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Blueprint Series

Complete Solution
Chapter 2

2
CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

REVIEW THE CONCEPTS
1
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Since van der Waals interactions are so weak, there must
be many points of contact (a large surface area) yielding multiple van der Waals
interactions between the septae and the smooth surface
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a
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b
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c, d
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3
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0, the net charge is –1 because of the negative charge on the carboxyl residue of glutamate (E)
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Thus, the net charge would be –3
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1

2

CHAPTER 2: Chemical Foundations

4
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The formation of disulfide bonds increases the order and therefore decreases the entropy
(S becomes more negative)
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Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but are
mirror images of each other
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g
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Because stereoisomers differ in their three-dimensional
orientation and because biological molecules interact with one another based on
precise molecular complementarity, stereoisomers often react with different
molecules, or react differently with the same molecules
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6
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Although the guanine base is
found in both DNA and RNA, the sugar is a ribose sugar because of the 2′
hydroxyl group
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GTP is an important intracellular signaling molecule
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At least three properties contribute to this structural diversity
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Second, the
C-1 linkage can have either an α or a β configuration
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8
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The ionization constant for aqueous solutions at 25°C
is Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1 × 10–14 M2
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In
other words, [H+] = [OH–]
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008 moles NaOH are added? NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
is a strong base
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008 M
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008 M) = 1
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25 × 10–12) = 11
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As such,
upon dissolving in water it will undergo partial dissociation yielding equal
concentrations of hydrogen ions and MOPS conjugate base according to the
equilibrium reaction:
MOPS(weak acid form) = H+ + MOPS(conjugate base form)

CHAPTER 2: Chemical Foundations

3

The extent to which this reaction goes forward determines the relative strength
of the MOPS weak acid and is given by its acid dissociation equilibrium
constant:
Ka = ([H+][MOPS(conjugate base form)])/[MOPS(weak acid form)]
pKa = –log10Ka = 7
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20 + log10(0
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61) = 7
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008 moles NaOH are added to the MOPS buffer solution?
Rather than simply increase the total [OH–] by 0
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008 M and [MOPS(conjugate base)] increases by 0
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Before addition of 0
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61(0
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0305 M
[MOPS(conjugate base)] = 0
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050 M) = 0
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008 moles NaOH:
[MOPS(weak acid)] = 0
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008 M = 0
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0195 M + 0
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0275 M
The final pH after addition of 0
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01 is,
therefore:
pH = 7
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0275/0
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29
9
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Ammonium ion is unable to traverse the membrane because of its positive charge and is
trapped within the lysosome
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At neutral pH, ammonia has little, if any, tendency to protonate to ammonium ion
and thus has no effect on cytosolic pH
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Keq = [LR]/[L][R]
Since 90% of L binds R, the concentration of LR at equilibrium is 0
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The concentration of free L at equilibrium is the 10% of L that remains

4

CHAPTER 2: Chemical Foundations

unbound, 1 × 10–4 M
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91 × 10–2 M
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91 × 10–2 M)) = 183
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The equilibrium constant is unaffected by the presence of an enzyme
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4 × 10−3 M
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Figure 2
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In the range
of pH values between 6 and 8, phosphoric acid loses its second
proton
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4

4

The pKa for dissociation of the second proton is 7
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Thus, at pH 7
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Phosphoric acid is physiologically important because it serves as the
buffering agent in the cytosol
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12
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987 cal/(degree · mol) × (298 degrees)
× ln (0
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01 M × 0
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ΔG = −1000 cal/mol + 2727 cal/mol = 1727 cal/mol
To make this reaction energetically favorable, one could increase the
concen-tration of reactants relative to products such that the term
RTln [products]/ [reactants] becomes smaller than 1000 cal/mol
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13
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The term saturated
refers to the factthat all carbons, except the carbonyl carbon, have four
single bonds
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There is no such kink in a trans
unsaturated fatty acyl chain
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Glutamate is the amino acid that undergoes γ-carboxylation, resulting in
the formation of a host of blood clotting factors
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Thus, blood clotting is severely
compromised
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Patients at risk for heart disease due to blockages in the
coronary arteries are also often prescribed this drug

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