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CROP PRODUCTION
&
MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
Untill 10,000 BC, people were wandering around to find out food for their livelihood
...
So they started cultivation
and production on land
...


* When plants of the same kind arecultivated at one place on a large scale,it is called
a crop
...

* Crops are cultivated under the basis of climatic conditions
...

* Kharif Crops : The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops
...

Eg:- rice, maize, millet, ragi, pulses, soybean, groundnut
...
Generally from October to
March
...


STEPS IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
* Preparation of soil
* Sowing
* Adding manure and fertilisers
* Irrigation
* Protecting from weeds
* Harvesting
* Storage

PREPARATION OF SOIL
* First thing is to loosen the soil - this helps the roots to penetrate deep into the soil
...

* The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing
...

- This is being used since ancient times
for tilling the soil, adding fertilisers to
the crop, removing the weeds and
turning the soil
...

- The main part of the plough is a long
log of wood which is called a
ploughshaft
...

- It has a long rod of wood or iron
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* Cultivator - tractor-driven cultivator
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* Before sowing, good quality, clean and healthy seeds of a good variety—are
selected
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These ends pierce into the soil
and place seeds there
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- This sows the seedsuniformly at equal distance and depth
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ADDING MANURE AND FERTILISERS
* For the healthy growth of plants manure and fertilisers are required
...
Therefore, farmers
have to add manure to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients
...

* Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant or
animal wastes
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urea,
Eg :- ammonium sulphate, super phosphate, potash, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Potassium)
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* Therefore, in order to maintain the fertility of the soil, we have to substitute
fertilisers with organic manure or leave the field uncultivated (fallow) in between
two crops
...


* Crop rotation can be done by growing different crops alternately
...
No
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Fertiliser is a man-made
inorganic salt
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2
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Manure can be prepared in the fields
...


Fertiliser does not provide
any humus to the soil
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4
...


* Advantages of Manure - it enhances the water holding capacity of the soil
...

- it increases the number of friendly microbes
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IRRIGATION
* Water is important for proper growth and development
...

* The sources of water for irrigation are— wells, tubewells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams
and canals
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* Modern methods of irrigation are Sprinkler System and Drip system
...

- The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are
joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals
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- useful for lawns, coffee plantation and several other crops
Sprinkler System

Drip system

* Drip system - In this system, the water falls drop by drop directly near the roots
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PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
* Many undesirable plants may grow with crops, these plants are called weeds
...

* Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants for water, nutrients,
space and light
...

* Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called weedicides
...


HARVESTING
* The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting
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* Harvesting is either done manually by sickle or by a machine called harvester
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* Farmers with small holdings of land do the separation of grain and chaff by
winnowing
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* Before storing them, the grains are properly dried
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* Large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to protect them from
pests like rats and insects

CROP PRODUCTION
&
MANAGEMENT
Questions & Answers

1
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(float, water, crop, nutrients, preparation)
(a) The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is
called _____________
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Ans :- Preparation
(c) Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
Ans :- Float
(d) For growing a crop, sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from
the soil are essential
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Match items in column A with those in column B
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Give two examples of each
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Write a paragraph in your own words on each of the following
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The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the
crop
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Sowing - Scattering seeds on the Earth after soil is prepared for cultivation is termed
as Sowing
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The
process of removal of such unwanted plants is called weeding
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5
...

Ans :Manuring is the process of addition of natural or chemical sources of nutrients for the
crop
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These on decomposition give organic products called organic manure or
simply manure
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These lead to the development of a new method of farming called organic
farming where only organic fertilisers, pesticides, etc
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Fertilisers are chemical compounds which include salts or organic compounds like
urea, ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate etc
...
Fertilisers are commercial products mainly
manufactured in factories
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6
...

Ans:The supply of water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation
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b) Sprinkler system: This method is in use in mainly uneven land where sufficient water
is not available
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When water is allowed to flow through the main
pipe under pressure with the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles
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7
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These require a warm temperature for seed
germination and a cold climate for crop growth, whereas the Kharif season is
characterized by hot or mild weather with heavy rainfall
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It will also not bloom since it requires longer day lengths,
which are not present during the Kharif season
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Explain how soil gets affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field
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When a farmer grows crops one after the other, all of the
nutrients in the soil are depleted, and the crop output suffers as a result
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What are weeds? How can we control them?
Ans:Weeds are unwanted, persistent, harmful plants that impede the growth of other
crop plants
...

Tilling before planting crops also aids in the removal of weeds
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10
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Sending crop to
sugar factory

Irrigation

Harvesting

Sowing

1

2

3

4

Preparation of
soil

Ploughing the
field

Manuring

5

6

7

Ans:Preparation of
soil

Ploughing the
field

Sending crop to
sugar factory

Sowing

Harvesting

Manuring

Irrigation



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