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UCC112:ACADEMI
CWRI
TI
NG(
3CREDI
TS)

TABLEOFCONTENTS
UCC112:ACADEMI
CWRI
TI
NG(
3Cr
edi
t
s)

1

COURSEOUTLI
NE

2

Pur
pose

2

Cour
seLear
ni
ngOut
comes

3

Topi
cs:

3

Met
hodofI
nst
r
uct
i
on

4

Ev
al
uat
i
on

4

Cor
er
eadi
ngmat
er
i
al
s

4

Recommendedr
ef
er
encemat
er
i
al

4

Jour
nal
s

5

DEFI
NI
TI
ONOFCONCEPTS

5

Pur
posesofAcademi
cWr
i
t
i
ng

6

CORRECTPAPERFORMATI
NG(
Gui
del
i
nesf
orwr
i
t
i
ngan
academi
cpaper
)

6

PRI
NCI
PLESOFACADEMI
CWRI
TI
NG

7

TYPESOFACADEMI
CWRI
TI
NG

9

STYLEOFACADEMI
CWRI
TI
NG

12

PARAGRAPHSTRUCTURE

14

BASI
CRHETORI
CALMODES(
GENRESOFWRI
TI
NG)

16

Exposi
t
i
on:

16

Descr
i
pt
i
on

18
1

Nar
r
at
i
on

19

Ar
gument
at
i
on

21

Logi
ci
nAr
gument
at
i
v
eWr
i
t
i
ng

23

Reachi
ngLogi
cal
Concl
usi
ons

24

HOW TOWRI
TEANESSAY

26

EssayOut
l
i
ne

29

HOW TOWRI
TEATERM PAPER

37

TheWr
i
t
i
ngPr
ocess

38

Pr
ewr
i
t
i
ng

39

Out
l
i
ne

39

Dr
af
t
i
ng

40

Rev
i
si
ng

41

Edi
t
i
ng

42

Pr
oof
r
eadi
ng

42

Publ
i
shi
ng

42

REFERENCI
NG

43

I
nt
r
oduct
i
on

43

Ef
f
ect
i
v
euseofquot
at
i
onandpar
aphr
asi
ng

43

Di
r
ectQuot
at
i
onofSour
ces

44

Par
aphr
asi
ng

46

Techni
quesf
orpar
aphr
asi
ng

46

REFERENCI
NGSTYLES

48

Ov
er
v
i
ewofmai
nf
eat
ur
esofeachr
ef
er
enci
ngst
y
l
e
1
...
Moder
nLanguagesAssoci
at
i
on(
MLA)st
y
l
e

52

3
...
I
twi
l
l
pr
epar
est
udent
sf
orwor
ki
nhi
ghl
ev
el
Uni
v
er
si
t
y
cour
sesi
nwhi
chr
esear
chwr
i
t
i
ngi
sar
equi
r
ement

...
Thecour
sewi
l
l
pl
ace
equal
emphasi
sonessent
i
al
macr
ol
ev
el
academi
cwr
i
t
i
ngski
l
l
s
suchas:
essayst
r
uct
ur
e,
par
agr
aphst
r
uct
ur
e,
coher
ence,
uni
t
y
;
3

andmi
cr
ol
ev
el
ski
l
l
ssuchas:
sent
encest
r
uct
ur
e,
gr
ammar
,
v
ocabul
ar
y
,
spel
l
i
ngandmechani
cs
...
Demonst
r
at
eandappl
yknowl
edgeofbasi
cessayst
r
uct
ur
e,
i
ncl
udi
ngi
nt
r
oduct
i
on,
bodyandconcl
usi
on;
i
i

...
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oydescr
i
pt
i
v
e,
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r
at
i
v
eandexposi
t
or
ymodes;
i
v

...
I
nt
r
oduce,
posi
t
i
onandi
nt
egr
at
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cemat
er
i
al
i
nt
ot
he
bodyofanessay
;
v
i

...
Read,
anal
y
zeandr
espondt
oassi
gnedr
eadi
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t
han
under
st
andi
ngofst
r
uct
ur
eandmechani
cs;
4

v
i
i
i

...

i
x
...

x
...
Lect
ur
es
2
...
I
ncl
asscomposi
t
i
on
4
...
Assi
gnedr
eadi
ngs
Eval
uat
i
on
Cour
sewor
k/Assi
gnment
s:
1
...
Assi
gnedr
eadi
ngs
3
...
Gr
ouppr
esent
at
i
ons
Fi
nal
Exam

Tot
al
40%
60%

Cor
er
eadi
ngmat
er
i
al
s
Axel
r
od,
R
...
(
2014)

...
NewYor
k:
Bedf
or
d/
St

...

6

Bai
l
ey

...
2015
...
London:Rout
l
edge
...
(
2013)

...
Bost
on:
Pear
son
...

G
...
Pr
act
i
calar
gument

...

Mar
t
i
nsLt
d
...

S
...
Al
ongt
hesel
i
nes
...

Gaet
z,
L
...
Thewr
i
t
er
’
swor
l
d
...

Mar
shal
l
,
S
...
Academi
cwr
i
t
i
ng
...

Mey
er
s,
A
...
Longmanacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ngser
i
es:
essay
st
o
r
esear
ch
paper

...

Oshi
ma,
A&Hogue,
A
...
I
nt
r
oduct
i
ont
oacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ng
...

)

...

Ruszki
ewi
cz,
J
...
(
2012)

...
Bost
on:
Bedf
or
d/
St

...

Jour
nal
s
Jour
nal
ofEngl
i
shf
oracademi
cPur
poses
7

I
SSN:
1475-

1583
Jour
nal
ofacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ngVol

...

1aut
umn2016

I
SSN:

22258973

DEFI
NI
TI
ONOFCONCEPTS
Ther
ear
ev
ar
i
ousdef
i
ni
t
i
onsofacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ng
1
...

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act
er
i
st
i
csofacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ngi
ncl
udeaf
or
mal
t
one,
useoft
het
hi
r
dper
sonr
at
hert
hanf
i
r
st
per
sonper
spect
i
v
e
(
usual
l
y
)
,
acl
earf
ocusont
her
esear
chpr
obl
em under
i
nv
est
i
gat
i
on,
andpr
eci
sewor
dchoi
ce
...

2
...

8

3
...

 
4
...
I
tusual
l
yci
r
cul
at
eswi
t
hi
n
t
heacademi
cwor
l
d
...
Thesei
ncl
ude;
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...


I
nal
l
t
heabov
ecasesi
ti
susef
ul
t
obeari
nmi
ndt
hel
i
kel
yr
eader
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ofy
ourwor
k
...

Si
mi
l
ar
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y
,
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ti
sgener
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eedt
hatacademi
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i
t
i
ngat
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empt
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at
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ect
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...
Paper
:
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epaper

...

2
...
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ni
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i
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cs,
orbol
dt
y
pet
oemphasi
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...
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ori
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nkUsebl
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...
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erPageHeadi
ng:
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pey
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ul
l
namei
nt
heupperl
ef
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cor
ner1/
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r
om t
het
opoft
hepage
...
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dl
i
neoft
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ng,
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y
pe
t
hedat
et
heassi
gnmenti
sduei
nt
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dermont
hdayy
ear
wi
t
hacommaaf
t
ert
heday

...
Assi
gnment
:
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t
l
eSki
ponel
i
ne,
andt
hencent
ery
ourt
i
t
l
e
...

6
...
I
ndent
(
mov
et
ot
her
i
ght
)t
hef
i
r
stsent
ence1/
2i
nchf
r
om t
hel
ef
t
10

mar
gi
n
...
(
TheTABkeyaut
omat
i
cal
l
y
i
ndent
sf
i
v
espaces
...
Mar
gi
ns:
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eal
-i
nchmar
gi
nont
hel
ef
tandr
i
ght

...
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ng:
Doubl
espacet
hebody

...
Cl
earpur
pose:
Thegoal
ofacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ngi
st
oanswert
he
quest
i
onposedi
nt
het
opi
c
...

Thecommonpur
posesi
nacademi
cwr
i
t
i
ngar
et
oper
suade,
anal
y
ze,
sy
nt
hesi
zeandt
oi
nf
or
m
...
Soonei
sexpect
edt
oanswert
hequest
i
on,
suppor
tt
heanswerusi
ngr
easonandev
i
dence,
andsot
r
yt
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her
eader
’
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ntofv
i
ewaboutt
het
opi
c
...

Shoul
dbeanal
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t
i
cal
:
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nanal
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t
i
cal
academi
cwr
i
t
i
ng,
t
he
pur
posei
st
oexpl
ai
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al
uat
epossi
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oy
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choosi
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hebestanswer
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ourown
cr
i
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er
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a
...
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tof
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oget
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t
hy
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mat
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e:
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ni
nf
or
mi
ng,
t
hepur
posei
st
oexpl
ai
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bl
e
answer
st
oy
ourquest
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on,
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v
i
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eader
snewi
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mat
i
on
abouty
ourt
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c
...
Someassi
gnment
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l
hav
ea
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edet
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nedpur
pose;
f
orot
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gnment
s,
y
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l
hav
et
ochooseapur
posewheny
ouchooseat
opi
c
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r
esear
chpaper
,
t
er
m paper
)

...
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nal
l
cases,
t
hepur
posewi
l
l
becl
earat
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hebegi
nni
ngofy
ourpaper
,
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ourpapermustachi
ev
ei
t
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pur
posei
nor
dert
obesuccessf
ul

...
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enceEngagement
:
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t
hal
l
wr
i
t
i
ng,
academi
cwr
i
t
i
ng
i
sdi
r
ect
edt
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f
i
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encei
nmi
nd
...

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udent
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nt
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i
el
d,
t
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er
est
edi
ny
ourt
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c,
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12

per
hapsnotsoi
nt
er
est
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nr
eadi
ngapaper

...
Useappr
opr
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at
er
easoni
ngand
ev
i
dencet
oconv
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ouri
deas
...
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earPoi
ntofVi
ew:
Academi
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i
t
i
ng,
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ent
hatwi
t
han
i
nf
or
mat
i
v
epur
pose,
i
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ustal
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act
sorsummar
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ofsour
ces
...
Yourpapershoul
dsuppor
t
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ourownor
i
gi
nal
i
deaaboutt
het
opi
c
...

4
...
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papershoul
dnothav
eunnecessar
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,
i
r
r
el
ev
ant
,
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mpor
t
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ct
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yi
nf
or
mat
i
on(
Yourpaperwi
l
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l
i
kel
yi
ncl
ude
cont
r
adi
ct
or
yoral
t
er
nat
i
v
epoi
nt
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i
ew,
buty
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espondt
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quet
hem t
of
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t
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r
engt
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ntofv
i
ew)

...
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cal
Or
gani
zat
i
on:
Academi
cwr
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t
i
ngf
ol
l
owsast
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d
or
gani
zat
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pat
t
er
n
...
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agr
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yl
eadst
ot
henextone
...
Thei
nt
r
oduct
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oncat
chest
her
eader
s’
at
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ent
i
on,
pr
ov
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des
13

backgr
oundi
nf
or
mat
i
on,
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et
st
her
eaderknowwhatt
o
ex
pect

...

b
...
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bodypar
agr
aphhasonemai
npoi
ntt
osuppor
tt
het
hesi
s,
whi
chi
snamedi
nat
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csent
ence
...
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enceconnect
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heonebef
or
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af
t
eri
t

...

c
...

6
...
Thi
ssuppor
twi
l
l
consi
stoff
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es,
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on,
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andexper
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quot
at
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ons
...
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earandCompl
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eExpl
anat
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ons:
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dbesi
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e
andeasyf
ort
her
eadert
ounder
st
and
...
Thought
sandt
houghtpr
ocesses
shoul
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l
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...
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f
ect
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ch:
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,
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andacademi
c
14

sour
ces
...
Thi
s
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cemat
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l
l
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oduced,
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zed,
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ai
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henci
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i
ngs,
2016)

...
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ectci
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l
e:
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s
shoul
df
ol
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owt
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del
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Associ
at
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eexper
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...
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...
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el
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4
...

5
...

6
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r
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yepi
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8
...
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al
i
ngaccountofan
i
ndi
v
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dual
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...
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or
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t
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o
causechangest
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)
11
...
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tmi
ght
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udet
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onsoft
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r
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ch)
12
...
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sofabook,
wr
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enaspar
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gnment
)
14
...
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ti
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par
t
s)
15
...
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t
er
at
ur
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ew(
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ev
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ous
16

r
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17
...
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t
)
19
...
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antwr
i
t
i
ng(
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on)
:
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appl
i
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i
onf
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i
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al
gr
antpr
ov
i
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nst
i
t
ut
i
one
...

gov
er
nmentdepar
t
ment
,
cor
por
at
i
on,
f
oundat
i
onort
r
ust
)
21
...
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i
efaccountofaper
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i
on,
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i
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i
cat
i
ons,
andpr
ev
i
ousoccupat
i
onsnor
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l
ysentwi
t
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i
cat
i
on)
23
...
Recommendat
i
onLet
t
er(
al
et
t
erofr
ef
er
ence/r
ef
er
ence
17

l
et
t
er
)
:
Thi
si
sadocumenti
nwhi
cht
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i
t
erassessest
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qual
i
t
i
es,
char
act
er
i
st
i
cs,
andcapabi
l
i
t
i
esoft
heper
sonbei
ng
r
ecommendedi
nt
er
msoft
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v
i
dual
’
sabi
l
i
t
yt
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f
or
ma
par
t
i
cul
art
ask
...
Repor
t
s(
Labor
at
or
y
,
Sur
v
eyr
epor
t
s)
26
...

27
...

28
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30

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Tobeef
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at
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i
ng:
34

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dt
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) For
m andst
at
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Poi
nt
st
or
emember
:
 Yourpr
i
mar
ypur
poseofwr
i
t
i
nganar
gument
at
i
v
ear
t
i
cl
ei
s
t
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wi
n”i
t–t
oswayt
her
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oacceptt
hei
rpoi
ntofv
i
ew
...
Ar
gui
ngi
tef
f
ect
i
v
el
yi
sanot
her

...

Wheny
oupi
ckat
opi
c,
av
oi
dwr
i
t
i
ngabouti
ssuest
hatcannotbe
won,
nomat
t
erhowst
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ongl
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oumi
ghtf
eel
aboutt
hem
...

g
...
v
er
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opi
csbutwhi
chv
er
ymanywr
i
t
er
shav
e
wr
i
t
t
ent
hei
rpr
osandconsabout

...

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at
ey
ourposi
t
i
oni

...
ar
guef
or/
agai
nstt
hei
ssue
...

g
...
Thi
sweakensi
t
,
say
,
I
bel
i
ev
et
hatt
hegov
er
nmenti
ni
t
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at
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t
i
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i
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V/
AI
DSshoul
dbesuppor
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nt
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i
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pr
i
v
at
esect
or

...
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gument
at
i
v
ear
t
i
cl
edoes
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yasser
tanopi
ni
on;
i
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esent
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gument
,
and
t
hatar
gumentmustbebackedupbydat
at
hatper
suades
t
her
eader
st
hatt
heopi
ni
oni
sv
al
i
d
...

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t
ershoul
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ouseeducat
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cest
hatar
enon
bi
asedandt
ouset
hem f
ai
r
l
y

...
Yourt
oneshoul
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her
ef
or
eber
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e,
pr
of
essi
onal
andt
r
ust
wor
t
hy

...
Youar
emaki
nganef
f
or
t
36

t
oseet
heot
her
s’
v
i
ewpoi
nt
s
...
Youar
eal
sot
r
oubl
eshoot
i
ngpr
obl
emst
haty
ou
mustov
er
comet
owr
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t
eat
hor
oughar
t
i
cl
e
...
Youadmi
tt
hathe/
shei
shal
fr
i
ght
,
per
hapsort
hathe/
shehasav
al
i
dconcer
n
...

N/
b:
i
fy
oucannotf
i
ndanyobj
ect
i
onsorconcessi
ons,
t
hen
y
ouar
epr
obabl
ynotwr
i
t
i
nganar
gument
at
i
v
epaper

...
I
fy
ourr
eader
sf
eel
t
haty
ouar
enoti
nt
er
est
edi
nt
hei
r
v
i
ewpoi
nt
s,
t
hent
her
ei
snor
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hem t
ocont
i
nuer
eadi
ng
y
ourar
gument

...

Thi
spr
act
i
ceal
soenl
ar
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ourt
hi
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or
ci
ngy
out
or
eal
i
ze
t
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tofav
er
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exuni
v
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hat
ot
herpoi
nt
sofv
i
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stbuthav
ev
al
i
di
t
y

...

g
...

N/
b:
i
nar
gument
at
i
v
ewr
i
t
i
ng,
y
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et
ocompl
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pr
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ourpoi
nt
,
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yhav
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ncer
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t
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i
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,
t
hati
ti
ssomehowmor
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accur
at
eandcompl
et
et
hancompet
i
ngar
gument
s
...

2)Theyr
ev
i
ewcr
i
t
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cal
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yt
hel
i
t
er
at
ur
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hatphenomenon
...

e
...

4)I
ncl
udesacr
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t
i
cal
pr
ocesst
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ourar
gumentt
obecer
t
ai
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ouhav
enotcommi
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t
edanyomi
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r
or
si
n
r
easoni
ng(
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i
ci
pat
i
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ect
i
onsandmaki
ngconcessi
ons)

...

LOGI
CI
NARGUMENTATI
VEWRI
TI
NG
Logi
ci
saf
or
mal
sy
st
em ofanal
y
si
st
hathel
pswr
i
t
er
si
nv
ent
,
demonst
r
at
e,
andpr
ov
ear
gument
s
...

Peopl
eof
t
ent
hi
nkt
heyar
eusi
ngl
ogi
cwhent
heyav
oi
demot
i
on
ormakear
gument
sbasedont
hei
rcommonsense
...
Tobel
ogi
cal
,
apr
oposi
t
i
onmust
bet
est
edwi
t
hi
nal
ogi
cal
sequence
...
Hi
smostf
amous
sy
l
l
ogi
sm i
s:
Pr
emi
se1:Al
l
menar
emor
t
al

...

Concl
usi
on:Ther
ef
or
e,
Socr
at
esi
smor
t
al

...
Wi
t
hi
nt
hi
ssy
st
em,
i
fbot
hpr
emi
sesar
e
consi
der
edv
al
i
d,
t
her
ei
snoot
herl
ogi
cal
concl
usi
ont
han
det
er
mi
ni
ngt
hatSocr
at
esi
samor
t
al

...

Pr
emi
se:Pr
oposi
t
i
onusedasev
i
dencei
nanar
gument

...
Concl
usi
onsser
v
east
het
hesi
soft
hear
gument

...

Sy
l
l
ogi
sm:Thesi
mpl
estsequenceofl
ogi
cal
pr
emi
sesand
concl
usi
ons,
dev
i
sedbyAr
i
st
ot
l
e
...
Forexampl
e,
“
Socr
at
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smor
t
al
becausehei
sahuman”i
sanent
hy
memewhi
chl
eav
esoutt
he
pr
emi
se“
Al
l
humansar
emor
t
al

...

Deduct
i
on:Apr
ocesst
hr
oughwhi
cht
hepr
emi
sespr
ov
i
de
concl
usi
v
epr
ooff
ort
heconcl
usi
on
...
Thegoal
ofasy
l
l
ogi
sm i
st
oar
r
angepr
emi
sessot
hat
onl
yonet
r
ueconcl
usi
oni
spossi
bl
e
...

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emi
se2:Coal
i
sanonr
enewabl
er
esour
ce
...
Fal
l
aci
escanbeei
t
heri
l
l
egi
t
i
mat
e
ar
gument
sori
r
r
el
ev
antpoi
nt
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t
eni
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i
f
i
edbecause
t
heyl
ackev
i
dencet
hatsuppor
t
st
hei
rcl
ai
m
...

Sl
i
pper
ySl
ope:Thi
si
saconcl
usi
onbasedont
hepr
emi
set
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f
Ahappens,
t
henev
ent
ual
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yt
hr
oughaser
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esofsmal
l
st
eps,
t
hr
oughB,
C
...


...

So,
i
fwedon'
twantZt
ooccur
,
Amustnotbeal
l
owedt
ooccur
41

ei
t
her

...

I
nt
hi
sexampl
e,
t
heaut
hori
sequat
i
ngbanni
ngHummer
swi
t
h
banni
ngal
l
car
s,
whi
chi
snott
hesamet
hi
ng
...
E
...

:

Sugari
spar
t
i
cul
ar
l
yhar
mf
ult
oone’
st
eet
h
...
Manydet
ai
l
edt
est
s
hav
ebeenconduct
edwher
ei
thasbeenconcl
usi
v
el
yshownt
hat
t
hosechi
l
dr
enwhohav
el
esssugari
nt
hei
rdi
et
shav
el
essdent
al
car
i
esandst
r
onger
,
heal
t
hi
ert
eet
h
...
Tr
ue
t
her
ear
emanyspeci
f
i
cdi
sor
der
soft
hegumsandmuchi
nt
he
wayofbr
okenandi
l
l
f
or
medt
eet
h,
butt
hel
ackofsugart
oget
her
wi
t
hmuchchewi
ngofmeat
,
v
eget
abl
esandnut
smakest
he
gener
al
dent
al
condi
t
i
onf
arsuper
i
ort
ot
hatf
oundi
nmor
e
42

af
f
l
uentcount
r
i
eswher
et
hei
nt
akeofsugari
nsweet
sandcakes
i
sont
hei
ncr
ease
...
t
oa
gener
al
st
at
ement(
i
deaort
hesi
s)whi
chser
v
esasaconcl
usi
on
...

Tr
uet
her
ear
emanyspeci
f
i
cdi
sor
der
soft
hegumsandmuchi
n
t
hewayofbr
okenandi
l
l
f
or
medt
eet
h
...
Many
det
ai
l
edt
est
shav
ebeenconduct
edonchi
l
dr
en’
st
eet
handt
hese
hav
eshownconcl
usi
v
el
yt
hatt
hosechi
l
dr
enwhohav
el
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i
nt
hei
rdi
ethav
el
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i
esandst
r
onger
,
heal
t
hi
ert
eet
h
...

HOW TOWRI
TEANESSAY
Anessayi
sashor
tcomposi
t
i
onbasedonapar
t
i
cul
arsubj
ector
t
heme,
usual
l
ydonebyst
udent
sasapar
toft
hewor
kl
oadat
school
oruni
v
er
si
t
y

...
Thegui
del
i
nesshoul
dbet
akenasj
ust
t
hat

...
Somepeopl
ef
i
ndt
hatt
heywor
kbestby
get
t
i
ngt
hei
deasf
l
owi
ngf
i
r
standi
mposi
ngsomesor
tof
st
r
uct
ur
el
at
er
;
i
ti
sonl
yoncet
heyst
ar
twr
i
t
i
ngt
hatt
heyst
ar
tt
o
hav
eani
deaofwhatt
hei
rdi
r
ect
i
onwi
l
l
be
...

Towr
i
t
eanessay
,
begi
nbysuppl
y
i
ngi
deasandf
ol
l
owt
hese
st
eps:
Deci
deonTopi
c(
I
fi
twasn’
tassi
gned)
DoSomeResear
ch
ComeUpWi
t
haThesi
s


Cr
eat
eAnOut
l
i
ne
44

o

I
nt
r
oduct
i
on

o

Body

o

Concl
usi
on



Wr
i
t
eARoughDr
af
t



Wr
i
t
eTheFi
nal
Dr
af
t



Pol
i
shI
tUp

Deci
di
ngOnTopi
c
Bef
or
ewr
i
t
i
nganessay
,
y
oumustmakesur
et
ochooseasui
t
abl
e
t
opi
c;
t
hi
si
si
mpor
t
antbecausei
twi
l
l
sett
het
oneoft
hewhol
e
paper

...
Thet
opi
cy
ou
chooseshoul
dbespeci
f
i
cenoughsoy
oucanexpl
or
ei
ti
ni
t
s
ent
i
r
et
yandhi
ty
ourwor
dl
i
mi
ti
ft
hati
sr
equi
r
ed
...



Makesur
et
o 
hav
eaccesst
oal
l
t
hemat
er
i
al
s 
y
oumayneed
bef
or
ewr
i
t
i
ngapaper

...
I
twi
l
l
be
easyandi
nt
er
est
i
ngf
ory
out
owr
i
t
eaboutat
hemei
nwhi
ch
y
ouar
ewel
l
v
er
sed
...
Thi
sensur
est
hatt
heaudi
encewi
l
l
under
st
andy
oupr
oper
l
y
,
andt
haty
ouwast
ebot
ht
i
meand
ef
f
or
t

...
Checkt
hati
ti
snott
oobr
oad/
nar
r
ow,
t
omakesur
e
t
haty
ouwi
l
l
beabl
et
of
i
ndenoughi
nf
or
mat
i
on
...

Wr
i
t
i
ngaboutbor
i
ngt
opi
cwi
l
l
l
eadt
oabor
i
ngessayast
he
out
come
...


Car
r
y
i
ngOutResear
ch
Thebestpl
acet
ost
ar
tr
esear
chi
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
onf
oranessayi
st
he
46

I
nt
er
netbutensur
et
hesour
cesar
er
el
i
abl
e/
cr
edi
bl
e
...
Donotf
or
getaboutt
hel
i
br
ar
i
es;
y
ou
mayf
i
ndal
otoft
r
ust
wor
t
hymat
er
i
al
sf
orr
esear
chi
ng
...
I
tshoul
dbespeci
f
i
candbasedonl
yon
whaty
ouar
egoi
ngt
odi
scussi
ny
ourwr
i
t
i
ng,
andt
heni
tshoul
d
besuppor
t
edwi
t
hsomeev
i
dence
...




Theconst
i
t
ut
i
onpr
ov
i
desev
er
y
onewi
t
har
i
ghtt
ol
i
f
e;
howev
er
,
t
her
ear
esomel
i
mi
t
at
i
onsr
egar
di
ngt
hi
s
pr
ov
i
dencei
nt
hel
aw
...


47

ESSAYOUTLI
NE
I
nt
r
oduct
i
on
Ani
nt
r
oduct
i
onmustaccompl
i
sh4mai
ngoal
s:


Gr
abt
her
eader
'
sat
t
ent
i
on;



Cont
ai
nt
het
hesi
sst
at
ement
;



Br
i
ef
l
ydescr
i
bet
hemai
ni
deaofy
ouressayi
n45sent
ences
...
St
ar
t
l
i
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
oni
sanot
herway
t
ogr
abt
her
eader
'
sat
t
ent
i
on
...

Thi
sout
l
i
nef
or
matf
oranext
endedessayi
sagr
eatexampl
et
o
f
ol
l
owwhenwr
i
t
i
ngar
esear
chessay
,
andsust
ai
ni
ngapr
oper
r
esear
chessayf
or
mat

...

BodyPar
agr
aphs
Thi
si
st
hepar
tofanessayi
nwhi
chy
ouneedt
oexpl
ai
nand
dev
el
opmai
ni
deasofy
ourt
opi
c
...
Usual
l
y
,
t
hi
si
st
hel
ongestpar
tofan
48

essay

...

Thest
r
uct
ur
eoft
hebodypar
agr
aphsshoul
dl
ookl
i
ket
hi
s:


Acl
eart
opi
csent
ence;



Speci
f
i
cev
i
denceorsuppor
t
i
ngdet
ai
l
;



Tr
ansi
t
i
onsbet
weensent
encesandpar
agr
aphs;



Concl
udi
ngsent
encest
hatwi
l
l
t
i
et
heev
i
denceordet
ai
l
s
backt
ot
hemai
npoi
ntandbr
i
ngst
hepar
agr
apht
ot
hel
ogi
c
end
...

Thef
i
r
stsent
ence(
t
het
opi
csent
ence)i
nt
r
oducest
hemai
n
i
deaoft
hepar
agr
aph
...

I
ncl
uder
el
ev
antexampl
es,
det
ai
l
s,
ev
i
dence,
quot
at
i
ons,
and
49

r
ef
er
ences
...

Concl
usi
on
Thi
spar
tbr
i
ngst
her
eadert
ot
heendofy
ouressay

...
Thensum upy
ourpoi
nt
sandpr
ov
i
deaf
i
nal
l
ookon
y
ourt
opi
c
...

Theconcl
usi
onshoul
d:
• Dr
awev
er
y
t
hi
ngt
oget
her
• Summar
i
zet
hemai
nt
hemes
• St
at
ey
ourgener
al
concl
usi
ons
• Makei
tcl
earwhyt
hoseconcl
usi
onsar
ei
mpor
t
antor
si
gni
f
i
cant
• Donoti
nt
r
oducenewmat
er
i
al
•I
nt
hel
astsent
ence,
sum upy
ourar
gumentv
er
ybr
i
ef
l
y
,
l
i
nki
ngi
tt
ot
het
i
t
l
e
50

• Sett
hei
ssuesi
nabr
oaderper
spect
i
v
e/
wi
dercont
ext
• Di
scusswhaty
ouhav
ef
ai
l
edt
odo–answer
snotcl
ear
,
spacel
i
mi
t
ed
• Suggestf
ur
t
herquest
i
onsofy
ourown
Al
way
shav
eapl
an
...
I
fy
ouhav
east
r
ongout
l
i
neandy
ouhav
eapar
t
i
cul
ar
goal
i
nmi
nd,
i
t
’
l
l
beeasyt
or
ef
ert
oi
twheny
oumi
ghtgetst
uck
somewher
ei
nt
hemi
ddl
eoft
hepaper

...
Hav
eal
i
stofkey
wor
dsi
fappl
i
cabl
et
hat
wi
l
l
boostt
hei
nf
or
mat
i
onal
scope
...

PeerRev
i
ew(
Rev
i
si
on)
Oncet
hedr
af
ti
sdone,
i
ti
sadv
i
sabl
et
obesenti
toutf
orpeer
r
ev
i
ew
...
Theai
mi
st
ogetf
eedbackt
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andout
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ance
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55

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...

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age2–Pl
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•

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61

REFERENCI
NG
Thi
si
sast
andar
di
zedmet
hodofacknowl
edgi
ngsour
cesof
i
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or
mat
i
onandi
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t
hatuni
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f
i
est
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rsour
ce
...

Youwi
l
l
needt
ogi
v
eaccur
at
er
ef
er
ences:
•Togi
v
ecr
edi
tt
oot
heraut
hor
s'
concept
sandi
deas
•
Topr
ov
i
det
her
eader(
of
t
ent
hemar
ker
/
exami
neroft
he
assi
gnment
)wi
t
hev
i
denceoft
hebr
eadt
handdept
hofy
our
r
eadi
ng
•Toenabl
et
her
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sofy
ourwor
kt
ol
ocat
et
her
ef
er
ences
easi
l
y
•
Toav
oi
dbei
ngaccusedofpl
agi
ar
i
sm,
anacademi
cof
f
ence
whi
chcanl
eadt
ol
ossofmar
ksorf
ai
l
ur
e

THEWRI
TI
NGPROCESS

62

Wr
i
t
i
ngi
sapr
ocesst
hati
nv
ol
v
esatl
eastf
i
v
edi
st
i
nctst
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ewr
i
t
i
ng,
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af
t
i
ng,
r
ev
i
si
ng,
edi
t
i
ngandpubl
i
shi
ng
...
Whi
l
ey
ouar
er
ev
i
si
ng,
y
oumi
ghthav
et
o
r
et
ur
nt
ot
hepr
ewr
i
t
i
ngst
ept
odev
el
opandexpandy
ouri
deas
...
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tr
equi
r
esar
out
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ner
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r
i
ng
t
heappl
i
cat
i
onoft
hepr
ocedur
et
osuccessi
v
er
esul
t
s)
PREWRI
TI
NG
1
...
I
ti
ncl
udest
hi
nki
ng,
t
aki
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es,
t
al
ki
ngt
oot
her
s,
br
ai
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ni
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i
ngi
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or
mat
i
on(
e
...

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nt
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i
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ngpeopl
e,
r
esear
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ngi
nt
hel
i
br
ar
y
,
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...
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t
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i
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st
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i
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stact
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t
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at
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ngi
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oughoutt
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ocess
...

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v
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t
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esi
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udebr
ai
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mi
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...
t
hi
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,
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r
eewr
i
t
i
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st
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ng
Wr
i
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i
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i
r
standsecondout
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Answert
hef
ol
l
owi
ngquest
i
ons,
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ngpoi
ntf
or
m:
63

•WhatdoIknowaboutmyt
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c?
•Whati
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t
i
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om t
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ougener
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...


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Or
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...

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Addi
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at
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hi
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67

gener
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Thi
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i
n,
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p
...

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Accor
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man,
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r
ast
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72

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om Lat
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ai
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e
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73

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coul
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76

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77

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4
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g
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5
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owercase,
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om t
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aces
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78

OVERVI
EW OFMAI
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STYLE
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...

g
...

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at
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s,
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orexampl
e,
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1996)
,
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hatt
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Br
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80

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at
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r
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...

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Punct
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81

Maj
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er
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82

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om Har
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...
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Or
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84

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DVD
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3
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...

Speci
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i
cr
ef
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ences
1Book(
oneormor
eaut
hor
s)
Ci
t
at
i
on:(
Mur
r
ay
,
2005)Mur
r
ay(
2005)
Ref
er
ence:
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r
ay
,
R
...
Wr
i
t
i
ngf
oracademi
cj
our
nal
s
...

2Chapt
erf
r
om anedi
t
edbook
Ci
t
at
i
on:(
Ni
chol
l
s&Jar
v
i
s,
2002)
Ref
er
ence:
Ni
chol
l
s,
G
...
(
2002)

...
I
nP
...

)Thet
heor
y&pr
act
i
ceoft
eachi
ng
...


3Ref
er
enci
ngj
our
nalar
t
i
cl
es
Ci
t
at
i
on:(
Tor
r
ance,
Thomas&Robi
nson,
1993)

...

,
Thomas,
M
...

J
...
Tr
ai
ni
ngi
n
t
hesi
swr
i
t
i
ng:
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uat
i
onoft
hr
eeconcept
ual
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i
ent
at
i
ons
...

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e,
howev
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,
mor
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i
ceabl
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f
f
er
encesbet
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v
ar
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andAPAi
nt
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r
oni
csour
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er
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see
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ormor
ei
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or
mat
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onandexampl
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...

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hey
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cat
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edi
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het
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at
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or
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ampl
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...


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88

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bi
di
t
ywi
t
hal
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dependenceandmaj
ordepr
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on(
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,
2003)

...

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fadi
r
ectquot
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sgi
v
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ow:
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usi
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nt
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nes;
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essedbyany
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Csi
kai
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i
n,
2006,
p
...

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pl
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hor
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Whenawor
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REFERENCELI
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93

WHENTOREFERENCE:SI
XSCENARI
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Admi
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Or
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95

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