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GENERAL ANATOMY BY PROF
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P
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Introduction Of Human Anatomy (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal
Introduction lecture is meant for newly admitted student in medical
colleges
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Biochemistry and biochemistry will deal with
the functions of the human body that is very important to the body
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To know
whether any structure of the body and organ is normal or not you have to
learn anatomy
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There are four
branches of human anatomy which you are supposed to learn in the first
year of medical science
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The
categoric anatomy is the most important will be the cadaver
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The gross anatomy can be
very well seen by the naked eye but at the same time you will also learn
living anatomy
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Grass anatomy is defined as the study of
the structure that can be seen with the naked eye
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Most of the dead bodies which we receive in the anatomy for the
dissections they are donated bodies and because of that now more and more
people have started donating their dead bodies
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The second method is called as regional anatomy which
means you study the human body structure from region to region for
example
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The
knowledge of anatomy when it is used in your clinical practice on your
patient that is called as the clinical or applied anatomy both living and
clinical anatomy will be taught to you along with the cadaveric anatomy
...
The general anatomy provides
the basic concept of the gross anatomy without understanding the general
aspect of the grass anatomy which will be taught in this 10 to 12
lectures in the beginning
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The embryology deals with the development of an individual
from conception to adult form that is up to the you become adult
...
When
you learn the embryology you can not learn many of the structure of the
human body because you are learning it right from the beginning how these
structures are formed which are present in my credible okay in my dead
body
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In the next 10 to 12

lectures you will learn the structure of human body with the help of the
microscope and embryology
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2
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The term means word
and throughout the world the medical professionals they use some special
terms or words which is not used by the general public
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These terms are used for in the medical sciences when you become a
clinician you will be using these terms
...
language of medical science
...
There are some terms which are not used by the
common people okay only the medical people will use it for example arm or
arm
...

anatomical position is an imaginary position in which body is considered
to be always erect or in static say for example in this diagram the
person is standing in anatomical position
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The third condition is that upper limb should be hanging by
the side
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Both the
lower limbs should be parallel to each other and feet are directed
anteriorly their feet should be directed
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anatomical position is accepted
worldwide to describe the anatomical relations in catabols or the
patients okay in relations in categories or as i have already described
anatomical positions should always be imagined even if cadaver or patient
is lying down on table with face upward that means when a patient is on
the table and if his face is looking towards the roof that position is
called as supine position and when if body categor or dead body is on
table that is when the face is
...
is looking
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called as the prone position
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These
planes are passing through the body in different position as
There are four planes and these three planes pass at different levels at
different positions in body
...
The societal plane is not shown in this diagram but i will
explain to you in other so now you know that there are three planes
...
These planes
are planes are exactly parallel to median so they are either on right
side or they are on the left side of the median plane okay so you can cut
so many median planes here okay just if i will put this here you can see
that this may be and another celital plane on the one side of this
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These planes will divide the body into an upper and
lower part
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Oblique plane is easy to define that because it has no rules any other
plane
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i think i should stop here and

then in a separate lecture i should come to the terms of [ Music ]
relationships
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Anatomical Terminology II (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal
This is a lecture in the series of general anatomy and the title of this
lecture is anatomical terminology terms of position
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The term anterior means towards the front side of
the body and the opposite is inferior
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superior means towards head or
upper part of any structure is called as superior while the opposite
meaning will be inferior inferior means towards foot or feet
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medial means anything which is nearer
to median plane
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Anything which is towards the root of the limb is called as proximal and
anything which is away from the root is called distal
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There are two terms pair of terms one is superior and
inferior another is medial and the lateral
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It is superior but this point is
not as compared to this point towards the head so it is inferior
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These relative terms define the position of two structure
in relation to one another
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The third term is ipsilateral
that means it is that where the two structures they are occurring only on
one side structure they occur on they do n't occur on the opposite side
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The next video will
be on the terms of movements movements occurring in the body okay at the
joints at various joints
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5
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I will demonstrate you those terms okay which will show you the
relationship with each other
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The
medical science is that of the superior and inferior superior ways
towards the head and inferior means towards the feet
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the third
pair of the term, which is called as medial and lateral are opposite
meaning of the meaning see here
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the relative terms which are having opposite me
let us come to an another pair of the term, what is called as proximal
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proximal means one which is towards the root of the lip
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the other thing which is away from this root
is called called as the distance
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It keeps on changing so these
are the different points in this way
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unilet unilateral means when some organ is a structure of the
body is present only on one side of the median plane
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another term sometime will
be used and it is called as ipsy lateral ipsilateral means where these
two structures they are on the same side
...
They are together only
on the one side
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So learn these terms by heart thank you thank
you very much [ Music ]
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Anatomical Terminology III (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal
This is the third in the series of anatomical terminology
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the various movement which takes place at
various joint in human body are recognized in medical science by specific
names by the people who are working in the health professions
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the angle between the forearm and arm is reduced here
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The movements are called as the
abduction and adduction, abduction and addiction
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the terms are little different
than flexion and extension, but it help us to remember that darcy means
two dorsal surfaces
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Adduction adduction means add a double D and you know what is add
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The part
moves towards the median plane here, the part is moving that limb, upper
limb or lower limb
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anatomical position that is called as addiction
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This is called as ever
sun okay
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When you will draw this diagram,
you will understand it okay just draw a rub diagram and try to understand
the direction of the movement
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is inversion
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the supination is will
be called when the palm faces anciently
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While your elbow is flat, so make your elbow flex at right
angle will be there with the arm so flex your elbow
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when the movement takes place at the shoulder
joint in circular facian okay as during the balling of cricket ball you
hold the cricket ball in your hand and then while running you are moving
your arm
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when
body part of the body moves backward towards the back
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next video will be on skin
because the skin you met first in during the dissection
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Terms Of Movement Demo
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G
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the terms are
movements are actually defined by the words and they are called as the
terms of women
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when you move your upper limb away
from the median plane
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This takes place
through a fin axis which is passing through the middle finger and if I
perform the abduction the fingers will be moving away
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The
medial rotation will be defined as say this is the flexor surface of the
upper limb of the arm
...
when you stand like this in
anatomical position and then you turn your I will say hand
...
the opposite of it will be
the latter starting from the needed
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Because two tips are opposing each other okay, then there is a movement
which is called as literature and protraction
...
if I protrude in anteriorly, this
will be something like this
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This movement is called retracts
opposite of protection
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Then this is
...

Inhibition and depression is the movement
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Skin-I (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal
In the general anatomy the lecture after this introductory classes is the
first lecture on to the scheme and why do we take this lecture onto the
screen first before going to any other lecture
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the
reason is that when you will go to the dissection Hall and will start
dissecting a limb say, for example, you will have to give the skin
incision with the help of your knife into the skin
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the skin is made
up of two layers, epidermis and dermis
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When I say it is the system of the body, what does it mean it
means it is a system like any other system
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and dermis
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If you see the structures of I mean various layers of the skin, which I
'm sure you must have already learned in your lower classes
...
The basal structure or this layer of the deepest
layer is called as the stratum pascal, which is resting onto the dermis
...
by the skin in the way of protection of the
body right coming to the second function of the skin
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skin form a barrier that no
fluid can go inside the skin that means skin does n't absorb the water
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thermoregulation
maintains the constant body temperature 37 degree Celsius
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You must have felt the pain in the tip
of the fingers and the toes
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The
largest sense organ of the body is the skin
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The bilayer phospholipid cell membrane, which has the hydrophobic and
hydrophilic ions are hidden, and they are arranged in two layers
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The
medicine then gradually is absorbed by the cell membrane
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Resummarize
9
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This is stratified squamous
epithelium and beneath this is the dermis
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The skin is made up of the
dense connective tissue, mostly the collision fiber, but then there are
the presence of elastic and reticular fibers too
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This line are arranged into the derbies
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surgeons give incision always parallel to the direction of the
language line
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in infants
and children's
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is will applicable only in the adults okay right not
but if you are calculating for infants, you have to make some adjustment
okay
...
the surface area
is also calculated very quickly by an another method, what is called as
the hand area rule that means the surface of the hand of the patient who
has suffered from burn is equal to one percent
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Second degree one and the third degree burn depending on how much
thickness of the skin is one irrespective of the percentage of the
surface area
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part of the dermis is taken from the
body and now and it is grafted onto the site where the skin is totally
burned
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depth of the skin bond is taken into consideration for the
calculation of a major burn
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10
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Both superficial and dephasia are situated deep to the
skin
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The D face is in the form of the dense, irregular
connectives tissue and is inelastic In nature
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Now This superficial fascia contains the cutaneous blood
vessels
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the distribution of fate as I said is in certain places in body okay
within the superficial fascia is different different different for male
and different
...

The superficial fatigue fascia is the bad conductor of heat okay
...

It does n't allow the cold okay to come inside the body so it act as a
layer which is protecting us from the heat
...
They dilates
during the summer so that the heat of our body is lost
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the superficial fascia is full of the fat in
our body so this act as a storage of the energy okay so fatigue storage
means the fate is in the form of the inner shade contain lot of energy
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12
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the bones and joint
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without learning the bones
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The skeletal system forms a very important another skeleton
another system of the body, what is called as the musculoskeletal system
or the locomotory system
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The fourth function of the skeletal system is the storage of
minerals
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There is a small bone in the neck called is
the height bone and then in front of chest
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which is called as the sternum and to the Uh
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Many ribs
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Upper limb are the lower limb including
the girdles
...
If you see the clavicle and
scapula, they form shoulder or pectoral girdle
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limb are humerus radius ulna, the carpal bones, the
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The bones
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finger
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limb the g
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This is upper end, which is called as proximal Ep 5-cis epiphysis
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lower end epiphyses are the ends they are the
ants
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A living long bone
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What are those following part
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in the center of this bone, which is tubular
in structure
...
we will learn the
structure of periosteum
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the bone is a living tissue because it is
forming and
...
Also
...
There is a bone marrow now
coming to the last slide
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Bone is not just a simple structure okay which is forming the framework
or having the locomatary structure okay helping in movements, but it is
also similar to an organ
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13
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These bones can also be
classified based on location of these bones in body and this is the axial
skeleton and appendicular skeleton
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So if you cut a
longitudinal section of any wound
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the spongy bone at the ends of the long bones
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Spaces in here
...
In this next
slide we see the classification based on the embryological development of
bones
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In the limbs are cartilaginous,
membranous,, cartilage and cartilage
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Skeletal System - Part IV (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal
In this video, I 'm going to tell you some of the important questions
which must be arising in your mind and these questions are usually asked
as hard
...
the
primary center of ossification in long bones of limbs usually appears at
the eighth week of intrauterine life and then it forms the diaphysial
part of the bone bone
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The length of the
bone grows at the upper end of the long bone, as well as the lower end
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the diameter of a
developing bone grows by the formation of the new bone, deep to the
periosteum and
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there is a
fixed time for every bone to seize the ossification or the growth that is
between 16 to 20 years of age
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epiphysal plate, which was responsible for the growth in the length of
the bone will ultimately will be replaced by the bone itself
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They will also fuse
with the primary center
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the one which appear first will have to unite
last so that means there is an extra time is given to this end and at
this end
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the nutrient foramina in the shaft of the long
bone, which is in diaphysis is always directed opposite to the growing
end of a long bone
...
the epiphyseal plate, which is present

here is
...
of the nutrient foramina
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An exception to this
observation that it is always directed opposite to growing end is only
one bone in the body long grown fibula
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Epiphysis are the ends of the bone in the case of a long bone, or they
are at the at various places in the other types of the bones
...
They will lead to the formation of the
epiphysis
...
the
pressure epiphysis transmit the load or the pressure, but at the same
time they also protect the cartilage, which cartilage epiphyseal
cartilage
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Scapula they were two
separate bones, but later when the evolution has progressed, these bones
came close to each other and they have united with each other
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16
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G
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the different sets are not the same
arteries
...
Okay are for the epiphysis
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For the
supply of the blood
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the
periasteal artery is the nutrient artery which is supplying from the
marrow cavity side of the bone
...
or
the expanded portion of the diafysis
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There is no anastomosis between the epiphyseal and that of the
metaphysial artery
...
which is an avascular structure Okay
...
the nutrient foramina direction depends on the
growing end of the bone, as we have learned in the last
...
Now it is always to the opposite that that means the nutrient for
amino is directed always opposite to the growing and if suppose in this
long bone
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This completes the blood supply of a
developing bone and an adult lung bone
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Muscles Part-I (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal

The skeletal muscle is responsible for the production of movements in
body
...
There are three types
of the muscles out of which skeletal muscles are most abundant
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The skeletal muscles are also known as the
striated muscle
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The skeletal muscle is also called as the
voluntary muscle
...
Some skeletal muscles are also attached on to the viscera at
least
...
we will
learn about the smooth and cardiac muscle now in the histology classics
only
...
The upper end that is
called as the proximal end, which is more towards the root of the limb
and then the distal end
...
that a skeletal muscle will cross one
joint
...
the reason is that
muscle is a contractile structure and when it will contract through the
tendon, it will pull the distal bone on which it is at age and then will
move at a joint
...
Now after
this daily or the completion of the general feature or general anatomy of
skeletal muscle belly We come to skeletal muscle tent okay now skeletal
muscle tendon
...

Tendon is not like a rope, but it is in the form of a flattened sea and
this is called as aponeurosis
...
It can change its
direction
...
bursa is also a
lubricating mechanism as we have seen in the case of the synovial
membrane and it also reduces the friction between bone and skin
...

19
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G
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Okay
...
The
fingers work, which are there muscles which are moving the eyeball do n't
need any power
...
the diameter
increases because of the repeated exercise in gym then his muscles they
get more uh thicker that means thicker means okay
...

The force of action of a muscle depends upon the sight of its attachments
that means site of the proximal
...
the
muscle length fibers length was are short very short, but when we have
read the muscles which were arranged where fibers were arranged
...


When this forces which are acting on the ulna in the middle of ulna, they
can be resolved into two different components
...
They are at right angle to
each other
...
expert muscles are
called as expert muscle spu rt spurt muscle
...
They are attached
close to the proximal end of the distal bone
...
there are two
different types of muscle spurt muscles and the sun to muscle and what is
the function of the sun
...
the muscles provide the great stability
or a strength to the joint
...

Experts
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multiple net muscle
...
Then the muscles are elongated
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like the parallel running ribbon muscles
...

20
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G
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a desire
movement in at a particular joint is not only produced by a single muscle
as for flex and biceps and extension for extension
...
There are many more muscle involved in production of a
movement
...
For this movement of
flexion and extension at elbow
...
Other muscles involved in this simple act of drinking
water are called antagonist muscles
...
at elbow joint is also assisted by the movement called as the
extensor muscles
...
So indirectly
...
At the same time it is helped
by the triceps, which is a extensor muscle
...
This is how the wiring
of the brain through the spinal cord ultimately control the two muscles
which are required for a particular particular muscle
...
movements are taking place at distal end of
the humerus and which is forming a joint that is albujoid with alna
...
there are many more muscles involved in producing just a simple
movement of the flexion and extension right
...
Now I am moving to the next slide and will tell you
...

The movement is due to contraction of the muscles which are going and
getting attachment to the digits and they are crossing in front of the

finger
...
The first
movement which will takes place is the flexion of the disease
...

many more muscles are involved in the producing a desire movement which
are those muscle beside the prime mover
...
They are
fixators and the synergist thus remember that everything is controlled by
our brain
...

movements are much more complicated as we think thank you very much
...
Blood Vascular System Part-I (General Anatomy)
Prof
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P Pal
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22
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capillary
...
capills are absent in
epithelium,, cornea and the lens of the eye
...
capillary is a plexus, a
network of the blood vessels and if you see the network
...
This is around

six to eight micron
...
The function of the capillaries is a
lot of exchange which takes place gaseous exchange and that of the
exchange of substances that takes place through these capillary
...

Continuous capillaries are found at certain places in our body like
muscles skeletal muscle smooth muscle okay they are found in brain
...
endothelial transport
is there so this is called as the transendothelial transport and this is
the continuous type of capillary
...
They are not
classified as capillaries, but they are also connecting at one end to the
arterial and venous system
...

membrane was covering to the poor opening of the pore
...
The basal lamina is also not covering to
this pores
...

Capillary plays a very important role in the blood vascular system
...
This exchange can not takes place through the arterials
...
takes place
...
Only the place
where the gaseous exchange and the exchange of substance, which can takes
place is only capillaries
...
Blood Vascular System Part-III (General Anatomy)
Prof
...
P Pal
Students in this short video lecture I will tell you about two aspects of
the blood vascular system
...
I will also tell students about the
factors which are responsible for the venus return okay so I move to the
first slide where we start with the portal veins
...
Number one between intestine and liver that
is called as hepatic portal system please go on noting in your notebook
okay this way you will keep concentration on the lecture
...
the third place where we get
the portal vein is between hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain
situated just below the thalamus
...
The fourth place is in
suprarenal gland itself and this is called a supraranal portal system
...
It will bring the blood and
then it will
...
They are quite raw carbohydrate, protein fat,
mineral salt water They will all will be brought by this portal weight
...

In the kidney there are millions of the glomerulus and there are thus
minions of the portal system renal portal system
...
Now

what is the significance of this portal venous system now see in the
kidney
...
These hormones are carried through this
vein through the infundibular stop
...
Thus, the veins which are coming in are called as
portal veins
...
The blood starts
flowing from the surface of the gland in the capsule where arteries are
there then they it passes through the
...
the blood was flowing with the speed because there was a blood
pressure was there because which was generated by the systole or
contraction of the ventricles and this blood was there
...
the blood is ascending
...
walls play a very important role in the ways
which have to carry the blood in antigravity direction okay then there is
a second factor
...
this
mechanism I have told you when I was teaching you the deep fascia which
covers it and what lies deep to the deep facial
...
The plural cavities are there and they create the
negative pressure they create
...
Thoracic cavity
where heart is also situated okay
...
I do n't mean to
say that
...
These arteries are surrounded
by a plexus of vein
...
They are interconnected with each other all
around this artery
...
the blood has to flow into the antigravity direction in
human beings because we are erectile persons
...
We
are standing
...
Our leg
...
Blood Vascular System Part-IV (General Anatomy)
Prof
...
P Pal
The vascular anastomosis is defined as communication between the
neighboring blood vessels
...
This will be directly, which is not possible except at
few places in our body
...
When many arteries are
supplying the same organ, they may interconnect with each other
...
An arterial
...
If it is less than 0
...

Then it forms the then it begins the artery
...
There is a
lot of communication or joining of the neighboring arteries okay, so most
of the time this
...
seen has it is called as microscopic
...
arterioles are the arteries

which can even seen by macroscopic I mean which can see by naked eye That
kind of circulation is called as collateral circulation
...
These blood vessels
...
the blood from the neighboring anastomosis will bypass here
and will supply the terminal part of the organ
...
if there is an arterial arteriole is
blocked in the retina, then that part of the retina will die that means
the rods and cone sales and the no fibers are rising from many other
cells
...
end
arteries are called functional Lr trees and they are found in the
branches of cerebral arteries, cerebral arteries and the coronary
arteries
...
Anastomosis is so narrow that the tissue of
...

Anastomosis is a direct communication between an artery and a vein
...
the blood is needed in capillaries for the exchange of the
nutrition and the gases
...
artrio venus scent or
anastomosis are mostly present into the skin
...
in winter suns are open so very little
blood passes through the capillaries, so heat is preserved
...
In the
virulent, the blood is not needed to come to the finger like projection
or will I
...
Then there are sphincters at the terminal and I mean say say
at the ends of the big at beginning where the plexus is being formed
here
...
Nervous System Part-I (General Anatomy)
Prof
...
P Pal
The nervous tissue consists of neurons, neuroglia and the blood vessel
which compose our brain and spinal cord
...
The stimulation of the neurons leads to the contraction of the
muscle and may lead to the glandular secretion
...
They support how how they support the physical
support because they surround the neurons they are present everywhere
around the neurons and then they nourish the neuron
...
Okay nervous system
...
a neuron consists of cell body and two type of process
...
These are dendrites multiple and only one
axon from each cell
...
a nucleus is highly active which is involved in
the synthesis of the neurotransmitter
...
Okay and neurons are three
types okay
...
The

classification as per the structure may be depending on the size of
neurons
...
interneurons are interposed or
placed between a sensory and a motor
...
motor neurons are the third
kind of the neuron functional neuron is the motor
...
motor
means one which moves and here what will move is The movement
...
neuroglia cells are
present in the center mean brain and spinal cord that means the
neuroglial cell of peripheral nervous system
...
system means the cranial nose
comes out from brain
...

The fourth kind of the neuroglia is the microglia and this is phagocytic
cells that means they are present in the central nervous system, brain
and spinal cord
...
microglia cells eat
the any foreign body virus, bacteria, debris, dead neurons and dead
fibers that means dead fibers
...
The peripheral nervous
system means brain and not present in brain in spinal cord, but outside
that there is no cell connection outside the central nervous system or
peripheral nervous systems
...
There
were four here, but here it is peripheral nervous nervous system
...
the seal which was forming the similar myelin seed in
the brain and spinal cord was the oligodendria
...
of the
neural nervous tissue okay and nervous tissue
...
One is no cell or neurons
...
This was just a very simple
lecture to introduce you the nervous tissue
...
Nervous System Part-II (General Anatomy)
Prof
...
P Pal
The nervous system is structurally classified into two divisions, the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
...
from this brain comes out and elongated uh organ
called as the spinal cord
...
Grammatical is the
collection of the neurons along with needle play of course, and then we
need this layer of the gramata, which is called as the cerebral cortex
...
Deep inside is the
...
of the processes of this neuron, which we have learned
...
there is a canal in the middle of the sand ah what you are this
...
this white matter, as I said is nothing but the collection of
white fibers or the fibers Axons are dendrites and here in spinal cord
...

The main function of the brain is to integrate, integrate, integrate and
coordinate the incoming and out-going neural signals
...
Various aspects are
various problems
...
The nervous system was classified into two
central nervous system CnS and the peripheral nervous system
...
PNs is
involved that is involved in conduction of impulse to and away from CnS
...
In the previous diagram, we

have seen that when you are touching toward the flame of a burning
candle
...
Nervital system,
...
The peripheral nervous system is of three types
...
nervous
system
...

The autonomic nervous system is not under the control of us Okay
...
This nervous system also supply the glands not only endocrine
glands, but other glands say, for example salivary gland
...
This nervous system is present
within the git in the wall of the intestine that 's why it is called as
enteric nervous system, and it consists of about 100 millions neuron in
git
...
the motor neurons also controls the secretion of the
gastrointestinal glands
...
The central nervous system
...
That is the somatic nervous system, the autonomic
nervous system and lastly the enteric nervous system
...
Nervous System Part-IV (General Anatomy)
Prof
...
P Pal
This is the fourth lecture on the nervous system under the series of
General anatomy
...
There are two division of the autonomic
...
Sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division
that you already know now
...
both the sympathetic and
parasympathetic division
...
they conduct
the impulse from the central nervous system to effector organ
...
there are
two neurons
...
Most of the second order neuron or second motor neurons
are located in ganglia
...
and
will supply to the target organ and target organ may be the viscera blood
vessels or heart
...
These fibers then
will go for a long distance in case of sympathetic and they will supply
the smooth muscle of the viscera or blood vessel or to the exocrine and
endocrine glands
...
One is preganglionic and
another is the post-ganglionic
...
This is as I said
...
the sensation from
these areas okay that is from misra smooth muscle
...
the
sensation of the autonomic does system are transmitted from visra to the
central nervous system through the somatic sensory fibers
...
The
severe pain originates from the heart
...

29
...
G
...
In this last lecture we will learn specifically about
the sympathetic and the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous
system
...
post-ganglionic or post-synaptic
neurons are organized in two different way where they are located
...
the two groups of
the neurons are there in a cross section of the spinal cord where these
are the
...
spinal cord
...
some fibers
...
This was the
simplest explanation I gave you in last lecture
...

There are hundreds and thousands of fiber at each segment of the spinal
cord, which are arising out of which many of the fibers are arising from
the lower thoracic region
...
all organs of the abdominal
cavity and pelvic cavity are
...
they are modified from the form of the postganglionic neurons,
so they will go and supply here I 'm not going into the more detail
because you will get confused
...

In this diagram
...
and enters the ventral rami of the spinal now
...
rami to the sympathetic ganglion and then they enter the
sympathetic trend to form a synaptic contact with the post-ganglionic
...
Now there may be three conditions which are already described
when they are approaching the sympathetic chain
...
they will supply the blood vessel to the
sweat gland to the smooth muscles of the hair follicle which I said in
the last slide
...
In the formation of a
spinal they will run along with those fibers okay in the ventral ramus
and the dorsal ramus of the spinal
...
They supply
the distant places mostly head and neck region, but the vegas now will
supply also to the abdominal viscera okay upper abdominal let us come to
the second outflow okay that is the sacral see this pointer In the
diagram
...
the The preganglionic and postganglioni neurons
are called postsynaptic neurons and their exon is represented here in red
line, but with the dotted line and then they are going and supplying to
the viscera
...




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