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TOPIC 7:
THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Develop understanding about material self
Explain the association of self and possessions
TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITY (LESSON PROPER):
“A man’s Self is the sum total of all that he can call his” – William James
Our material possessions significantly influence our sense of self
...
William James, an American psychologist,
defined the material self as referring to tangible objects which we call as
“mine”
...
Possessions and Behavior
Our relationships with objects have evolved over time
...
Understanding Ownership
-
-
By 2 years old: already understand the concept of ownership
By 2 to 4 years old: children assume that the person who first
possessed something is always the owner, even if the object
was already given away
By 6 years old: exhibit “endowment effect”, the phenomenon
characterized by preferring objects which are already
possessed over those which are not
b
...
An observation on 22-months-old babies in a
day-care showed that almost 25% of conflicts was caused by
defending a possessed object or wanting to take another’s
object
...
Attachment Object
-
Most children have a “favorite” toy or object with which they
have intense relationships
...
This may be explained by their magical thinking, that
somehow that special object has a unique essence
...
d
...
Interestingly,
this is also the time when self-esteem tends to be lowest
...
, 2007) also pointed out that letting
adolescents have a sense of self-worth and achievement seems
to be effective in lessening their materialistic attitude
...
Sense of Identity
-
When research participants’ brains were scanned, the areas
known to be associated with thinking about the self were
activated when they were shown objects which were labelled
with “mine”
...
Moreover, the concept of product-image congruity specifies
that we tend to buy products which are congruent to our sense
of self
...
f
...
This has
been studied to communicate socio-economic status
...
g
...
Loyalty is one of the reasons why some
fans are motivated to fall in line for many hours to avail of a
product or to spend much money on something with a logo
...
-
The more that our belongingness are linked with our identities,
the more precious they become
...
Greater
than the loss of finances, people feel the psychological
impact of loss
...
Loss
i
...
This may become a symbolism of having a new
start like when you gave away your toys when you were a
child or when you threw some mementos from a past
relationship
...
TOPIC :
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Recognize the self in relation to religious beliefs; and
Explain ways of discovering the meaning of life
...
Some experts’
definition of spirituality includes:
a
...
b
...
c
...
Three Main Themes of Spirituality as Viewed by Filipinos (Yabut, 2016):
a
...
Sense of meaning or purpose – generally associated with the
development of a focused sense of self, individuality, and values
c
...
The Soul
The soul or spirit of a person is called: Kaluluwa (Tagalog), Gimokud
(Bagobo), Makatu (Bukidnon), Dungan - alive and Kalag - dead (Ilonggo
and Bisaya), Ikararuwa (Ibanag), Kadkadduwa - in the physical body and
Kararuwa - departs from the body (Ilokano)
...
It is because the soul has two existence : (a)
Physical (connected to the human body and its life) and (b) Spiritual
(exists on its own)
In Western Philosophy, the soul is the life source of man
...
The Souls and Gods According to the Ethnolinguistic Groups of the Philippines
Excerpts from “The Soul Book” by Demetrio, Fernanddo, and Zialcita:
1
...
2
...
But
sometimes, it comes out of the body and takes on a visible form such as that
of an insect or a small animal
...
Bisaya (Dungan) - Bisayans believe that the dungan may leave the body
voluntarily as when the person is asleep
...
The owner then wakes up once the soul safely returns
...
Sickness is the temporary loss of the soul,
permanent loss is death
...
Bukidnon (Makatu) - the makatu already exists before a child’s birth but that it
is separate from its body
...
This is where the soul of
the unborn baby is supposed to sleep before it joins the infant at birth
...
Tagbanwa (Kiyaraluwa) - the Tagbanwa of Palawan believes that he has one
true soul (kiyaraluwa), which is given to each infant by the god Magindusa as
the nose of the child emerges from the vulva
...
6
...
7
...
It can leave only after death
...
Karkarma (second soul) can leave the body when one is frightened
or can be stolen from the body when the person goes to isolated
places which makes the owner insane if it fails to return
...
It is the counterpart of
psyche
...
Aniwaas (third soul) can leave the body during sleep and visit
places which the owner frequents
...
c
...
8
...
From Bontoc to the Baguio region, Kabuniyan is
the supreme teacher who taught man many things like fire-making, rice
cultivation, and marriage rituals
...
It is applied to all culture heroes, signifies ultimate
power and may also refer to the lowest level of the skyworld – the sky that can
be seen every day
...
Ifugao (Two souls) – the Ifugaos believe that man has two souls: (a)
residing in the eyes and (b) residing in the breath
...
Ibaloi – the Ibaloi afterlife is populated by ancestral spirits and explains
animal sacrifices
...
An empty-handed soul finds
himself the object of scorn
...
Kankana-ey (Ab-abiik or Kadkadwa) – Ab-abiik is the spiritual self as
opposed to the physical self (Awak)
...
9
...
It refers more to the soul of the deceased
...
The
Tagalogs call their supreme god Bathala Maykapal or Lumikha
(The Creator)
...
Bagobo (Gimokud) – according to the Bagobos of Davao, each individual is
inhabited by two souls called gimokud
...
The
left hand gimokud is the bad soul that shows itself as a shadow on the left
side of the path
...
I
...
All peoples have rituals and these are actions that follow a prescribed pattern
and are believed to be highly efficacious
...
Many rituals intervene at the different stages of the life-cycle: birth,
courtship, marriage, and death (Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, & Zialcita, p
...
Some reasons for doing rituals are:
a
...
Success for the suitor;
c
...
Smooth journey to the next world;
e
...
Success in fishing and hunting;
g
...
Victory over enemies
Related practices:
1
...
Pilgrimage
3
...
Sacrifice
II
...
The meaning in life according to Viktor Frankl lies in finding a
purpose and taking responsibility for oneself and others
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
Human being is an
entity consisting of body, mind and spirit
...
Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable
...
A person has the choice in every situation to have the will to find
meaning, there is no limit
...
Each individual is unique which deals with one’s sense of meaning, he is
irreplaceable
...
By creating a work or doing a deed;
2
...
By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering
The most important, however, is the third avenue
...
REFERENCES:
Understanding the Self Manual
...
Psychology Department
...
Unpublished
...
C
...
S
...
A
...
T
...
D
...
N
...
Revised edition
...