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Title: Chemistry of Life
Description: Molecules, atoms, basic chemistry. Solvency, etc.
Description: Molecules, atoms, basic chemistry. Solvency, etc.
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Anatomy & Physiology I
January 28th, 2015
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
• Atomic number = the number of protons in the nucleus
• 6 elements make up 98
...
1 in textbook for specific breakdown)
Minerals
• Inorganic elements absorbed from soil by plants
• Equals 4% of body weight
- Structure (teeth, bones, etc)
- Enzymes
Structure of an Atom
• Nucleus = center of atom
- Protons: single positive charge, mass = 1 amu1
- Neutrons: no charge, mass = 1 amu
• Electron shells surround the nucleus
- Electrons: single negative charge, little mass
- Valence electrons in the outermost shell
• Interact with other atoms
• Determine chemical behavior
• S Sub shell = 1 orbital = 2 electrons
• P Sub shell = 3 orbitals = 6 electrons
• D Sub shell = 5 orbitals = 10 electrons
• F Sub shell = 7 orbitals = 14 electrons
• G Sub shell = 9 orbitals = 18 electrons
• H Sub shell = 11 orbitals = 22 electrons
• 2nd Shell = 8
• 3rd Shell = 18
• 4th Shell = 32
• 5th Shell = 50
• 6th Shell = 72
Isotopes and Radioactivity
• Isotopes
- Differ in number of neutrons
- Extra neutrons increase atomic weight
- Isotopes of an element are chemically similar
• Have same valence electrons
Atomic Weight
•
- Average atomic mass of the isotopes
1 Atomic
Mass Unit
Page !1 of !8
Anatomy & Physiology I
January 28th, 2015
Radioisotopes and Radioactivity
• Isotopes
- Same chemical behavior, differ in physical behavior
- Breakdown gives off radiation
• Radioisotopes
- Unstable isotopes
- Every element has at least one radioisotopes
• Radioactivity
- Radioisotopes decay to stable isotopes releasing radiation
- We are all mildly radioactive
Marie Curie
• First woman in the world to receive a Ph
...
2 in
textbook for breakdown)
Free Radicals
• Particle with an odd number of electrons
• Produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, chemicals
• Causes tissue damage
- Reactions that destroy molecules
- Causes cancer, death of heart tissue, and aging
• Antioxidants
- Neutralize free radicals
- In diet (vitamin E, carotenoids, vitamin C)
Molecules and Chemical Bonds
• Molecules: two or more atoms covalently bonded
• Compounds: two or more atoms of different elements covalently bonded
• Molecular formula: elements and how many atoms of each
• Structural formula: location of each atom
- Structural isomere revealed
Molecular Weight
• MW of compound = sum of atomic weights of atoms
• Calculate: MW of glucose (C6H12O6)
- 6 C atoms x 12 amu each = 72 amu
- 12 H atoms x 1 amu each = 12 amux
- 6 O atoms x 16 amu each = 96 amu
• Molecular Weight (MW) = 180 amu
Page !3 of !8
Anatomy & Physiology I
January 28th, 2015
Chemical Bonds
Types of Chemical bonds include:
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Van der Waals force
Ionic Bonds
• Attraction of oppositely charged ions
• No sharing of electrons
• Weak bond (easily dissociates in water)
Covalent Bonds
• Formed by sharing of valence electrons
• Types of covalent bonds include…
- Single = sharing of single pair electrons
- Double = sharing of two pairs of electrons
- Non polar: shared electrons (equal time around each nucleus)
- Strongest of all bonds
- Polar
- Negative charge where electrons spend most time
Hydrogen Bonds
• Weakest bond = no sharing of electrons
• Attraction between polar molecules
- Positive hydrogen atoms to negative oxygen atoms in a second molecule
• Physiological importance
- Properties of water created by shapes of large complex molecules
- Determined by folding due to hydrogen bonds
Van der Walls Forces
• Weak attractions between neutral atoms
• Fluctuations in electron density create polarity
• Only 1% as strong as a covalent bond
- Folding of large molecules
- Significant when two large surfaces meet
Mixtures and Water
• Substances physically but not chemically combined
• Mixtures in our bodies contain water
• Water 50-75% of body weight
- Depends on age, sex, percentage of body fat, etc
...
5 grams NaCl/liter of
solution
• Percentages
- Weight/volume of solute in solution
• IV D5W (5% w/v dextrose in distilled water)
• Molarity
- Moles of solute/liter in solution
- Physiologic effects based on number of molecules in solution not on weight
Molarity
• Molecular weight in grams = 1 mole of molecules
• 1 mole = Avogadro’s number of molecules (6
...
0M) glucose solution contains 180g/L
Percentage vs
...
0 is 10 times as acidic as one with the pH of 5
...
35 to 7
Title: Chemistry of Life
Description: Molecules, atoms, basic chemistry. Solvency, etc.
Description: Molecules, atoms, basic chemistry. Solvency, etc.