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Electricity
Current and Voltage
Atomic Structure
An atom has a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons revolving
around it
...
Charge
The charge is an intrinsic property of matter by virtue of which it can exert electromagnetic
force
...
Electric Potential and Potential Difference
The electric potential at a point is defined as work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from infinity to that point
...
Models of Electric Current
Electric Current(I)
Flow of electric charges is called electric current, i
...
Electric current in a solid conductor is due to drift of a ‘sea’ of free electrons, which are free
to jump onto any neighbouring atom
...
Drift velocity of an electron
Battery and its working
A cell is a source of potential difference, which is created inside it due to internal chemical
reactions
...
Electric Circuit
Electric circuit and circuit diagram
A closed-loop path which a current take is called an electric circuit
...
Circuit Diagram
Resistance and Ohm's Law
Ohm's law
The current flowing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the applied
potential difference between the two ends of the conductor
...
Factors affecting Resistance & How they affect
Resistance is:
directly proportional to the length of the conductor
...
directly proportional to the temperature of the conductor
...
Resistivity
The electrical resistance offered by a substance of unit length and unit cross-sectional area
is called resistivity
...
Ohmic vs Non-Ohmic conductors
Superconductors
Conductors which offer zero resistance to the flow of current are called superconductors
...
Two resistors are said to be combined in parallel if the same potential difference is
applied to them
...
Terminal voltage: The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell, when
current is flowing through the circuit
...
H ∝ Resistance of the given circuit
...
When a potential difference is established, it causes electrons to move i
...
flow of current
...
If W is work done in time t, then P =
...
I unit is Watt(W)
...
The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh)
...
6 × 10 J
Represented as P
= I
2
R
and P
=
V
2
R
One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1kW of power
is used for 1 hour