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Title: protein (nutrition course)
Description: everything related to protein, from food, types, what to eat, everything
Description: everything related to protein, from food, types, what to eat, everything
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Chapter 3
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
1
Introduction
Structure
Metabolism
Requirements
Source
Deficiency
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
2
Protein can help with weight control because
it helps you feel full and satisfied from your
meals
...
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
3
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
4
Because proteins are complex molecules,
the body takes longer to break them down
...
If the body is getting enough calories, it
does not use protein for energy
...
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
5
Proteins are organic compounds, made by joining amino
acids into long chains called polypeptides
...
Amino Acids are composed of
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
and sometimes sulfure
...
Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license
...
Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under
license
...
Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license
...
They must be consumed in the diet
...
Infants also need a 9th one, histidine
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
13
Essential or indispensable
◦ Body cannot make
◦ Must be supplied by the diet
Nonessential or dispensable
◦ Body may make
Conditionally or acquired indispensable
◦ When a dispensable AA becomes indispensable with
improper organ function
◦ Ex: Tyrosine and cysteine
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
14
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
15
Derived from protein
Exogenous (Dietary) sources
◦ Animal products - except fats
◦ Plant products - grains/grain products,
legumes, vegetables
Endogenous proteins
◦ Desquamated mucosal cells
◦ Digestive enzymes & glycoproteins
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
16
Digestion of proteins
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
17
prepared by: Cecile Obeid
18
DNA, genes, chromosomes
◦ where the information is stored
“Transcription”
◦ making a copy of the information
◦ messenger RNA
“Translation”
◦ reading the information and making the
protein
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
...
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
...
Enzymes & related
◦ Catalysts
◦ Membrane transporters
◦ Cell receptors
proteins
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc
...
Structural
Proteins
◦Muscle fiber proteins
◦Connective proteins
Hormones
Protein
Hormones
◦ Insulin
◦ Glucagon
Amino
Acid Derived
Hormones
◦ serotonin
◦ adrenaline
Antibodies
System
& Immune
◦ impaired immune system with protein deficiency
Fluid
◦ albumin
◦ edema
Balance
Acid-Base Balance
◦ buffer
◦ acidosis & alkalosis
Energy
& Glucose
◦ amino acids can be converted into glucose
(required for CNS/brain function)
starvation
low carbohydrate diets
◦ body cannibalizes body proteins to make glucose
Daily
protein needs
◦ Quantity of protein
◦ Quality of protein
Protein
Quality
◦ How well a protein meets the
body’s need for health, growth,
etc…
Digestibility
Amino acid composition
Essential Amino Acids composition
100
80
60
40
20
0
Egg
Milk
Beef
Soy
Peas
Rice
Wheat
Lentils
Vegetarian
Diets
◦ Is there a protein problem?
Plant proteins are “Incomplete proteins”
Complementary
Proteins
◦ Example: Mexican Food
Tortilla: low lysine, hi methionine
Beans: low in methionine, hi lysine
© 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™
© 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™
© 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Health benefits
Environmental concerns about meat based
diets
Animal welfare/ethical considerations
Economic reasons
World hunger issues
Religious beliefs
Non-red
meat
vegetarian
◦ poultry, fish, dairy, eggs OK
Nutritional Benefits
Nutritional Concerns
◦ Less fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
◦ no special nutritional problems
◦ May not be any better than typical US diet
may be high in fat, sat’d fat, salt
cooking methods
junk foods, convenience foods
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
◦ Milk & eggs OK
Nutritional
Benefits
Nutritional
Concerns
◦ Like non-meat vegetarians
◦ No special nutritional problems
◦ May be high in fats, sat’d fats
cheese & eggs
Strict Vegetarian: Vegan
◦ no animal foods
Nutritional Benefits
◦ Low fats, high fiber, plant-based
Nutritional Concerns
◦ protein quality
probably OK, quantity may be an issue
◦ calcium
no dairy, plant sources (leafy greens, soy),
fortified foods (soy, rice milk)
◦ iron
no meat, plant sources (leafy greens), cereals
◦ vitamin B-12
probably OK, cereals & supplements
Protein
- Energy
Malnutrition
◦ > 500 million children with
PEM
◦ 33,000 die per day with PEM
Two
major forms of PEM
◦Kwashiorkor
◦Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
◦ Ghana “the evil spirit that infects
the first child when the second
child is born”
Protein low, Calories OK
Symptoms
◦ edema
◦ enlarged fatty liver
◦ light colored hair
low tyrosine/melanin
◦ skin lesions
Marasmus
Both Protein and Calories
low
◦ inadequate food intake
Symptoms
◦ wasting of lean and fat tissue
◦ weak, anemic, low metabolism
◦ death due to secondary
infections
RDA = 0
...
5-0
...
0 to 1
...
8 gP/kg BW
Example of athlete’s protein needs
175 lb = 80 kg athlete
◦ 80 kg x 1
...
3500 Cal/d x 15%Pro = 525 Cal Pro
◦ 525 Cal P / 4 Cal/gPro =
131 g pro in normal diet
Adequate protein
◦ 1
...
5 gPRO/kg BW
175 lbs = 80kg = 96-120gP/day
If 3000 Cal diet = 13-16% of Calories
Adequate energy, especially Carbs
◦ 6-7g CHO/kg BW
175 lbs = 480 –560 g CHO
If 3000 Cal diet = 64% - 75%
Proper cellular hormonal balance
◦ Genetics
◦ Weight training
◦ Cheating (anabolic steroids, androstenedione
(prohormone)
Title: protein (nutrition course)
Description: everything related to protein, from food, types, what to eat, everything
Description: everything related to protein, from food, types, what to eat, everything