Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Burden of
Major Diseases
and Risk
Factors
Book list
1
...
Lopez; Colin D
...
Jamison; Christopher J
...
Murray

2
...
Understanding Global Health
Lange Publication

4
...
Definition of Disease Burden
Burden of disease: Burden of disease (BOD) is a general term used in public health and epidemiological literature to
identify the cumulative effect of a broad range of harmful disease consequences on a community, including the health,
social and economic costs to individual and to society
...

Burden: It includes –
•
•
•
•

Frequency: Incidence or prevalence
...

Consequences such as health, social and economic
...
g
...


Impairment: Loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function is called
impairment
...

Handicap: Disadvantage resulting from impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is
normal depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors is called handicap
...
Subsequent national and reginal studies, risk facts or studies were conducted
...
A systematic scientific effort to quantify the comparative magnitude of health loss for
187 countries from 1990 to 2010
...
Covering 291 diseases
and injuries, 1160 resulting effects of these disease and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors
...
Summary papers published in a dedicated triple
issue of the Lancet December 15th, 2012
...

2
...

4
...

Cause of death transition: Fraction of deaths or years of life lost shifting from communicable, maternal,
neonatal and nutritional to non – communicable diseases and injuries despite the HIV epidemic
...

Risk transition: Shift from risks related to poverty to behavioral risks in risk transition
...

2
...


Prioritizing actions in health and the environment
Planning for preventive action
Assessing performance of healthcare systems

2

4
...

6
...


Comparing action and health gain
Identifying high-risk populations
Planning for future needs
Setting priorities in health research

Applications of burden of disease analysis:
1
...


3
...


5
...
In this application,
burden of disease may be considered analogous to national income and product accounts
...
Some diseases, such as cystic
fibrosis and muscular dystrophy, come entirely from an individual’s genetic makeup
...

Other diseases, like sickle cell anemia, are more prevalent in certain population subgroups
...

• Ethnic background: South Asians living in the UK are twice as likely to develop coronary heart
disease compared to the rest of the UK population
...

• Family history e
...


Type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for around 90% of all diabetes cases
...
Because insulin
cannot work properly, blood glucose levels keep rising, releasing more insulin
...

Type 2 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in older adults, but is increasingly seen in children, adolescents and
younger adults due to rising levels of obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet
...
Oral medication and insulin are also frequently prescribed to help control blood glucose levels
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

8
...

10
...

Changes in diet and physical activity related to rapid development and urbanisation have led to sharp increases in the
numbers of people living with type 2 diabetes
...

2
...

4
...
g
...

Causation (causative agent vs marker)
Risk stratification to identify target population: Example is age>40 for mammography screening
...


Ten most risk factors that caused a large portion of total global deaths in 2004 according to WHO:
Rank

Risk factor

% of total
deaths

1

High blood pressure

12
...
7

3

High blood glucose

5
...
5

5

Overweight and obesity

4
...
5

7

Unprotected sex

4
...
8

9

Childhood underweight

3
...
0

At risk: Adolescents described as ‘at risk’ are those who live, learn and develop in conditions that contribute or
predispose the poor health (for example, poverty and discrimination) or who engage in behaviors that increase the
likelihood of negative health outcomes (for example, injecting drugs using unclean needles and syringes)
...
For example, the risk associated with an adolescent using
tobacco may be assessed quite differently by the adolescent, by his/her parents, by peers or by a health worker
...


Finally, the introduction of modern healthcare and health technologies e
...
immunization programmes, introduction
of antibiotics enabled the control and elimination of infectious diseases such as diphtheria, polio and small pox
...
And with this second transition, we have seen rises in
allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders and sexually transmitted diseases as well
...
Without moving to
the next stage, the carrying capacity of the local ecosystem may be exceeded
...
If there is a surplus of available resources, the transition may be accelerated, but if they are
lacking, the transition may slow or even stagnate in this phase
...
This phase was described as ‘the age of chronic
diseases
...

The major causes of death are so called chronic degenerative and man-made diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,
cancer and diabetes
...
Increasingly, health patterns depend on social and cultural behavior, such as patterns of food
consumption and drinking behavior
...
CDR
stabilizes at a level of less than 20 deaths per 1,000 population
...
When the health transition is at an advanced stage, life expectancy
may exceed 80 years
...
This stage occurs at different rates in different nations:
•
•

In both developed and developing countries, mortality rates are driven by socially determined factors
...


It becomes necessary to ensure sufficient social and healthcare investment for all age groups
...

Implications of epidemiological transition: The epidemiologic transition has given rise to as many as problems which
include:
1
...


Nuclearization of the family
...


22

3
...

5
...


Rise in mental illness
...

Drug dependency which boost the demand/psychiatric help
...


Global cause of death by category: GBD and the WHO use 3 broad category definitions
...

Group II: Noncommunicable conditions e
...
heart disease, stroke, cancer
...


Group I
Group II
Group III
In developed countries, 77% of deaths are from non-communicable disease, 14% deaths are from communicable
diseases and 9% of deaths from injuries
...

Two broad statements can be concluded from these findings
...
Second, noncommunicable disease plays a role in both developed and developing
countries

---