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Title: Helpful Note for Organic Chemistry
Description: I have prepare a note for high school students. It cover basic introduction about organic compounds, their types, and how they are different from inorganic compounds. It also cover about functional group and the homologous series.
Description: I have prepare a note for high school students. It cover basic introduction about organic compounds, their types, and how they are different from inorganic compounds. It also cover about functional group and the homologous series.
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Organic Chemistry
Definition: Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of compounds
that contain carbon
...
History: The history of organic chemistry dates back to the early 19th century, when scientists
first started studying the properties and reactions of organic compounds
...
Differences between organic and inorganic chemistry:
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Studies compounds containing carbon
Studies compounds not containing carbon
Emphasizes on carbon-carbon bonds and Emphasizes on bonds between elements other
carbon-hydrogen bonds
than carbon and hydrogen
Deals with the chemistry of life
Deals with the chemistry of non-living matter
Includes study of organic compounds, such as Includes study of inorganic compounds, such
sugars, fats, and proteins
as metals, salts, and minerals
Focuses on synthesizing and identifying Focuses on synthesizing and identifying
organic compounds
inorganic compounds
Includes the study of reaction mechanisms and Includes the study of inorganic reactions, such
organic reactions
as oxidation and reduction reactions
Deals with the properties and behavior of Deals with the properties and behavior of
organic molecules in various environments
inorganic compounds in various environments
Structure of organic compounds: Organic compounds are typically composed of carbon
atoms bonded together with hydrogen atoms and sometimes other elements such as oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur
...
Properties of carbon atom:
The properties of carbon in organic chemistry can be attributed to its unique atomic structure and
bonding behavior:
Tetravalent: Carbon is a tetravalent element, meaning it has the ability to form four covalent
bonds with other atoms
...
Versatile bonding: Carbon is capable of forming single, double, and triple covalent bonds with
other atoms
...
Hybrid orbitals: The carbon atom has a unique electronic structure that allows it to form sp,
sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals
...
Type
Sp3
Sp2
Sp
% S character
25
33
...
50
1200
1800
Example
Methane (CH4)
Ethene (C2H4)
Ethyne (C2H2)
Catenation: Carbon is capable of forming long chains or chains with branches, known as
catenation
...
Covalent bonding: Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with other atoms, which contributes
to the stability of organic compounds
...
Hydrophobic: Many organic compounds are hydrophobic, meaning they are not soluble in
water
...
These properties of carbon make it a key element in organic chemistry and contribute to the
diversity and complexity of organic compounds
...
Classification of organic Compounds
Open Chain Compounds: An open chain organic compound is a type of organic molecule
that has a linear, unbranched structure, as opposed to a cyclic or branched structure
...
The number of carbon atoms and functional groups can vary, giving rise to a wide range of
molecular structures
...
These compounds play important roles in many biological
processes and are also widely used in industrial and commercial applications
...
They are formed by the formation of a covalent bond between two carbon
atoms, which results in a ring of atoms
...
The most common type of cyclic organic compound is the carbohydrate, which is made up
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and is a crucial source of energy for living organisms
...
Cyclic organic compounds play important roles in many biological processes, such as energy
storage and cell communication, and are also widely used in industrial and commercial
applications, such as the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, and fuels
...
• Types of cyclic compound
a) Homocyclic: Homocyclic compounds are organic compounds that contain a cyclic
structure composed of identical atoms or functional groups
...
Alicyclic
compounds can be either open-chain or closed-chain and can have either single,
double, or triple bonds in their ring system
...
Aliphatic compounds have a
straight-chain or branched-chain structure, while alicyclic compounds have a cyclic
structure
...
These compounds are widely used as solvents,
fuels, and raw materials in the chemical industry
...
The most well-known example of
an aromatic compound is benzene (C6H6), which has a hexagonal ring system
...
" They are also characterized by their stability, due to the
delocalized electrons in the aromatic ring
...
Aromatic compounds are also important in biology, as many natural compounds,
such as hormones and neurotransmitters, have an aromatic ring structure
...
Image Source: https://byjus
...
Heterocyclic compounds can have a wide range of structures and properties, depending on
the nature of the heteroatom and the number and type of atoms in the ring
...
Heterocyclic compounds play important roles in many biological processes and are widely
used in industrial and commercial applications
...
They are also used
as drugs, pesticides, and food addit
Title: Helpful Note for Organic Chemistry
Description: I have prepare a note for high school students. It cover basic introduction about organic compounds, their types, and how they are different from inorganic compounds. It also cover about functional group and the homologous series.
Description: I have prepare a note for high school students. It cover basic introduction about organic compounds, their types, and how they are different from inorganic compounds. It also cover about functional group and the homologous series.