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Roles and contributions of various cognitive models in cognitive psychology
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It includes attention,
perception, thinking, memory, recall, problem-solving, and decision making
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Many cognitive models in cognitive psychology played a major role in describing
memory, attention, perception, and other processes
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This is also referred to
as a modal model of memory
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These researchers noted
that both human memory and computer memory must accomplish three basic tasks: (1)
encoding-converting information into a form that can be entered into memory; (2) storagesomehow retaining information over varying periods, and (3) retrieval-locating and
accessing specific information when it is needed at further times
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One of these, known as sensory memory, refers to the initial brief storage of
sensory information
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If the information
does not pass into short-term memory, it is last for no good
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There are two types of sensory memory called iconic
memory (sight) which seems to last less than a second and echoic memory (sound) which
typically fades within two or three seconds
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Information that is attended to and recognized in the sensory register may be
passed on to short-term memory where it held for perhaps 20-30 sec
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Chunks are a
meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory
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Experiments show that when participants are
presented with a list of words, they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are
more likely to forget those in the middle of the list
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The tendency to recall earlier words is called the primacy effect; the tendency to recall
the later words is called the recency effect
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Rehearsal accomplishes two things
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More important, however, rehearsal allows
us to transfer the information into long-term memory
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In other words, Material that
makes its way from short-term memory to long-term memory enters a storehouse of almost

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unlimited capacity
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN MEMORY MODEL
The modal model was the first model that emphasized how memory works and how
information is stored at different stages
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The
model can account for primacy & recency effects
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One strength of the multistore model is that it gives us a good understanding of the
structure and process of the STM
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This model has been applied to a various range of tasks and experimental
variables such as list length, presentation rate, reaction times and confidence ratings
using discrete trail memory tasks, model of rehearsal, size of stimulus set, number of
prior study trials, and temporal judgments in tasks involving a sequence of study and
test items
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Another contributing factor is
that it paved the way for other models of memory to emerge and concepts such as semantic
networks were made
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It also talked about how certain information is stored, such as
visuals, sounds, experiences, etc
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According to this approach, the depth of
information processing during exposure to the material which it is analyzed and considered is
critical; Hence, the greater the intensity of its initial processing, the more likely we are to
remember it
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Also, information that is paid more
attention to is said to be processed more thoroughly than other events or stimuli
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The first one is the shallow level, at shallow levels, information is processed merely in
terms of its physical and sensory aspects
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Structural processing (appearance) is when we encode only the
physical qualities of something
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g
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Phonemic processing is when we encode its sound
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The second one is the intermediate level of processing,
which involves giving meaning and adding specific phonetic sounds to letters
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Deep processing takes two forms: (1) Semantic processing, which happens
when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meanings
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g
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) of information and leads to better recall
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For example, elaboration rehearsal leads to the recall of information than just

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maintenance rehearsal
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It showed that encoding was not a simple, straightforward process
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Craik and Lockhart's ideas led to hundreds of experiments, most
of which confirmed the superiority of 'deep' semantic processing for remembering
information
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Methods such as reworking, method of loci, and imagery are examples of ways of
storing information
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ROLES OF TULVING’s MODEL OF MEMORY
Endel Tulving based on LTM's Multi-Store Model concept; proposed a distinction
between memories for general knowledge and memories for events
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The memory of how to do things is procedural memory and the memory of
meaningful events is declarative memory
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Semantic
memory is a memory for meanings and facts
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Semantic information cannot be temporally dated
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Episodic information can be temporally dated, this means that
it is stored with some information about when was learned
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CONTRIBUTION OF TULVING’s MODEL OF MEMORY
The model is used for dementia patients
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As victims forget autobiographical events, episodic
memory is the next to go
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Later, when sufferers struggle with language and
no longer recognize family members, semantic memory is gone
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All cognitive and linguistic abilities
are eventually disrupted
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It entails patients gathering in groups to talk, play games, and solve
problems
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Patients with mild to severe dementia benefit
the most from cognitive stimulation
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BADDELEY MODEL OF WORKING MEMORY
Short-term memory was considered to be more than merely holding on to seven or fewer
pieces of information for a brief period
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Baddeley and Hitch conducted
experiments to test the modal model
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The
participants were asked temporarily to store several digits while simultaneously performing
another task
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According to the Multi-Store Model, STM holds limited amounts of

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information for short periods with relatively little processing
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This
means it is a single system (or store) without any subsystems, but the participants were able
to recall both
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Working memory is a multi-component system (auditory, and visual), whereas shortterm memory can only hold information, working memory can both retain and process
information
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The central executive chooses which information will be operating on, when, and
how, in simple words, it directs the flow of information
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It coordinates the information with the retrieval of information
about the past which helps people to use this information to select options
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It consists of two structures:
Short-term phonological buffer, which holds the verbal information for shorter periods
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The basic idea of this is when people initially encounter verbal information, they
translate it into some kind of auditory code and process using a phonological loop
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Visual information refers to what things look like
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A fourth component was added by Baddeley to the model called the Episodic buffer
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It links information across
visual, spatial, and verbal domains and arranges various information in chronological order
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RELEVANCE AND CONTRIBUTION OF BADDELEY MODEL
The Baddeley model of working memory aims to explain the relevance of behavioral
findings in memory
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This elaboration is one of the major
contributions of the WMM because it’s generated a wealth of research into factors that
affect working or short-term memory and how this affects a range of behaviors
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If high working memory
capacity can predict high achievement in academics, then low working memory might be the
reason why some students struggle in school
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By using such
tools, psychologists can help identify kids with working memory deficits
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This model characterized a range of tasks- reading, comprehension, problem-solving, verbal
reasoning, visual, and spatial processing
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References
Feldman, R
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(2011)
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McGraw-Hill
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M
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Cognitive psychology in and out of Laboratory
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https://www
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com/ibpsych/2021/10/11/applications-of-the-workingmemory-model-baddeley-and-hitch-1974/
https://www
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com/ibpsych/2021/10/04/the-multi-store-model-ofmemory-atkinson-and-shiffrin-1968/
https://www
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org/levelsofprocessing
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simplypsychology
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html



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