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1022 (22/09/20)
Movement Terminology
Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body (head, neck and trunk)
Appendicular region – the limbs
Superficial anatomy
Anatomical landmarks – references to palpable structures
Anatomical regions – body regions
Anatomical directions – reference terms based on subject
Anatomical position – standardised method of observing or imagining the body that allows precise and
consistent anatomical references
• Standing upright
• Feet flat on the floor
• Facing the observer, head level
• Arms at the sides
• Eyes facing forward
• Palms facing forward
Prone – face down
Supine – face up
Superior (cranial) – toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above e
...
the head is
superior to the abdomen
Inferior (caudal) – away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below e
...

the navel is inferior to the chin
Anterior (ventral) – toward or at the front of the body; in front of e
...
the breastbone is anterior to the
spine
Posterior (dorsal) – toward or at the back of the body; behind e
...
the heart is posterior to the breastbone
Medial – toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of e
...
the heart is medial to the arm
Lateral – away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of e
...
the arms are lateral to the chest
Intermediate – between a more medial and a more lateral structure e
...
the collarbone is intermediate
between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal – closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk e
...

the elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal - further from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk e
...

the knee is distal to the thigh
Superficial (external) – towards or at the body surface e
...
the skin is superficial to the bones
Deep (internal) – away from the surface of the body; more internal e
...
the muscles are deep to the bones
Anatomical terms of motion
Flexion – a bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts e
...
bending the elbow
Extension – a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts e
...
when standing up
the knees are extended
Abduction – a motion that pulls a structure or body part away from the midline of the body
Adduction – a motion that pulls a structure or body part towards the midline of the body
Elevation – movement in a superior direction e
...
shrugging is elevation of the scapula
Depression – movement in an inferior direction
Internal rotation – rotation towards the axis of the body
External rotation – rotation away from the centre of the body
Dorsiflexion – the toes are brought closer to the shin
Plantar flexion – decreasing the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg
Pronation – rotational movement at the forearm where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards
Supination – the forearm or palm are rotated outwards

1022 (22/09/20)
Inversion – tilting the sole towards the midline of the body
Eversion – tilting the sole away from the midline of the body
Retraction – movement of a body part in the posterior direction
Sectional anatomy
Sagittal plane – divides the body into equal right and left sides
...
Body parts in front of the plane are
anterior and parts behind the plane are called posterior
Transverse plane – divides the body into top and bottom parts

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