the leg

-

Frontal: Forehead

-

Orbital: Eye socket

-

Nasal: Nose

-

Buccal: Cheek

-

Tarsal: Ankle

-

Oral: Mouth

-

Calcaneal: Heel

-

Mental: Chin

-

Digital: Toes

-

Otic: Ear

-

Plantar: Sole of the foot

-

Occipital: Back of head

-

Hallux: Big toe

CERVICAL- NECK
THORACIC

PEDAL- FOOT

BACK- DORSAL
-

Scapular: Shoulder blade

-

Vertebral: Spine

-

Sternal: Breastbone

-

Lumbar: Lower back

-

Axillary: Armpit

-

Sacral: Back area between hip bones

-

Mammary: Breast

-

Gluteal: Buttocks

-

Perineal: Between anus and external

ABDOMINAL
-

Umbilical: Naval

PELVIC
-

Inguinal: Groin

PUBIC
-

Genital

UPPER LIMB
-

Acromial: Point of the shoulder

-

Brachial: Upper arm

-

Antecubital: Anterior/front of elbow

-

Olecranal: Posterior/back of elbow

-

Antebrachial: Forearm

-

Carpal: Wrist

MANUS- HAND
-

Palmar: Palm

-

Pollex: Thumb

-

Digital: Fingers and toes

LOWER LIMB
-

Coxal: Hip

-

Femoral: Thigh

-

Patellar: Kneecap

-

Popliteal: Back of the knee

genitalia

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Sections: Cut on lines (AKA planes)

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY SUBDIVISIONS
-

THREE PLANES
-

4 QUADRANTS
-

Right upper: liver, gallbladder

-

Right lower: Appendix, half of

Median/midsagittal: Divides in equal left

urinary bladder

and right

-

Left upper:

Frontal/coronal: Divides into anterior and

-

Left lower: End of large intestine,

posterior (front and back)
-

Transverse/cross sections: Divides into

half of urinary bladder
-

superior and inferior (top and bottom)
BODY CAVITIES
-

Body cavities protect organs

9 REGIONS
-

Right hypochondriac: Liver

-

Right lumbar: Large intestine

-

Right iliac (inguinal): Appendix

-

Epigastric: Stomach

-

Umbilical: Small intestine, large

TWO INTERNAL CAVITIES
-

DORSAL

-

Hypogastric: Urinary bladder

-

Cranial cavity: Brain, protected by

-

Left hypochondriac: Diaphragm

skull

-

Left lumbar: Large intestine

-

Left iliac (inguinal): Hip

-

Spinal cavity: Spinal cord,
protected by vertebrae

-

intestine

-

OTHER BODY CAVITIES

VENTRAL

-

Oral and digestive

-

Separated by diaphragm

-

Nasal: Nose

-

Thoracic cavity: Superior to

-

Orbital: Eye

diaphragm, heart, lungs, etc
...
Protected by rib cage
-

Abdominal pelvic cavity: Inferior
to diaphragm,
-

Superior abdominal
cavity: Stomach, liver,
etc
...

Protected by bony pelvis

-

No physical structure separated
abdominal from pelvic cavity

BODY MEMBRANES
-

-

MEMBRANES

SEROUS MEMBRANE (SEROSAE)
-

Line compartments in ventral

-

Cover surfaces

cavity

-

Line cavities

-

Line closed parts of the body

-

Form protective sheets around

-

In pairs: Separated by serous

organs
-

fluid, visceral and parietal layer

Are classified by tissue type

-

Has two layers:
-

TWO MAJOR TYPES
-

epithelium

EPITHELIAL (COVERING AND LINING)

-

Areolar connective tissue

-

Simple organs

-

Have epithelial tissue layer

-

Peritoneum: Abdominal

-

Have connective tissue layer

-

Pleurae: Lungs

-

Cutaneous (Skin)

-

Pericardia: Heart

-

Mucous

-

Serous

-

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES
-

-

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES

-

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
-

Skin

-

Dry

-

Outermost protective boundary

-

Has 2 layers
-

-

-

Line fibrous capsules around

-

-

Line bursae

-

Line tendon sheaths

Secrete lubricating fluid to
cushion organs moving against one

stratified squamous

another during muscle activity

Dermis: Dense (fibrous),

MUCOUS MEMBRANES (MUCOSAE)
-

Moist

-

Some have protective lubricating
mucus

-

Line all open body cavities

-

Absorbs and secretes

-

Has two layers
Epithelium: Type depends
on site
-

No epithelial tissue

Epidermis: Keratinized,

connective

-

Loose areolar: Connective tissue

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