Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: American notes
Description: AMERICAN NOTES FOR GENERAL CIRCULATION by Charles Dickens
Description: AMERICAN NOTES FOR GENERAL CIRCULATION by Charles Dickens
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
AMERICAN NOTES FOR GENERAL
CIRCULATION
by
Charles Dickens
CONTENTS:
PREFACE TO THE FIRST CHEAP EDITION OF "AMERICAN NOTES"
...
4
CHAPTER I GOING AWAY
...
11
CHAPTER III BOSTON
...
LOWELL AND ITS FACTORY
SYSTEM
...
THE CONNECTICUT RIVER
...
NEW
HAVEN
...
54
CHAPTER VI NEW YORK
...
75
CHAPTER VIII WASHINGTON
...
AND THE
PRESIDENT'S HOUSE
...
VIRGINIA
ROAD, AND A BLACK DRIVER
...
BALTIMORE
...
A CANAL BOAT
...
JOURNEY TO PITTSBURG
ACROSS THE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS
...
111
CHAPTER XI FROM PITTSBURG TO CINCINNATI IN A WESTERN
STEAMBOAT
...
119
CHAPTER XII FROM CINCINNATI TO LOUISVILLE IN ANOTHER WESTERN
STEAMBOAT; AND FROM LOUISVILLE TO ST
...
ST
...
126
CHAPTER XIII A JAUNT TO THE LOOKINGGLASS PRAIRIE AND BACK 135
CHAPTER XIV RETURN TO CINCINNATI
...
SO, BY LAKE
ERIE, TO THE FALLS OF NIAGARA
...
JOHN'S
...
154
CHAPTER XVI THE PASSAGE HOME
...
173
CHAPTER XVIII CONCLUDING REMARKS
...
I present it, unaltered, in the
Cheap Edition; and such of my opinions as it expresses, are quite unaltered too
...
They
can examine for themselves whether there has been anything in the public career of that
country during these past eight years, or whether there is anything in its present position,
at home or abroad, which suggests that those influences and tendencies really do exist
...
If they discern any evidences of wronggoing
in any direction that I have indicated, they will acknowledge that I had reason in what I
wrote
...
Prejudiced, I never have been otherwise than in favour of the United States
...
I purposely abstain from extending these observations to any length
...
The truth is the truth; and neither childish absurdities, nor
unscrupulous contradictions, can make it otherwise
...
I have many friends in America, and feel a grateful interest in the country
...
LONDON, JUNE 22, 1850
...
They can examine for themselves whether there has been anything in the
public career of that country since, at home or abroad, which suggests that those
influences and tendencies really did exist
...
If
they discern any evidences of wronggoing, in any direction that I have indicated, they
will acknowledge that I had reason in what I wrote
...
Prejudiced, I am not, and never have been, otherwise than in favour of the United States
...
To represent me as viewing AMERICA with illnature, coldness, or
animosity, is merely to do a very foolish thing: which is always a very easy one
...
That this stateroom had been specially engaged for 'Charles Dickens, Esquire, and
Lady,' was rendered sufficiently clear even to my scared intellect by a very small
manuscript, announcing the fact, which was pinned on a very flat quilt, covering a very
thin mattress, spread like a surgical plaster on a most inaccessible shelf
...
And
I sat down upon a kind of horsehair slab, or perch, of which there were two within; and
looked, without any expression of countenance whatever, at some friends who had come
on board with us, and who were crushing their faces into all manner of shapes by
endeavouring to squeeze them through the small doorway
...
The imaginative
artist to whom I have already made allusion, has depicted in the same great work, a
chamber of almost interminable perspective, furnished, as Mr
...
Before
descending into the bowels of the ship, we had passed from the deck into a long narrow
apartment, not unlike a gigantic hearse with windows in the sides; having at the upper
end a melancholy stove, at which three or four chilly stewards were warming their
hands; while on either side, extending down its whole dreary length, was a long, long
table, over each of which a rack, fixed to the low roof, and stuck full of drinkingglasses
and cruetstands, hinted dismally at rolling seas and heavy weather
...
, smote his forehead
involuntarily, and said below his breath, 'Impossible! it cannot be!' or words to that
effect
...
He had often spoken of THE SALOON; had taken
in and lived upon the pictorial idea; had usually given us to understand, at home, that to
form a just conception of it, it would be necessary to multiply the size and furniture of an
ordinary drawingroom by seven, and then fall short of the reality
...
In persons who were so soon to part, and interpose between their else daily
communication the formidable barrier of many thousand miles of stormy space, and who
were for that reason anxious to cast no other cloud, not even the passing shadow of a
moment's disappointment or discomfiture, upon the short interval of happy
companionship that yet remained to them in persons so situated, the natural transition
from these first surprises was obviously into peals of hearty laughter, and I can report
that I, for one, being still seated upon the slab or perch before mentioned, roared
outright until the vessel rang again
...
And with this; and with showing how, by very nearly closing the door, and twining in
and out like serpents, and by counting the little washing slab as standingroom, we
could manage to insinuate four people into it, all at one time; and entreating each other to
observe how very airy it was (in dock), and how there was a beautiful porthole which
could be kept open all day (weather permitting), and how there was quite a large bull's
eye just over the lookingglass which would render shaving a perfectly easy and
delightful process (when the ship didn't roll too much); we arrived, at last, at the
unanimous conclusion that it was rather spacious than otherwise: though I do verily
believe that, deducting the two berths, one above the other, than which nothing smaller
for sleeping in was ever made except coffins, it was no bigger than one of those hackney
cabriolets which have the door behind, and shoot their fares out, like sacks of coals, upon
the pavement
...
It
was rather dark, certainly; but somebody said, 'of course it would be light, at sea,' a
proposition to which we all assented; echoing 'of course, of course;' though it would be
exceedingly difficult to say why we thought so
...
There was a stewardess, too, actively engaged in producing clean sheets and tablecloths
from the very entrails of the sofas, and from unexpected lockers, of such artful
mechanism, that it made one's head ache to see them opened one after another, and
rendered it quite a distracting circumstance to follow her proceedings, and to find that
every nook and corner and individual piece of furniture was something else besides what
it pretended to be, and was a mere trap and deception and place of secret stowage, whose
ostensible purpose was its least useful one
...
So we went upon
deck again in high spirits; and there, everything was in such a state of bustle and active
preparation, that the blood quickened its pace, and whirled through one's veins on that
clear frosty morning with involuntary mirthfulness
...
This, with the bright cold sun, the bracing air, the crisplycurling
water, the thin white crust of morning ice upon the decks which crackled with a sharp
and cheerful sound beneath the lightest tread, was irresistible
...
I have not inquired among my medical acquaintance, whether Turtle, and cold Punch,
with Hock, Champagne, and Claret, and all the slight et cetera usually included in an
unlimited order for a good dinner especially when it is left to the liberal construction of
my faultless friend, Mr
...
My own opinion is,
that whether one is discreet or indiscreet in these particulars, on the eve of a seavoyage,
is a matter of little consequence; and that, to use a common phrase, 'it comes to very
much the same thing in the end
...
And I know too, that, bating a certain tacit
avoidance of any allusion to tomorrow; such as may be supposed to prevail between
delicateminded turnkeys, and a sensitive prisoner who is to be hanged next morning; we
got on very well, and, all things considered, were merry enough
...
But as one
o'clock, the hour for going aboard, drew near, this volubility dwindled away by little and
little, despite the most persevering efforts to the contrary, until at last, the matter being
now quite desperate, we threw off all disguise; openly speculated upon where we should
be this time tomorrow, this time next day, and so forth; and entrusted a vast number of
messages to those who intended returning to town that night, which were to be delivered
at home and elsewhere without fail, within the very shortest possible space of time after
the arrival of the railway train at Euston Square
...
And there she is! all eyes are turned to where she lies, dimly discernible through the
gathering fog of the early winter afternoon; every finger is pointed in the same direction;
and murmurs of interest and admiration as 'How beautiful she looks!' 'How trim she
is!' are heard on every side
...
He is standing close to the lazy
gentleman, and says with a faint smile that he believes She is a very strong Ship; to
which the lazy gentleman, looking first in his questioner's eye and then very hard in the
wind's, answers unexpectedly and ominously, that She need be
...
But we are made fast alongside the packet, whose huge red funnel is smoking bravely,
giving rich promise of serious intentions
...
The officers, smartly dressed, are at the gangway handing the passengers up the
side, and hurrying the men
...
In the
midst of all this, the lazy gentleman, who seems to have no luggage of any kind not so
much as a friend, even lounges up and down the hurricane deck, coolly puffing a cigar;
and, as this unconcerned demeanour again exalts him in the opinion of those who have
leisure to observe his proceedings, every time he looks up at the masts, or down at the
decks, or over the side, they look there too, as wondering whether he sees anything
wrong anywhere, and hoping that, in case he should, he will have the goodness to
mention it
...
Now, by all
our hopes and wishes, the very man he ought to be! A wellmade, tightbuilt, dapper
little fellow; with a ruddy face, which is a letter of invitation to shake him by both hands
at once; and with a clear, blue honest eye, that it does one good to see one's sparkling
image in
...
'Now for the
shore who's for the shore?' 'These gentlemen, I am sorry to say
...
Ah now they wave it from the little boat
...
To and fro, to and fro, to and fro again a hundred times! This waiting for the latest mail
bags is worse than all
...
A speck in the mist, at last! That's something
...
The captain appears on the paddle
box with his speaking trumpet; the officers take their stations; all hands are on the alert;
the flagging hopes of the passengers revive; the cooks pause in their savoury work, and
look out with faces full of interest
...
Three cheers more: and as the first
one rings upon our ears, the vessel throbs like a strong giant that has just received the
breath of life; the two great wheels turn fiercely round for the first time; and the noble
ship, with wind and tide astern, breaks proudly through the lashed and roaming water
...
The vessel being pretty deep in the water, with all her coals on board
and so many passengers, and the weather being calm and quiet, there was but little
motion; so that before the dinner was half over, even those passengers who were most
distrustful of themselves plucked up amazingly; and those who in the morning had
returned to the universal question, 'Are you a good sailor?' a very decided negative, now
either parried the inquiry with the evasive reply, 'Oh! I suppose I'm no worse than
anybody else;' or, reckless of all moral obligations, answered boldly 'Yes:' and with some
irritation too, as though they would add, 'I should like to know what you see in ME, sir,
particularly, to justify suspicion!'
Notwithstanding this high tone of courage and confidence, I could not but observe that
very few remained long over their wine; and that everybody had an unusual love of the
open air; and that the favourite and most coveted seats were invariably those nearest to
the door
...
Still, with the exception of
one lady, who had retired with some precipitation at dinnertime, immediately after
being assisted to the finest cut of a very yellow boiled leg of mutton with very green
capers, there were no invalids as yet; and walking, and smoking, and drinking of brandy
andwater (but always in the open air), went on with unabated spirit, until eleven o'clock
or thereabouts, when 'turning in' no sailor of seven hours' experience talks of going to
bed became the order of the night
...
To one unaccustomed to such scenes, this is a very striking time on shipboard
...
The gloom through which the great black mass holds its
direct and certain course; the rushing water, plainly heard, but dimly seen; the broad,
white, glistening track, that follows in the vessel's wake; the men on the lookout
forward, who would be scarcely visible against the dark sky, but for their blotting out
some score of glistening stars; the helmsman at the wheel, with the illuminated card
before him, shining, a speck of light amidst the darkness, like something sentient and of
Divine intelligence; the melancholy sighing of the wind through block, and rope, and
chain; the gleaming forth of light from every crevice, nook, and tiny piece of glass about
the decks, as though the ship were filled with fire in hiding, ready to burst through any
outlet, wild with its resistless power of death and ruin
...
They change with the
wandering fancy; assume the semblance of things left far away; put on the well
remembered aspect of favourite places dearly loved; and even people them with
shadows
...
My own two hands, and feet likewise, being very cold, however, on this particular
occasion, I crept below at midnight
...
It was
decidedly close; and it was impossible to be unconscious of the presence of that
extraordinary compound of strange smells, which is to be found nowhere but on board
ship, and which is such a subtle perfume that it seems to enter at every pore of the skin,
and whisper of the hold
...
Everything sloped the wrong way: which in itself was an aggravation scarcely to be
borne
...
Now every plank
and timber creaked, as if the ship were made of wickerwork; and now crackled, like an
enormous fire of the driest possible twigs
...
It was pretty much the same for the next two days, with a tolerably fair wind and dry
weather
...
It is the third morning
...
I rouse myself, and look out of bed
...
Suddenly I see them spring into the air, and behold the lookingglass,
which is nailed to the wall, sticking fast upon the ceiling
...
Then I begin to comprehend
that the stateroom is standing on its head
...
Before one can say 'Thank Heaven!' she wrongs again
...
Before one can so much as wonder,
she takes a high leap into the air
...
Before she has gained the surface, she throws a summerset
...
And so she goes on staggering, heaving,
wrestling, leaping, diving, jumping, pitching, throbbing, rolling, and rocking: and going
through all these movements, sometimes by turns, and sometimes altogether: until one
feels disposed to roar for mercy
...
'Steward!' 'Sir?' 'What IS the matter? what DO you call this?'
'Rather a heavy sea on, sir, and a headwind
...
Imagine the ship herself, with every pulse
and artery of her huge body swollen and bursting under this maltreatment, sworn to go
on or die
...
Picture the sky both dark and wild, and the clouds, in fearful
sympathy with the waves, making another ocean in the air
...
I say nothing of what may be called the domestic noises of the ship: such as the
breaking of glass and crockery, the tumbling down of stewards, the gambols, overhead,
of loose casks and truant dozens of bottled porter, and the very remarkable and far from
exhilarating sounds raised in their various staterooms by the seventy passengers who
were too ill to get up to breakfast
...
Not seasick, be it understood, in the ordinary acceptation of the term: I wish I had been:
but in a form which I have never seen or heard described, though I have no doubt it is
very common
...
If I may be
allowed to illustrate my state of mind by such an example, I should say that I was
exactly in the condition of the elder Mr
...
Nothing would have surprised me
...
If
Neptune himself had walked in, with a toasted shark on his trident, I should have looked
upon the event as one of the very commonest everyday occurrences
...
I don't know how I got there, or what possessed
me to go there, but there I was; and completely dressed too, with a huge peacoat on, and
a pair of boots such as no weak man in his senses could ever have got into
...
I don't know what
...
I can't say how long I had been there; whether a day or a
minute
...
I could not even make out which
was the sea, and which the sky, for the horizon seemed drunk, and was flying wildly
about in all directions
...
But I was too imbecile, although I knew it to be he, to separate him from his dress;
and tried to call him, I remember, PILOT
...
It
seemed to wave and fluctuate before me as though I saw it reflected in an unsteady
lookingglass; but I knew it for the captain; and such was the cheerful influence of his
face, that I tried to smile: yes, even then I tried to smile
...
I
tried to thank him, but couldn't
...
Finding that I was quite insensible, and
for the time a maniac, he humanely conducted me below
...
One gentleman on board had a
letter of introduction to me from a mutual friend in London
...
I imagined him one of those castiron images I will not call them men who
ask, with red faces, and lusty voices, what seasickness means, and whether it really is as
bad as it is represented to be
...
I date my recovery from the receipt of that intelligence
...
There was something in the unnatural repose of that hour, and in the after gathering of
the storm, so inconceivably awful and tremendous, that its bursting into full violence was
almost a relief
...
'Will it
ever be worse than this?' was a question I had often heard asked, when everything was
sliding and bumping about, and when it certainly did seem difficult to comprehend the
possibility of anything afloat being more disturbed, without toppling over and going
down
...
To say that she is
flung down on her side in the waves, with her masts dipping into them, and that,
springing up again, she rolls over on the other side, until a heavy sea strikes her with the
noise of a hundred great guns, and hurls her back that she stops, and staggers, and
shivers, as though stunned, and then, with a violent throbbing at her heart, darts onward
like a monster goaded into madness, to be beaten down, and battered, and crushed, and
leaped on by the angry sea that thunder, lightning, hail, and rain, and wind, are all in
fierce contention for the mastery that every plank has its groan, every nail its shriek,
and every drop of water in the great ocean its howling voice is nothing
...
Words cannot
express it
...
Only a dream can call it up again, in all its fury,
rage, and passion
...
About midnight we shipped a sea,
which forced its way through the skylights, burst open the doors above, and came raging
and roaring down into the ladies' cabin, to the unspeakable consternation of my wife and
a little Scotch lady who, by the way, had previously sent a message to the captain by
the stewardess, requesting him, with her compliments, to have a steel conductor
immediately attached to the top of every mast, and to the chimney, in order that the ship
might not be struck by lightning
...
It being
impossible to stand or sit without holding on, they were all heaped together in one corner
of a long sofa a fixture extending entirely across the cabin where they clung to each
other in momentary expectation of being drowned
...
To complete the group, it is
necessary to recognise in this disconcerted dodger, an individual very pale from sea
sickness, who had shaved his beard and brushed his hair, last, at Liverpool: and whose
only article of dress (linen not included) were a pair of dreadnought trousers; a blue
jacket, formerly admired upon the Thames at Richmond; no stockings; and one slipper
...
But anything like the utter dreariness and desolation that met my eyes when I
literally 'tumbled up' on deck at noon, I never saw
...
There was no extent of prospect even over the dreary waste
that lay around us, for the sea ran high, and the horizon encompassed us like a large
black hoop
...
In the gale of last night the lifeboat had been
crushed by one blow of the sea like a walnutshell; and there it hung dangling in the air:
a mere faggot of crazy boards
...
The wheels were exposed and bare; and they whirled and dashed their spray
about the decks at random
...
I was now comfortably established by courtesy in the ladies' cabin, where, besides
ourselves, there were only four other passengers
...
Secondly and thirdly, an honest young Yorkshireman, connected with
some American house; domiciled in that same city, and carrying thither his beautiful
young wife to whom he had been married but a fortnight, and who was the fairest
specimen of a comely English country girl I have ever seen
...
On further consideration, I remember
that he tried hot roast pig and bottled ale as a cure for seasickness; and that he took
these remedies (usually in bed) day after day, with astonishing perseverance
...
The weather continuing obstinately and almost unprecedentedly bad, we usually
straggled into this cabin, more or less faint and miserable, about an hour before noon,
and lay down on the sofas to recover; during which interval, the captain would look in to
communicate the state of the wind, the moral certainty of its changing tomorrow (the
weather is always going to improve tomorrow, at sea), the vessel's rate of sailing, and so
forth
...
But a description of one day will serve for all the rest
...
The captain being gone, we compose ourselves to read, if the place be light enough; and
if not, we doze and talk alternately
...
We fall to upon
these dainties; eat as much as we can (we have great appetites now); and are as long as
possible about it
...
If it
won't, we all remark to each other that it's very cold, rub our hands, cover ourselves with
coats and cloaks, and lie down again to doze, talk, and read (provided as aforesaid), until
dinnertime
...
We sit down at table again (rather more cheerfully
than before); prolong the meal with a rather mouldy dessert of apples, grapes, and
oranges; and drink our wine and brandyandwater
...
At whist we remain with exemplary gravity (deducting a short time for tea
and toast) until eleven o'clock, or thereabouts; when the captain comes down again, in a
sou'wester hat tied under his chin, and a pilotcoat: making the ground wet where he
stands
...
As to daily news, there is no dearth of that commodity
...
The head engineer has distinctly said that there never was such times
meaning weather and four good hands are ill, and have given in, dead beat
...
The ship's cook, secretly swigging
damaged whiskey, has been found drunk; and has been played upon by the fireengine
until quite sober
...
The baker is ill, and so is the pastrycook
...
News! A dozen murders on shore would lack the interest of these slight
incidents at sea
...
An immediate rush on deck took place of course;
the sides were crowded in an instant; and for a few minutes we were in as lively a state
of confusion as the greatest lover of disorder would desire to see
...
It was strange enough, in the silence of midnight, and the dead stillness that seemed to be
created by the sudden and unexpected stoppage of the engine which had been clanking
and blasting in our ears incessantly for so many days, to watch the look of blank
astonishment expressed in every face: beginning with the officers, tracing it through all
the passengers, and descending to the very stokers and furnacemen, who emerged from
below, one by one, and clustered together in a smoky group about the hatchway of the
engineroom, comparing notes in whispers
...
It was amusing to observe how very kind some of the passengers were, in
volunteering to go ashore in this same boat: for the general good, of course: not by any
means because they thought the ship in an unsafe position, or contemplated the
possibility of her heeling over in case the tide were running out
...
He had
had his passage out from Liverpool, and during the whole voyage had been quite a
notorious character, as a teller of anecdotes and cracker of jokes
...
Our captain had foreseen from the first that we must be in a place called the
Eastern passage; and so we were
...
We were surrounded by banks, and rocks, and shoals of all kinds, but
had happily drifted, it seemed, upon the only safe speck that was to be found
thereabouts
...
I was dressing about halfpast nine next day, when the noise above hurried me on deck
...
Now, we were gliding down a smooth, broad stream, at the rate of eleven
miles an hour: our colours flying gaily; our crew rigged out in their smartest clothes; our
officers in uniform again; the sun shining as on a brilliant April day in England; the land
stretched out on either side, streaked with light patches of snow; white wooden houses;
people at their doors; telegraphs working; flags hoisted; wharfs appearing; ships; quays
crowded with people; distant noises; shouts; men and boys running down steep places
towards the pier: all more bright and gay and fresh to our unused eyes than words can
paint them
...
But I carried away with me a most pleasant impression of the town and its
inhabitants, and have preserved it to this hour
...
It happened to be the opening of the Legislative Council and General Assembly, at
which ceremonial the forms observed on the commencement of a new Session of
Parliament in England were so closely copied, and so gravely presented on a small scale,
that it was like looking at Westminster through the wrong end of a telescope
...
He said what he had to say manfully and well
...
The town is built on the side of a hill, the highest point being commanded by a strong
fortress, not yet quite finished
...
The houses are chiefly of wood
...
The weather being unusually mild at that time for the
season of the year, there was no sleighing: but there were plenty of those vehicles in
yards and byplaces, and some of them, from the gorgeous quality of their decorations,
might have 'gone on' without alteration as triumphal cars in a melodrama at Astley's
...
We lay there seven hours, to deliver and exchange the mails
...
Encountering squally weather again in the Bay of Fundy, we tumbled and rolled about as
usual all that night and all next day
...
The indescribable interest with which I strained my eyes, as the first patches of
American soil peeped like molehills from the green sea, and followed them, as they
swelled, by slow and almost imperceptible degrees, into a continuous line of coast, can
hardly be exaggerated
...
Yet the air was so intensely clear, and dry, and
bright, that the temperature was not only endurable, but delicious
...
Neither will I more than hint at my foreignerlike mistake in supposing that a party of
most active persons, who scrambled on board at the peril of their lives as we approached
the wharf, were newsmen, answering to that industrious class at home; whereas, despite
the leathern wallets of news slung about the necks of some, and the broad sheets in the
hands of all, they were Editors, who boarded ships in person (as one gentleman in a
worsted comforter informed me), 'because they liked the excitement of it
...
T
...
Cooke, in a new nautical melodrama
...
'When?' said the waiter
...
'Right away?' said the waiter
...
'NOT right away?' cried the waiter, with an amount of surprise that made me start
...
I like it very much
...
'
'Well! and that's a fact!' said the waiter, looking helplessly at me: 'Right away
...
So I reversed
my previous answer, and sat down to dinner in ten minutes afterwards; and a capital
dinner it was
...
It has more galleries,
colonnades, piazzas, and passages than I can remember, or the reader would believe
...
Most of our
Departments are susceptible of considerable improvement in this respect, but the
Customhouse above all others would do well to take example from the United States
and render itself somewhat less odious and offensive to foreigners
...
When I landed in America, I could not help being strongly impressed with the contrast
their Customhouse presented, and the attention, politeness and good humour with which
its officers discharged their duty
...
I am afraid to say, by the way, how
many offers of pews and seats in church for that morning were made to us, by formal
note of invitation, before we had half finished our first dinner in America, but if I may be
allowed to make a moderate guess, without going into nicer calculation, I should say
that at least as many sittings were proffered us, as would have accommodated a score or
two of grownup families
...
Not being able, in the absence of any change of clothes, to go to church that day, we
were compelled to decline these kindnesses, one and all; and I was reluctantly obliged to
forego the delight of hearing Dr
...
I mention the name of this distinguished and
accomplished man (with whom I soon afterwards had the pleasure of becoming
personally acquainted), that I may have the gratification of recording my humble tribute
of admiration and respect for his high abilities and character; and for the bold
philanthropy with which he has ever opposed himself to that most hideous blot and foul
disgrace Slavery
...
When I got into the streets upon this Sunday morning, the air was
so clear, the houses were so bright and gay: the signboards were painted in such gaudy
colours; the gilded letters were so very golden; the bricks were so very red, the stone
was so very white, the blinds and area railings were so very green, the knobs and plates
upon the street doors so marvellously bright and twinkling; and all so slight and
unsubstantial in appearance that every thoroughfare in the city looked exactly like a
scene in a pantomime
...
As I walked along, I kept glancing up at these
boards, confidently expecting to see a few of them change into something; and I never
turned a corner suddenly without looking out for the clown and pantaloon, who, I had no
doubt, were hiding in a doorway or behind some pillar close at hand
...
The suburbs are, if possible, even more unsubstantiallooking than the city
...
The city is a beautiful one, and cannot fail, I should imagine, to impress all strangers
very favourably
...
The State House is built
upon the summit of a hill, which rises gradually at first, and afterwards by a steep ascent,
almost from the water's edge
...
The site
is beautiful: and from the top there is a charming panoramic view of the whole town
and neighbourhood
...
Such proceedings as I saw here, were conducted
with perfect gravity and decorum; and were certainly calculated to inspire attention and
respect
...
The resident professors at that university are gentlemen of
learning and varied attainments; and are, without one exception that I can call to mind,
men who would shed a grace upon, and do honour to, any society in the civilised world
...
Whatever the defects of American
universities may be, they disseminate no prejudices; rear no bigots; dig up the buried
ashes of no old superstitions; never interpose between the people and their
improvement; exclude no man because of his religious opinions; above all, in their
whole course of study and instruction, recognise a world, and a broad one too, lying
beyond the college walls
...
The golden calf they worship at Boston is a pigmy compared with the
giant effigies set up in other parts of that vast countinghouse which lies beyond the
Atlantic; and the almighty dollar sinks into something comparatively insignificant,
amidst a whole Pantheon of better gods
...
I never in my life was more affected by the contemplation of
happiness, under circumstances of privation and bereavement, than in my visits to these
establishments
...
I
cannot but think, with a view to the principle and its tendency to elevate or depress the
character of the industrious classes, that a Public Charity is immeasurably better than a
Private Foundation, no matter how munificently the latter may be endowed
...
But the government of the country, having neither act nor part in
them, is not in the receipt of any portion of the gratitude they inspire; and, offering very
little shelter or relief beyond that which is to be found in the workhouse and the jail, has
come, not unnaturally, to be looked upon by the poor rather as a stern master, quick to
correct and punish, than a kind protector, merciful and vigilant in their hour of need
...
Some immensely rich old gentleman or lady, surrounded by needy relatives,
makes, upon a low average, a will aweek
...
To
cancel old wills, and invent new ones, is at last the sole business of such a testator's
existence; and relations and friends (some of whom have been bred up distinctly to
inherit a large share of the property, and have been, from their cradles, specially
disqualified from devoting themselves to any useful pursuit, on that account) are so
often and so unexpectedly and summarily cut off, and reinstated, and cut off again, that
the whole family, down to the remotest cousin, is kept in a perpetual fever
...
Then it turns out, that the whole of the real and personal
estate is divided between halfadozen charities; and that the dead and gone testator has in
pure spite helped to do a great deal of good, at the cost of an immense amount of evil
passion and misery
...
The
indigent blind of that state are admitted gratuitously
...
'After the first year,' say the
trustees, 'an account current will be opened with each pupil; he will be charged with the
actual cost of his board, which will not exceed two dollars per week;' a trifle more than
eight shillings English; 'and he will be credited with the amount paid for him by the
state, or by his friends; also with his earnings over and above the cost of the stock which
he uses; so that all his earnings over one dollar per week will be his own
...
Those who prove unable to earn their own livelihood will not be retained; as it is
not desirable to convert the establishment into an almshouse, or to retain any but
working bees in the hive
...
'
I went to see this place one very fine winter morning: an Italian sky above, and the air
so clear and bright on every side, that even my eyes, which are none of the best, could
follow the minute lines and scraps of tracery in distant buildings
...
It is built upon a
height, commanding the harbour
...
It was but momentary, of course, and a mere fancy, but I
felt it keenly for all that
...
Here, as in many institutions, no uniform is worn; and I
was very glad of it, for two reasons
...
Secondly, because the absence of these things presents each child to the
visitor in his or her own proper character, with its individuality unimpaired; not lost in a
dull, ugly, monotonous repetition of the same unmeaning garb: which is really an
important consideration
...
Good order, cleanliness, and comfort, pervaded every corner of the building
...
Those who were at play, were gleesome and noisy as
other children
...
It is a part of the great scheme of Heaven's
merciful consideration for the afflicted
...
Several people were at work
here; making brushes, mattresses, and so forth; and the cheerfulness, industry, and good
order discernible in every other part of the building, extended to this department also
...
At its conclusion, the performer, a boy of nineteen or twenty, gave place to a girl; and to
her accompaniment they all sang a hymn, and afterwards a sort of chorus
...
It is strange to watch the faces of the blind, and see how free they are from all
concealment of what is passing in their thoughts; observing which, a man with eyes may
blush to contemplate the mask he wears
...
If the company at a rout,
or drawingroom at court, could only for one time be as unconscious of the eyes upon
them as blind men and women are, what secrets would come out, and what a worker of
hypocrisy this sight, the loss of which we so much pity, would appear to be!
The thought occurred to me as I sat down in another room, before a girl, blind, deaf, and
dumb; destitute of smell; and nearly so of taste: before a fair young creature with every
human faculty, and hope, and power of goodness and affection, inclosed within her
delicate frame, and but one outward sense the sense of touch
...
Long before I looked upon her, the help had come
...
Her hair, braided by her own hands, was bound about a head,
whose intellectual capacity and development were beautifully expressed in its graceful
outline, and its broad open brow; her dress, arranged by herself, was a pattern of
neatness and simplicity; the work she had knitted, lay beside her; her writingbook was
on the desk she leaned upon
...
Like other inmates of that house, she had a green ribbon bound round her eyelids
...
I took it up, and saw that she had made a
green fillet such as she wore herself, and fastened it about its mimic eyes
...
But soon finishing this pursuit, she engaged in an animated conversation with a
teacher who sat beside her
...
If she
could see the face of her fair instructress, she would not love her less, I am sure
...
It is a very beautiful and touching narrative;
and I wish I could present it entire
...
'She was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, on the
twentyfirst of December, 1829
...
She was, however, so puny and feeble until she was
a year and a half old, that her parents hardly hoped to rear her
...
'Then her mental powers, hitherto stinted in their growth, rapidly developed themselves;
and during the four months of health which she enjoyed, she appears (making due
allowance for a fond mother's account) to have displayed a considerable degree of
intelligence
...
But though sight and hearing were gone for ever, the poor child's sufferings
were not ended
...
It was now observed that her sense of smell was almost
entirely destroyed; and, consequently, that her taste was much blunted
...
'But what a situation was hers! The darkness and the silence of the tomb were around
her: no mother's smile called forth her answering smile, no father's voice taught her to
imitate his sounds: they, brothers and sisters, were but forms of matter which resisted
her touch, but which differed not from the furniture of the house, save in warmth, and in
the power of locomotion; and not even in these respects from the dog and the cat
...
As soon as she could walk,
she began to explore the room, and then the house; she became familiar with the form,
density, weight, and heat, of every article she could lay her hands upon
...
She even learned to sew a
little, and to knit
...
Those who cannot be enlightened by reason, can
only be controlled by force; and this, coupled with her great privations, must soon have
reduced her to a worse condition than that of the beasts that perish, but for timely and
unhopedfor aid
...
I found her with a wellformed figure; a stronglymarked, nervous
sanguine temperament; a large and beautifullyshaped head; and the whole system in
healthy action
...
'For a while, she was much bewildered; and after waiting about two weeks, until she
became acquainted with her new locality, and somewhat familiar with the inmates, the
attempt was made to give her knowledge of arbitrary signs, by which she could
interchange thoughts with others
...
The former would have been easy, but very ineffectual; the latter seemed very
difficult, but, if accomplished, very effectual
...
'The first experiments were made by taking articles in common use, such as knives,
forks, spoons, keys, &c
...
These she felt very carefully, and soon, of course, distinguished that the crooked
lines SPOON, differed as much from the crooked lines KEY, as the spoon differed from
the key in form
...
'
She showed her perception of this similarity by laying the label KEY upon the key, and
the label SPOON upon the spoon
...
'The same process was then repeated with all the articles which she could handle; and
she very easily learned to place the proper labels upon them
...
She recollected
that the label BOOK was placed upon a book, and she repeated the process first from
imitation, next from memory, with only the motive of love of approbation, but
apparently without the intellectual perception of any relation between the things
...
; then they
were mixed up in a heap and a sign was made for her to arrange them herself so as to
express the words BOOK, KEY, &c
...
'Hitherto, the process had been mechanical, and the success about as great as teaching a
very knowing dog a variety of tricks
...
'The result thus far, is quickly related, and easily conceived; but not so was the process;
for many weeks of apparently unprofitable labour were passed before it was effected
...
'The next step was to procure a set of metal types, with the different letters of the
alphabet cast upon their ends; also a board, in which were square holes, into which holes
she could set the types; so that the letters on their ends could alone be felt above the
surface
...
'She was exercised for several weeks in this way, until her vocabulary became extensive;
and then the important step was taken of teaching her how to represent the different
letters by the position of her fingers, instead of the cumbrous apparatus of the board and
types
...
'This was the period, about three months after she had commenced, that the first report of
her case was made, in which it was stated that "she has just learned the manual alphabet,
as used by the deaf mutes, and it is a subject of delight and wonder to see how rapidly,
correctly, and eagerly, she goes on with her labours
...
She then holds up her tiny fingers, and spells the word in the
manual alphabet; next, she takes her types and arranges her letters; and last, to make sure
that she is right, she takes the whole of the types composing the word, and places them
upon or in contact with the pencil, or whatever the object may be
...
'At the end of the year a report of her case was made, from which the following is an
extract
...
Thus her mind dwells in darkness and stillness, as profound as that of a closed tomb at
midnight
...
She never seems to
repine, but has all the buoyancy and gaiety of childhood
...
'"When left alone, she seems very happy if she have her knitting or sewing, and will busy
herself for hours; if she have no occupation, she evidently amuses herself by imaginary
dialogues, or by recalling past impressions; she counts with her fingers, or spells out
names of things which she has recently learned, in the manual alphabet of the deaf
mutes
...
She sometimes purposely spells a word wrong with the left hand,
looks roguish for a moment and laughs, and then with the right hand strikes the left, as if
to correct it
...
'"But wonderful as is the rapidity with which she writes her thoughts upon the air, still
more so is the ease and accuracy with which she reads the words thus written by another;
grasping their hands in hers, and following every movement of their fingers, as letter
after letter conveys their meaning to her mind
...
For if great talent and skill are
necessary for two pantomimes to paint their thoughts and feelings by the movements of
the body, and the expression of the countenance, how much greater the difficulty when
darkness shrouds them both, and the one can hear no sound
...
There are questions and
answers, exchanges of joy or sorrow, there are kissings and partings, just as between
little children with all their senses
...
'The mother stood some time, gazing with overflowing eyes upon her unfortunate child,
who, all unconscious of her presence, was playing about the room
...
'She then gave Laura a string of beads which she used to wear at home, which were
recognised by the child at once, who, with much joy, put them around her neck, and
sought me eagerly to say she understood the string was from her home
...
'Another article from home was now given her, and she began to look much interested;
she examined the stranger much closer, and gave me to understand that she knew she
came from Hanover; she even endured her caresses, but would leave her with
indifference at the slightest signal
...
'After a while, on the mother taking hold of her again, a vague idea seemed to flit across
Laura's mind, that this could not be a stranger; she therefore felt her hands very eagerly,
while her countenance assumed an expression of intense interest; she became very pale;
and then suddenly red; hope seemed struggling with doubt and anxiety, and never were
contending emotions more strongly painted upon the human face: at this moment of
painful uncertainty, the mother drew her close to her side, and kissed her fondly, when
at once the truth flashed upon the child, and all mistrust and anxiety disappeared from
her face, as with an expression of exceeding joy she eagerly nestled to the bosom of her
parent, and yielded herself to her fond embraces
...
She clung close to me, as if bewildered and fearful; and when, after a
moment, I took her to her mother, she sprang to her arms, and clung to her with eager
joy
...
'Laura accompanied her mother to the door, clinging close to her all the way, until they
arrived at the threshold, where she paused, and felt around, to ascertain who was near
her
...
* * * * * *
'It has been remarked in former reports, that she can distinguish different degrees of
intellect in others, and that she soon regarded, almost with contempt, a newcomer,
when, after a few days, she discovered her weakness of mind
...
'She chooses for her friends and companions, those children who are intelligent, and can
talk best with her; and she evidently dislikes to be with those who are deficient in
intellect, unless, indeed, she can make them serve her purposes, which she is evidently
inclined to do
...
'She is fond of having other children noticed and caressed by the teachers, and those
whom she respects; but this must not be carried too far, or she becomes jealous
...
"
'Her tendency to imitation is so strong, that it leads her to actions which must be entirely
incomprehensible to her, and which can give her no other pleasure than the gratification
of an internal faculty
...
'She one day pretended that her doll was sick; and went through all the motions of
tending it, and giving it medicine; she then put it carefully to bed, and placed a bottle of
hot water to its feet, laughing all the time most heartily
...
'Her social feelings, and her affections, are very strong; and when she is sitting at work,
or at her studies, by the side of one of her little friends, she will break off from her task
every few moments, to hug and kiss them with an earnestness and warmth that is
touching to behold
...
But it is only when alone, that she is quiet: for if she becomes sensible of the
presence of any one near her, she is restless until she can sit close beside them, hold their
hand, and converse with them by signs
...
In her moral character, it is beautiful to
behold her continual gladness, her keen enjoyment of existence, her expansive love, her
unhesitating confidence, her sympathy with suffering, her conscientiousness,
truthfulness, and hopefulness
...
The name of her great benefactor and friend, who writes it, is Dr
...
There are not many persons, I hope and believe, who, after reading these
passages, can ever hear that name with indifference
...
Howe, since the report from which I have
just quoted
...
It is very
remarkable, that as we dream in words, and carry on imaginary conversations, in which
we speak both for ourselves and for the shadows who appear to us in those visions of the
night, so she, having no words, uses her finger alphabet in her sleep
...
I turned over the leaves of her Diary, and found it written in a fair legible square hand,
and expressed in terms which were quite intelligible without any explanation
...
In doing so, I
observed that she kept her left hand always touching, and following up, her right, in
which, of course, she held the pen
...
She had, until now, been quite unconscious of the presence of visitors; but, having her
hand placed in that of the gentleman who accompanied me, she immediately expressed
his name upon her teacher's palm
...
This gentleman had been in her company, I believe, but very seldom, and
certainly had not seen her for many months
...
But she retained my wife's with evident
pleasure, kissed her, and examed her dress with a girl's curiosity and interest
...
Her delight on recognising a favourite playfellow and companion
herself a blind girl who silently, and with an equal enjoyment of the coming surprise,
took a seat beside her, was beautiful to witness
...
But of her teacher touching her lips, she immediately desisted,
and embraced her laughingly and affectionately
...
They all clamoured, as we
entered, to the assistantmaster, who accompanied us, 'Look at me, Mr
...
Hart, look at me!' evincing, I thought, even in this, an anxiety peculiar to their
condition, that their little feats of agility should be SEEN
...
Like Laura
Bridgman, this young child was deaf, and dumb, and blind
...
Howe's account of this pupil's first instruction is so very striking, and so intimately
connected with Laura herself, that I cannot refrain from a short extract
...
He was
then attacked by scarlet fever; in four weeks became deaf; in a few weeks more, blind; in
six months, dumb
...
'His thirst for knowledge,' says Dr
...
For instance, treading upon the register of a furnace, he instantly stooped down, and
began to feel it, and soon discovered the way in which the upper plate moved upon the
lower one; but this was not enough for him, so lying down upon his face, he applied his
tongue first to one, then to the other, and seemed to discover that they were of different
kinds of metal
...
, was perfect
...
'The first object was to break up the use of these signs and to substitute for them the use
of purely arbitrary ones
...
Taking,
therefore, several articles having short names, such as key, cup, mug, &c
...
He felt my hands eagerly with both of his, and
on my repeating the process, he evidently tried to imitate the motions of my fingers
...
Laura
was by, interested even to agitation; and the two presented a singular sight: her face
was flushed and anxious, and her fingers twining in among ours so closely as to follow
every motion, but so slightly as not to embarrass them; while Oliver stood attentive, his
head a little aside, his face turned up, his left hand grasping mine, and his right held out:
at every motion of my fingers his countenance betokened keen attention; there was an
expression of anxiety as he tried to imitate the motions; then a smile came stealing out as
he thought he could do so, and spread into a joyous laugh the moment he succeeded, and
felt me pat his head, and Laura clap him heartily upon the back, and jump up and down
in her joy
...
His attention then began to flag, and I
commenced playing with him
...
, as part
of the process, without any perception of the relation between the sign and the object
...
He soon learned to make the letters for KEY, PEN,
PIN; and by having the object repeatedly placed in his hand, he at last perceived the
relation I wished to establish between them
...
'The perception of this relation was not accompanied by that radiant flash of intelligence,
and that glow of joy, which marked the delightful moment when Laura first perceived it
...
I then caused him to make the letters BREAD, and in an instant
Laura went and brought him a piece: he smelled at it; put it to his lips; cocked up his
head with a most knowing look; seemed to reflect a moment; and then laughed outright,
as much as to say, "Aha! I understand now how something may be made out of this
...
I therefore put him in the
hands of an intelligent teacher, nothing doubting of his rapid progress
...
Throughout
his life, the recollection of that moment will be to him a source of pure, unfading
happiness; nor will it shine less brightly on the evening of his days of Noble Usefulness
...
He is occupied now, in devising
means of imparting to her, higher knowledge; and of conveying to her some adequate
idea of the Great Creator of that universe in which, dark and silent and scentless though
it be to her, she has such deep delight and glad enjoyment
...
Let that poor hand of hers lie gently on your hearts;
for there may be something in its healing touch akin to that of the Great Master whose
precepts you misconstrue, whose lessons you pervert, of whose charity and sympathy
with all the world, not one among you in his daily practice knows as much as many of
the worst among those fallen sinners, to whom you are liberal in nothing but the
preachment of perdition!
As I rose to quit the room, a pretty little child of one of the attendants came running in to
greet its father
...
Ah! how much brighter and more deeply blue, glowing and rich though it had been
before, was the scene without, contrasting with the darkness of so many youthful lives
within!
* * * * * *
At SOUTH BOSTON, as it is called, in a situation excellently adapted for the purpose,
several charitable institutions are clustered together
...
'Evince a
desire to show some confidence, and repose some trust, even in mad people,' said the
resident physician, as we walked along the galleries, his patients flocking round us
unrestrained
...
Each ward in this institution is shaped like a long gallery or hall, with the dormitories of
the patients opening from it on either hand
...
In one of these rooms, seated, calmly, and quite as a matter of
course, among a throng of madwomen, black and white, were the physician's wife and
another lady, with a couple of children
...
Leaning her head against the chimneypiece, with a great assumption of dignity and
refinement of manner, sat an elderly female, in as many scraps of finery as Madge
Wildfire herself
...
She was radiant with imaginary jewels; wore a rich pair of undoubted
gold spectacles; and gracefully dropped upon her lap, as we approached, a very old
greasy newspaper, in which I dare say she had been reading an account of her own
presentation at some Foreign Court
...
'This,' he said aloud, taking me by the hand, and advancing to the fantastic figure with
great politeness not raising her suspicions by the slightest look or whisper, or any kind
of aside, to me: 'This lady is the hostess of this mansion, sir
...
Nobody
else has anything whatever to do with it
...
She lives, you observe, in the very first style
...
She is exceedingly
courteous, you perceive,' on this hint she bowed condescendingly, 'and will permit me to
have the pleasure of introducing you: a gentleman from England, Ma'am: newly arrived
from England, after a very tempestuous passage: Mr
...
The rest of the madwomen seemed to understand the joke perfectly (not only in
this case, but in all the others, except their own), and be highly amused by it
...
Not only is a thorough confidence established, by
those means, between the physician and patient, in respect of the nature and extent of
their hallucinations, but it is easy to understand that opportunities are afforded for
seizing any moment of reason, to startle them by placing their own delusion before them
in its most incongruous and ridiculous light
...
At every meal, moral influence alone restrains the more violent among
them from cutting the throats of the rest; but the effect of that influence is reduced to an
absolute certainty, and is found, even as a means of restraint, to say nothing of it as a
means of cure, a hundred times more efficacious than all the straitwaistcoats, fetters,
and handcuffs, that ignorance, prejudice, and cruelty have manufactured since the
creation of the world
...
In the garden, and on the farm, they work with spades, rakes, and
hoes
...
They have among themselves a sewing society to
make clothes for the poor, which holds meetings, passes resolutions, never comes to
fistycuffs or bowieknives as sane assemblies have been known to do elsewhere; and
conducts all its proceedings with the greatest decorum
...
They are cheerful, tranquil, and healthy
...
Dances and marches are performed alternately, to the
enlivening strains of a piano; and now and then some gentleman or lady (whose
proficiency has been previously ascertained) obliges the company with a song: nor does
it ever degenerate, at a tender crisis, into a screech or howl; wherein, I must confess, I
should have thought the danger lay
...
Immense politeness and good breeding are observed throughout
...
Like other
assemblies, these entertainments afford a fruitful topic of conversation among the ladies
for some days; and the gentlemen are so anxious to shine on these occasions, that they
have been sometimes found 'practising their steps' in private, to cut a more distinguished
figure in the dance
...
Something of the same
spirit pervades all the Institutions at South Boston
...
In that branch of it, which is devoted to the reception of
old or otherwise helpless paupers, these words are painted on the walls: 'WORTHY OF
NOTICE
...
' It
is not assumed and taken for granted that being there they must be evildisposed and
wicked people, before whose vicious eyes it is necessary to flourish threats and harsh
restraints
...
All withindoors is
very plain and simple, as it ought to be, but arranged with a view to peace and comfort
...
Instead of being parcelled out in great, long,
rambling wards, where a certain amount of weazen life may mope, and pine, and shiver,
all day long, the building is divided into separate rooms, each with its share of light and
air
...
They have a motive for exertion and
becoming pride, in the desire to make these little chambers comfortable and decent
...
The orphans and young children are in an adjoining building separate from this, but a
part of the same Institution
...
The same consideration for their
years and weakness is expressed in their very seats, which are perfect curiosities, and
look like articles of furniture for a pauper doll'shouse
...
Here again, I was greatly pleased with the inscriptions on the wall, which were scraps of
plain morality, easily remembered and understood: such as 'Love one another' 'God
remembers the smallest creature in his creation:' and straightforward advice of that
nature
...
When we had examined these lessons, four
morsels of girls (of whom one was blind) sang a little song, about the merry month of
May, which I thought (being extremely dismal) would have suited an English November
better
...
And
after observing that the teachers were of a class and character well suited to the spirit of
the place, I took leave of the infants with a lighter heart than ever I have taken leave of
pauper infants yet
...
It had one fault, however,
which is common to all American interiors: the presence of the eternal, accursed,
suffocating, redhot demon of a stove, whose breath would blight the purest air under
Heaven
...
One is called the
Boylston school, and is an asylum for neglected and indigent boys who have committed
no crime, but who in the ordinary course of things would very soon be purged of that
distinction if they were not taken from the hungry streets and sent here
...
They are both under the same roof, but
the two classes of boys never come in contact
...
They were in their schoolroom when I came
upon them, and answered correctly, without book, such questions as where was England;
how far was it; what was its population; its capital city; its form of government; and so
forth
...
They appeared exceedingly welltaught, and not better taught than fed; for a more
chubbylooking fullwaistcoated set of boys, I never saw
...
I saw them first at their work (basket
making, and the manufacture of palmleaf hats), afterwards in their school, where they
sang a chorus in praise of Liberty: an odd, and, one would think, rather aggravating,
theme for prisoners
...
On the arrival of a newcomer, he is put into
the fourth or lowest class, and left, by good behaviour, to work his way up into the first
...
The importance of such an
establishment, in every point of view, and with reference to every consideration of
humanity and social policy, requires no comment
...
It is the House of Correction for the State,
in which silence is strictly maintained, but where the prisoners have the comfort and
mental relief of seeing each other, and of working together
...
America, as a new and not overpopulated country, has in all her prisons, the one great
advantage, of being enabled to find useful and profitable work for the inmates; whereas,
with us, the prejudice against prison labour is naturally very strong, and almost
insurmountable, when honest men who have not offended against the laws are frequently
doomed to seek employment in vain
...
For this very reason though, our best prisons would seem at the first glance to be better
conducted than those of America
...
On the other hand,
the noise of the loom, the forge, the carpenter's hammer, or the stonemason's saw, greatly
favour those opportunities of intercourse hurried and brief no doubt, but opportunities
still which these several kinds of work, by rendering it necessary for men to be
employed very near to each other, and often side by side, without any barrier or partition
between them, in their very nature present
...
In an American
state prison or house of correction, I found it difficult at first to persuade myself that I
was really in a jail: a place of ignominious punishment and endurance
...
I hope I may not be misunderstood on this subject, for it is one in which I take a strong
and deep interest
...
If I thought it would do any good to the rising generation, I would cheerfully
give my consent to the disinterment of the bones of any genteel highwayman (the more
genteel, the more cheerfully), and to their exposure, piecemeal, on any signpost, gate,
or gibbet, that might be deemed a good elevation for the purpose
...
At the
same time I know, as all men do or should, that the subject of Prison Discipline is one of
the highest importance to any community; and that in her sweeping reform and bright
example to other countries on this head, America has shown great wisdom, great
benevolence, and exalted policy
...
The House of Correction which has led to these remarks, is not walled, like other
prisons, but is palisaded round about with tall rough stakes, something after the manner
of an enclosure for keeping elephants in, as we see it represented in Eastern prints and
pictures
...
When I was there, the latter class of
labourers were employed upon the stone for a new customhouse in course of erection at
Boston
...
The women, all in one large room, were employed in making light clothing, for New
Orleans and the Southern States
...
In addition to this, they are every moment liable to be visited by the
prison officers appointed for that purpose
...
Their mode of bestowing the prisoners at night (which is
of general adoption) differs from ours, and is both simple and effective
...
Behind
these, back to back with them and facing the opposite wall, are five corresponding rows
of cells, accessible by similar means: so that supposing the prisoners locked up in their
cells, an officer stationed on the ground, with his back to the wall, has half their number
under his eye at once; the remaining half being equally under the observation of another
officer on the opposite side; and all in one great apartment
...
Each of
these cells holds a small truckle bed, in which one prisoner sleeps; never more
...
Every day, the prisoners
receive their dinner, singly, through a trap in the kitchen wall; and each man carries his
to his sleeping cell to eat it, where he is locked up, alone, for that purpose, one hour
...
I was given to understand that in this prison no swords or firearms, or even cudgels, are
kept; nor is it probable that, so long as its present excellent management continues, any
weapon, offensive or defensive, will ever be required within its bounds
...
I have described them at some length; firstly, because
their worth demanded it; and secondly, because I mean to take them for a model, and to
content myself with saying of others we may come to, whose design and purpose are the
same, that in this or that respect they practically fail, or differ
...
* * * * * *
To an Englishman, accustomed to the paraphernalia of Westminster Hall, an American
Court of Law is as odd a sight as, I suppose, an English Court of Law would be to an
American
...
The gentlemen of the bar being barristers and attorneys too (for there is no
division of those functions as in England) are no more removed from their clients than
attorneys in our Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors are, from theirs
...
The
witness is so little elevated above, or put aloof from, the crowd in the court, that a
stranger entering during a pause in the proceedings would find it difficult to pick him out
from the rest
...
I could not but notice these differences, when I visited the courts at Boston
...
But seeing that he was also occupied in
writing down the answers, and remembering that he was alone and had no 'junior,' I
quickly consoled myself with the reflection that law was not quite so expensive an article
here, as at home; and that the absence of sundry formalities which we regard as
indispensable, had doubtless a very favourable influence upon the bill of costs
...
This is the case all through America
...
There are no grim doorkeepers to dole out their tardy civility by
the sixpennyworth; nor is there, I sincerely believe, any insolence of office of any kind
...
We have
begun of late years to imitate this good example
...
In the civil court an action was trying, for damages sustained in some accident upon a
railway
...
The
learned gentleman (like a few of his English brethren) was desperately longwinded, and
had a remarkable capacity of saying the same thing over and over again
...
I listened to him for about a quarter of an hour; and, coming out of
court at the expiration of that time, without the faintest ray of enlightenment as to the
merits of the case, felt as if I were at home again
...
This lad, instead of being committed to a common jail, would be sent to the
asylum at South Boston, and there taught a trade; and in the course of time he would be
bound apprentice to some respectable master
...
I am by no means a wholesale admirer of our legal solemnities, many of which impress
me as being exceedingly ludicrous
...
Still, I cannot help doubting whether America, in her desire to shake off the absurdities
and abuses of the old system, may not have gone too far into the opposite extreme; and
whether it is not desirable, especially in the small community of a city like this, where
each man knows the other, to surround the administration of justice with some artificial
barriers against the 'Hail fellow, well met' deportment of everyday life
...
These institutions were established, no doubt,
upon the principle that those who had so large a share in making the laws, would
certainly respect them
...
The tone of society in Boston is one of perfect politeness, courtesy, and good breeding
...
Their education is much as with us; neither better nor worse
...
Blue
ladies there are, in Boston; but like philosophers of that colour and sex in most other
latitudes, they rather desire to be thought superior than to be so
...
Ladies who have a passion for attending lectures
are to be found among all classes and all conditions
...
The peculiar province of the
Pulpit in New England (always excepting the Unitarian Ministry) would appear to be
the denouncement of all innocent and rational amusements
...
Wherever religion is resorted to, as a strong drink, and as an escape from the dull
monotonous round of home, those of its ministers who pepper the highest will be the
surest to please
...
It is so at home, and it is so abroad
...
One lecture treads so quickly on the heels of another, that none are remembered;
and the course of this month may be safely repeated next, with its charm of novelty
unbroken, and its interest unabated
...
Out of the rottenness of these
things, there has sprung up in Boston a sect of philosophers known as
Transcendentalists
...
Not deriving much comfort from this elucidation, I pursued the inquiry
still further, and found that the Transcendentalists are followers of my friend Mr
...
Ralph Waldo Emerson
...
Transcendentalism has its occasional vagaries (what school has not?),
but it has good healthful qualities in spite of them; not least among the number a hearty
disgust of Cant, and an aptitude to detect her in all the million varieties of her everlasting
wardrobe
...
The only preacher I heard in Boston was Mr
...
I found his chapel down among the
shipping, in one of the narrow, old, waterside streets, with a gay blue flag waving freely
from its roof
...
The preacher already sat in the pulpit, which was
raised on pillars, and ornamented behind him with painted drapery of a lively and
somewhat theatrical appearance
...
Yet the general character of his countenance was pleasant and
agreeable
...
It had the fault of frequent repetition, incidental to all such prayers; but it was
plain and comprehensive in its doctrines, and breathed a tone of general sympathy and
charity, which is not so commonly a characteristic of this form of address to the Deity as
it might be
...
Indeed if I be not mistaken, he studied their sympathies and understandings
much more than the display of his own powers
...
He spoke to
them of 'that glorious man, Lord Nelson,' and of Collingwood; and drew nothing in, as
the saying is, by the head and shoulders, but brought it to bear upon his purpose,
naturally, and with a sharp mind to its effect
...
Thus, when he
applied his text to the first assemblage of his hearers, and pictured the wonder of the
church at their presumption in forming a congregation among themselves, he stopped
short with his Bible under his arm in the manner I have described, and pursued his
discourse after this manner:
'Who are these who are they who are these fellows? where do they come from?
Where are they going to? Come from! What's the answer?' leaning out of the pulpit,
and pointing downward with his right hand: 'From below!' starting back again, and
looking at the sailors before him: 'From below, my brethren
...
That's where you came from!' a walk up
and down the pulpit: 'and where are you going' stopping abruptly: 'where are you
going? Aloft!' very softly, and pointing upward: 'Aloft!' louder: 'aloft!' louder still:
'That's where you are going with a fair wind, all taut and trim, steering direct for
Heaven in its glory, where there are no storms or foul weather, and where the wicked
cease from troubling, and the weary are at rest
...
That's it
...
That's the port
...
It's a
blessed harbour still water there, in all changes of the winds and tides; no driving
ashore upon the rocks, or slipping your cables and running out to sea, there: Peace
Peace Peace all peace!' Another walk, and patting the Bible under his left arm:
'What! These fellows are coming from the wilderness, are they? Yes
...
But do they lean upon
anything do they lean upon nothing, these poor seamen?' Three raps upon the Bible:
'Oh yes
...
They lean upon the arm of their Beloved' three more raps: 'upon the
arm of their Beloved' three more, and a walk: 'Pilot, guidingstar, and compass, all in
one, to all hands here it is' three more: 'Here it is
...
I have cited this, rather as an instance of the preacher's eccentricities than his merits,
though taken in connection with his look and manner, and the character of his audience,
even this was striking
...
I never heard these two points so wisely touched
(if indeed I have ever heard them touched at all), by any preacher of that kind before
...
Such
of its social customs as I have not mentioned, however, may be told in a very few words
...
A dinner party takes place at five; and at an
evening party, they seldom sup later than eleven; so that it goes hard but one gets home,
even from a rout, by midnight
...
There are two theatres in Boston, of good size and construction, but sadly in want of
patronage
...
The bar is a large room with a stone floor, and there people stand and smoke, and lounge
about, all the evening: dropping in and out as the humour takes them
...
The house is full of boarders,
both married and single, many of whom sleep upon the premises, and contract by the
week for their board and lodging: the charge for which diminishes as they go nearer the
sky to roost
...
The party sitting down together to these meals will vary in number from
one to two hundred: sometimes more
...
There is an ordinary for
ladies, and an ordinary for gentlemen
...
Our bedroom was spacious and airy, but (like every
bedroom on this side of the Atlantic) very bare of furniture, having no curtains to the
French bedstead or to the window
...
CHAPTER IV AN AMERICAN RAILROAD
...
I assign a
separate chapter to this visit; not because I am about to describe it at any great length,
but because I remember it as a thing by itself, and am desirous that my readers should do
the same
...
As
these works are pretty much alike all through the States, their general characteristics are
easily described
...
As a black man never travels with a white one, there is
also a negro car; which is a great, blundering, clumsy chest, such as Gulliver put to sea
in, from the kingdom of Brobdingnag
...
The cars are like shabby omnibuses, but larger: holding thirty, forty, fifty, people
...
Each seat holds two
persons
...
In the centre of the carriage there is usually a stove,
fed with charcoal or anthracite coal; which is for the most part redhot
...
In the ladies' car, there are a great many gentlemen who have ladies with them
...
The conductor or checktaker, or guard, or whatever
he may be, wears no uniform
...
A great many newspapers are pulled out, and a few of them are read
...
If you are an Englishman, he expects that
that railroad is pretty much like an English railroad
...
You enumerate the heads of
difference, one by one, and he says 'Yes?' (still interrogatively) to each
...
After a long pause he
remarks, partly to you, and partly to the knob on the top of his stick, that 'Yankees are
reckoned to be considerable of a goahead people too;' upon which YOU say 'Yes,' and
then HE says 'Yes' again (affirmatively this time); and upon your looking out of window,
tells you that behind that hill, and some three miles from the next station, there is a
clever town in a smart location, where he expects you have concluded to stop
...
If a lady take a fancy to any male passenger's seat, the gentleman who accompanies her
gives him notice of the fact, and he immediately vacates it with great politeness
...
Quiet people avoid the question of the
Presidency, for there will be a new election in three years and a half, and party feeling
runs very high: the great constitutional feature of this institution being, that directly the
acrimony of the last election is over, the acrimony of the next one begins; which is an
unspeakable comfort to all strong politicians and true lovers of their country: that is to
say, to ninetynine men and boys out of every ninetynine and a quarter
...
When there is not, the character of the scenery is always the same
...
The very soil of the earth is made
up of minute fragments such as these; each pool of stagnant water has its crust of
vegetable rottenness; on every side there are the boughs, and trunks, and stumps of trees,
in every possible stage of decay, decomposition, and neglect
...
The train calls at stations in the woods, where the wild impossibility of anybody having
the smallest reason to get out, is only to be equalled by the apparently desperate
hopelessness of there being anybody to get in
...
' On it
whirls headlong, dives through the woods again, emerges in the light, clatters over frail
arches, rumbles upon the heavy ground, shoots beneath a wooden bridge which
intercepts the light for a second like a wink, suddenly awakens all the slumbering echoes
in the main street of a large town, and dashes on haphazard, pellmell, neckornothing,
down the middle of the road
...
I was met at the station at Lowell by a gentleman intimately connected with the
management of the factories there; and gladly putting myself under his guidance, drove
off at once to that quarter of the town in which the works, the object of my visit, were
situated
...
Those indications of its youth which first attract the eye, give it a quaintness and
oddity of character which, to a visitor from the old country, is amusing enough
...
In one place, there was a new wooden church,
which, having no steeple, and being yet unpainted, looked like an enormous packing
case without any direction upon it
...
I was careful not to draw my breath as we passed, and trembled when I
saw a workman come out upon the roof, lest with one thoughtless stamp of his foot he
should crush the structure beneath him, and bring it rattling down
...
One would swear
that every 'Bakery,' 'Grocery,' and 'Bookbindery,' and other kind of store, took its
shutters down for the first time, and started in business yesterday
...
There are several factories in Lowell, each of which belongs to what we should term a
Company of Proprietors, but what they call in America a Corporation
...
I may
add that I am well acquainted with our manufacturing towns in England, and have visited
many mills in Manchester and elsewhere in the same manner
...
They were all well dressed, but not to my thinking above their condition; for
I like to see the humbler classes of society careful of their dress and appearance, and
even, if they please, decorated with such little trinkets as come within the compass of
their means
...
These girls, as I have said, were all well dressed: and that phrase necessarily includes
extreme cleanliness
...
Moreover, there were places in the mill in which they
could deposit these things without injury; and there were conveniences for washing
...
If I had seen in one of
those mills (but I did not, though I looked for something of this kind with a sharp eye),
the most lisping, mincing, affected, and ridiculous young creature that my imagination
could suggest, I should have thought of the careless, moping, slatternly, degraded, dull
reverse (I HAVE seen that), and should have been still well pleased to look upon her
...
In the windows
of some, there were green plants, which were trained to shade the glass; in all, there was
as much fresh air, cleanliness, and comfort, as the nature of the occupation would
possibly admit of
...
But I solemnly declare, that from all
the crowd I saw in the different factories that day, I cannot recall or separate one young
face that gave me a painful impression; not one young girl whom, assuming it to be a
matter of necessity that she should gain her daily bread by the labour of her hands, I
would have removed from those works if I had had the power
...
The owners of the mills are
particularly careful to allow no persons to enter upon the possession of these houses,
whose characters have not undergone the most searching and thorough inquiry
...
There are
a few children employed in these factories, but not many
...
For this purpose there are schools in Lowell; and there are
churches and chapels of various persuasions, in which the young women may observe
that form of worship in which they have been educated
...
Like that
institution at Boston, which I have before described, it is not parcelled out into wards,
but is divided into convenient chambers, each of which has all the comforts of a very
comfortable home
...
The weekly charge in this
establishment for each female patient is three dollars, or twelve shillings English; but no
girl employed by any of the corporations is ever excluded for want of the means of
payment
...
I am now going to state three facts, which will startle a large class of readers on this side
of the Atlantic, very much
...
Secondly,
nearly all these young ladies subscribe to circulating libraries
...
The large class of readers, startled by these facts, will exclaim, with one voice, 'How
very preposterous!' On my deferentially inquiring why, they will answer, 'These things
are above their station
...
It is their station to work
...
They labour in these mills, upon an
average, twelve hours a day, which is unquestionably work, and pretty tight work too
...
Are we
quite sure that we in England have not formed our ideas of the 'station' of working
people, from accustoming ourselves to the contemplation of that class as they are, and
not as they might be? I think that if we examine our own feelings, we shall find that the
pianos, and the circulating libraries, and even the Lowell Offering, startle us by their
novelty, and not by their bearing upon any abstract question of right or wrong
...
I know no station which is rendered more endurable to the
person in it, or more safe to the person out of it, by having ignorance for its associate
...
Of the merits of the Lowell Offering as a literary production, I will only observe, putting
entirely out of sight the fact of the articles having been written by these girls after the
arduous labours of the day, that it will compare advantageously with a great many
English Annuals
...
A strong feeling for the beauties of
nature, as displayed in the solitudes the writers have left at home, breathes through its
pages like wholesome village air; and though a circulating library is a favourable school
for the study of such topics, it has very scant allusion to fine clothes, fine marriages, fine
houses, or fine life
...
One of the provinces of the
state legislature of Massachusetts is to alter ugly names into pretty ones, as the children
improve upon the tastes of their parents
...
It is said that on the occasion of a visit from General Jackson or General Harrison to this
town (I forget which, but it is not to the purpose), he walked through three miles and a
half of these young ladies all dressed out with parasols and silk stockings
...
In this brief account of Lowell, and inadequate expression of the gratification it yielded
me, and cannot fail to afford to any foreigner to whom the condition of such people at
home is a subject of interest and anxious speculation, I have carefully abstained from
drawing a comparison between these factories and those of our own land
...
The contrast would be a strong one, for it would be between the Good and Evil, the
living light and deepest shadow
...
But I
only the more earnestly adjure all those whose eyes may rest on these pages, to pause
and reflect upon the difference between this town and those great haunts of desperate
misery: to call to mind, if they can in the midst of party strife and squabble, the efforts
that must be made to purge them of their suffering and danger: and last, and foremost,
to remember how the precious Time is rushing by
...
One of the
passengers being exceedingly anxious to expound at great length to my companion (not
to me, of course) the true principles on which books of travel in America should be
written by Englishmen, I feigned to fall asleep
...
CHAPTER V WORCESTER
...
HARTFORD
...
TO NEW YORK
LEAVING Boston on the afternoon of Saturday the fifth of February, we proceeded by
another railroad to Worcester: a pretty New England town, where we had arranged to
remain under the hospitable roof of the Governor of the State, until Monday morning
...
The welltrimmed lawns and green meadows of home are not there; and the
grass, compared with our ornamental plots and pastures, is rank, and rough, and wild:
but delicate slopes of land, gentlyswelling hills, wooded valleys, and slender streams,
abound
...
A
sharp dry wind and a slight frost had so hardened the roads when we alighted at
Worcester, that their furrowed tracks were like ridges of granite
...
All the buildings looked as if they had
been built and painted that morning, and could be taken down on Monday with very little
trouble
...
The clean cardboard colonnades had no more perspective than a Chinese bridge on
a teacup, and appeared equally well calculated for use
...
Those slightlybuilt wooden
dwellings behind which the sun was setting with a brilliant lustre, could be so looked
through and through, that the idea of any inhabitant being able to hide himself from the
public gaze, or to have any secrets from the public eye, was not entertainable for a
moment
...
So I thought, at least, that evening
...
It would have been the
better for an old church; better still for some old graves; but as it was, a wholesome
repose and tranquillity pervaded the scene, which after the restless ocean and the hurried
city, had a doubly grateful influence on the spirits
...
From that place to Hartford,
whither we were bound, is a distance of only fiveandtwenty miles, but at that time of
the year the roads were so bad that the journey would probably have occupied ten or
twelve hours
...
The captain of a small
steamboat was going to make his first trip for the season that day (the second February
trip, I believe, within the memory of man), and only waited for us to go on board
...
He was as good as his
word, and started directly
...
I omitted to ask the
question, but I should think it must have been of about half a pony power
...
Paap, the
celebrated Dwarf, might have lived and died happily in the cabin, which was fitted with
common sashwindows like an ordinary dwellinghouse
...
But even in this chamber there was a
rockingchair
...
I am afraid to tell how many feet short this vessel was, or how many feet
narrow: to apply the words length and width to such measurement would be a
contradiction in terms
...
It rained all day as I once thought it never did rain anywhere, but in the Highlands of
Scotland
...
Nevertheless, we moved onward, dexterously; and being well wrapped up, bade defiance
to the weather, and enjoyed the journey
...
After two hours and a half of this odd travelling (including a stoppage at a small town,
where we were saluted by a gun considerably bigger than our own chimney), we reached
Hartford, and straightway repaired to an extremely comfortable hotel: except, as usual,
in the article of bedrooms, which, in almost every place we visited, were very conducive
to early rising
...
The town is beautifully situated in a basin of green hills; the
soil is rich, wellwooded, and carefully improved
...
Too much of the old Puritan spirit exists in these parts to the present hour; but its
influence has not tended, that I know, to make the people less hard in their bargains, or
more equal in their dealings
...
Indeed, I am accustomed, with reference to great
professions and severe faces, to judge of the goods of the other world pretty much as I
judge of the goods of this; and whenever I see a dealer in such commodities with too
great a display of them in his window, I doubt the quality of the article within
...
It is
now inclosed in a gentleman's garden
...
I found
the courts of law here, just the same as at Boston; the public institutions almost as good
...
I very much questioned within myself, as I walked through the Insane Asylum, whether I
should have known the attendants from the patients, but for the few words which passed
between the former, and the Doctor, in reference to the persons under their charge
...
There was one little, prim old lady, of very smiling and goodhumoured appearance, who
came sidling up to me from the end of a long passage, and with a curtsey of
inexpressible condescension, propounded this unaccountable inquiry:
'Does Pontefract still flourish, sir, upon the soil of England?'
'He does, ma'am,' I rejoined
...
He begged me to present his compliments
...
'
At this, the old lady was very much delighted
...
'
I thought the best thing to say was, that I had suspected as much from the first
...
'It is an extremely proud and pleasant thing, sir, to be an antediluvian,' said the old lady
...
The old lady kissed her hand, gave another skip, smirked and sidled down the gallery in
a most extraordinary manner, and ambled gracefully into her own bedchamber
...
'Well,' said he, starting up, and pulling off his nightcap: 'It's all settled at last
...
'
'Arranged what?' asked the Doctor
...
'
'Oh!' said I, like a man suddenly enlightened
...
'Yes
...
No harm
will be done to the others
...
Those that want to be safe, must hoist flags
...
They must hoist flags
...
Directly he had said these words, he lay down again; gave a kind of a
groan; and covered his hot head with the blankets
...
After playing on
the accordion a march he had composed, he was very anxious that I should walk into his
chamber, which I immediately did
...
'I come here just for a whim,' he said coolly
...
'
'Oh! That's all!' said I
...
That's all
...
He quite enters into it
...
I
like it for a time
...
As we were passing through a gallery on our way out, a welldressed lady, of
quiet and composed manners, came up, and proffering a slip of paper and a pen, begged
that I would oblige her with an autograph, I complied, and we parted
...
I
hope SHE is not mad?'
'Yes
...
She hears voices in the air
...
'
In this place, there is the best jail for untried offenders in the world
...
It contained at that time
about two hundred prisoners
...
A woman, too, was pointed
out to me, who, for the murder of her husband, had been a close prisoner for sixteen
years
...
'To be sure she has
...
'Her friends mistrust her
...
'Well, they won't petition
...
'
'Does that ever do it?'
'Why yes, that'll do it sometimes
...
It's pretty often
done, one way or another
...
It is a
lovely place, and I had many friends there, whom I can never remember with
indifference
...
Upon the way, the guard and I were
formally introduced to each other (as we usually were on such occasions), and
exchanged a variety of smalltalk
...
New Haven, known also as the City of Elms, is a fine town
...
The various departments of this Institution are erected in a kind of park
or common in the middle of the town, where they are dimly visible among the
shadowing trees
...
Even in the winter
time, these groups of wellgrown trees, clustering among the busy streets and houses of a
thriving city, have a very quaint appearance: seeming to bring about a kind of
compromise between town and country; as if each had met the other halfway, and
shaken hands upon it; which is at once novel and pleasant
...
This was the first American steamboat of
any size that I had seen; and certainly to an English eye it was infinitely less like a
steamboat than a huge floating bath
...
Being in America, too, which our vagabonds do so particularly favour, it
seemed the more probable
...
A part of the machinery is
always above this deck; where the connectingrod, in a strong and lofty frame, is seen
working away like an iron topsawyer
...
The man at the helm is shut up in a little house in the fore
part of the boat (the wheel being connected with the rudder by iron chains, working the
whole length of the deck); and the passengers, unless the weather be very fine indeed,
usually congregate below
...
You wonder for a long time how she goes on, for there seems
to be nobody in charge of her; and when another of these dull machines comes splashing
by, you feel quite indignant with it, as a sullen cumbrous, ungraceful, unshiplike
leviathan: quite forgetting that the vessel you are on board of, is its very counterpart
...
It often occupies the whole length of the boat (as it did in this case), and has
three or four tiers of berths on each side
...
The Sound which has to be crossed on this passage, is not always a very safe or pleasant
navigation, and has been the scene of some unfortunate accidents
...
The day was calm, however, and
brightened towards noon
...
But I woke from my nap in time to hurry up, and see Hell Gate, the Hog's
Back, the Frying Pan, and other notorious localities, attractive to all readers of famous
Diedrich Knickerbocker's History
...
Soon we shot in quick succession, past a lighthouse; a madhouse (how
the lunatics flung up their caps and roared in sympathy with the headlong engine and the
driving tide!); a jail; and other buildings: and so emerged into a noble bay, whose
waters sparkled in the now cloudless sunshine like Nature's eyes turned up to Heaven
...
Crossing from among them to the opposite shore, were
steam ferryboats laden with people, coaches, horses, waggons, baskets, boxes: crossed
and recrossed by other ferryboats: all travelling to and fro: and never idle
...
Beyond, were shining heights, and islands in the glancing river, and a
distance scarcely less blue and bright than the sky it seemed to meet
...
All of which life and stir, coming across the stirring
water, caught new life and animation from its free companionship; and, sympathising
with its buoyant spirits, glistened as it seemed in sport upon its surface, and hemmed the
vessel round, and plashed the water high about her sides, and, floating her gallantly into
the dock, flew off again to welcome other comers, and speed before them to the busy
port
...
There are many bystreets, almost as neutral in clean colours, and positive in
dirty ones, as bystreets in London; and there is one quarter, commonly called the Five
Points, which, in respect of filth and wretchedness, may be safely backed against Seven
Dials, or any other part of famed St
...
The great promenade and thoroughfare, as most people know, is Broadway; a wide and
bustling street, which, from the Battery Gardens to its opposite termination in a country
road, may be four miles long
...
Was there ever such a sunny street as this Broadway! The pavement
stones are polished with the tread of feet until they shine again; the red bricks of the
houses might be yet in the dry, hot kilns; and the roofs of those omnibuses look as
though, if water were poured on them, they would hiss and smoke, and smell like half
quenched fires
...
Plenty of hackney cabs and coaches too; gigs, phaetons, largewheeled
tilburies, and private carriages rather of a clumsy make, and not very different from the
public vehicles, but built for the heavy roads beyond the city pavement
...
Some southern
republican that, who puts his blacks in uniform, and swells with Sultan pomp and power
...
Heaven save the ladies, how they dress! We have seen
more colours in these ten minutes, than we should have seen elsewhere, in as many days
...
Byrons of the desk and counter, pass on, and let us see what kind of
men those are behind ye: those two labourers in holiday clothes, of whom one carries in
his hand a crumpled scrap of paper from which he tries to spell out a hard name, while
the other looks about for it on all the doors and windows
...
It would be hard to keep your model
republics going, without the countrymen and countrywomen of those two labourers
...
Let us go down, and help them, for the love of
home, and that spirit of liberty which admits of honest service to honest men, and honest
work for honest bread, no matter what it be
...
Their way lies yonder, but what business
takes them there? They carry savings: to hoard up? No
...
One crossed the sea alone, and working very hard for one half year, and living harder,
saved funds enough to bring the other out
...
And what now? Why, the
poor old crone is restless in a strange land, and yearns to lay her bones, she says, among
her people in the old graveyard at home: and so they go to pay her passage back: and
God help her and them, and every simple heart, and all who turn to the Jerusalem of their
younger days, and have an altarfire upon the cold hearth of their fathers
...
Many a rapid fortune has been made in this
street, and many a no less rapid ruin
...
Below,
here by the waterside, where the bowsprits of ships stretch across the footway, and
almost thrust themselves into the windows, lie the noble American vessels which having
made their Packet Service the finest in the world
...
We must cross Broadway again; gaining some refreshment from the heat, in the sight of
the great blocks of clean ice which are being carried into shops and barrooms; and the
pineapples and watermelons profusely displayed for sale
...
Be sure that is a hospitable house with
inmates to be affectionately remembered always, where they have the open door and
pretty show of plants within, and where the child with laughing eyes is peeping out of
window at the little dog below
...
But there is a
passion for tall flagstaffs hereabout, and you may see its twin brother in five minutes, if
you have a mind
...
A railroad yonder, see, where two
stout horses trot along, drawing a score or two of people and a great wooden ark, with
ease
...
Clothes readymade, and
meat readycooked, are to be bought in these parts; and the lively whirl of carriages is
exchanged for the deep rumble of carts and waggons
...
' They
tempt the hungry most at night, for then dull candles glimmering inside, illuminate these
dainty words, and make the mouths of idlers water, as they read and linger
...
Shall we go in?
So
...
Between the two sides of each
gallery, and in its centre, a bridge, for the greater convenience of crossing
...
On each
tier, are two opposite rows of small iron doors
...
Some two or three are open,
and women, with drooping heads bent down, are talking to the inmates
...
A man with keys appears, to show us round
...
'Are those black doors the cells?'
'Yes
...
'
'Those at the bottom are unwholesome, surely?'
'Why, we DO only put coloured people in 'em
...
'
'When do the prisoners take exercise?'
'Well, they do without it pretty much
...
'
'Sometimes, I suppose?'
'Well, it's rare they do
...
'
'But suppose a man were here for a twelvemonth
...
What with
motions for new trials, and in arrest of judgment, and what not, a prisoner might be here
for twelve months, I take it, might he not?'
'Well, I guess he might
...
'
'Will you open one of the doors?'
'All, if you like
...
Let us look
in
...
There
is a rude means of washing, a table, and a bedstead
...
He looks up for a moment; gives an impatient dogged shake; and fixes his eyes
upon his book again
...
This man has murdered his wife, and will probably be hanged
...
'
'When will he be tried?'
'Next term
...
'
'In England, if a man be under sentence of death, even he has air and exercise at certain
periods of the day
...
Some of the women peep
anxiously through it at the sound of footsteps; others shrink away in shame
...
But it is a dreadful place for the child to pass the long days and nights in
...
I have a question to ask
him as we go
...
'
'I know it is
...
I expect it come about from that
...
Don't
you oblige the prisoners to be orderly, and put such things away?'
'Where should they put 'em?'
'Not on the ground surely
...
When they had hooks they WOULD hang themselves, so
they're taken out of every cell, and there's only the marks left where they used to be!'
The prisonyard in which he pauses now, has been the scene of terrible performances
...
The wretched creature
stands beneath the gibbet on the ground; the rope about his neck; and when the sign is
given, a weight at its other end comes running down, and swings him up into the air a
corpse
...
From the community it is hidden
...
Between the criminal and them,
the prisonwall is interposed as a thick gloomy veil
...
From him it shuts out life, and all the motives to
unrepenting hardihood in that last hour, which its mere sight and presence is often all
sufficient to sustain
...
All beyond the pitiless stone wall, is unknown space
...
Once more in Broadway! Here are the same ladies in bright colours, walking to and fro,
in pairs and singly; yonder the very same light blue parasol which passed and repassed
the hotelwindow twenty times while we were sitting there
...
Take care of the pigs
...
Here is a solitary swine lounging homeward by himself
...
But he gets on
very well without it; and leads a roving, gentlemanly, vagabond kind of life, somewhat
answering to that of our clubmen at home
...
He is a freeandeasy, careless, indifferent kind
of pig, having a very large acquaintance among other pigs of the same character, whom
he rather knows by sight than conversation, as he seldom troubles himself to stop and
exchange civilities, but goes grunting down the kennel, turning up the news and small
talk of the city in the shape of cabbagestalks and offal, and bearing no tails but his own:
which is a very short one, for his old enemies, the dogs, have been at that too, and have
left him hardly enough to swear by
...
He is a great philosopher, and seldom moved, unless by the dogs before
mentioned
...
They are the city scavengers, these pigs
...
They have long, gaunt legs, too, and such peaked snouts, that if one of
them could be persuaded to sit for his profile, nobody would recognise it for a pig's
likeness
...
Every pig knows where he lives, much better than anybody could tell him
...
Occasionally, some youth among them who has overeaten himself,
or has been worried by dogs, trots shrinkingly homeward, like a prodigal son: but this is
a rare case: perfect selfpossession and selfreliance, and immovable composure, being
their foremost attributes
...
Here and there a flight of broad stone cellarsteps appears, and a painted
lamp directs you to the Bowling Saloon, or TenPin alley; TenPins being a game of
mingled chance and skill, invented when the legislature passed an act forbidding Nine
Pins
...
But how quiet the streets are! Are there no itinerant bands; no wind or stringed
instruments? No, not one
...
Yes, I remember
one
...
Beyond that, nothing lively; no, not so
much as a white mouse in a twirling cage
...
There is a lectureroom across the way, from which
that glare of light proceeds, and there may be evening service for the ladies thrice a
week, or oftener
...
Hark! to the
clinking sound of hammers breaking lumps of ice, and to the cool gurgling of the
pounded bits, as, in the process of mixing, they are poured from glass to glass! No
amusements? What are these suckers of cigars and swallowers of strong drinks, whose
hats and legs we see in every possible variety of twist, doing, but amusing themselves?
What are the fifty newspapers, which those precocious urchins are bawling down the
street, and which are kept filed within, what are they but amusements? Not vapid,
waterish amusements, but good strong stuff; dealing in round abuse and blackguard
names; pulling off the roofs of private houses, as the Halting Devil did in Spain; pimping
and pandering for all degrees of vicious taste, and gorging with coined lies the most
voracious maw; imputing to every man in public life the coarsest and the vilest motives;
scaring away from the stabbed and prostrate bodypolitic, every Samaritan of clear
conscience and good deeds; and setting on, with yell and whistle and the clapping of
foul hands, the vilest vermin and worst birds of prey
...
But it is needful, first, that we take as our escort these two heads of
the police, whom you would know for sharp and welltrained officers if you met them in
the Great Desert
...
These two might have been begotten, born, and bred, in Bow
Street
...
Poverty, wretchedness, and vice, are rife enough where we are going now
...
Such lives as are led here, bear the same fruits here as
elsewhere
...
Debauchery has made the very houses prematurely old
...
Many of those pigs live
here
...
Among the
pigeonholes that hold the bottles, are pieces of plateglass and coloured paper, for there
is, in some sort, a taste for decoration, even here
...
What place is this, to which the squalid street conducts us? A kind of square of leprous
houses, some of which are attainable only by crazy wooden stairs without
...
Beside it, sits a man: his elbows on his knees: his forehead hidden in
his hands
...
'Fever,' he sullenly replies,
without looking up
...
A negro lad, startled from his sleep by the officer's voice he
knows it well but comforted by his assurance that he has not come on business,
officiously bestirs himself to light a candle
...
He stumbles down the
stairs and presently comes back, shading a flaring taper with his hand
...
Mount up these other stairs with no less caution (there are traps and pitfalls here, for
those who are not so well escorted as ourselves) into the housetop; where the bare beams
and rafters meet overhead, and calm night looks down through the crevices in the roof
...
Pah! They
have a charcoal fire within; there is a smell of singeing clothes, or flesh, so close they
gather round the brazier; and vapours issue forth that blind and suffocate
...
Where dogs would howl to lie, women, and men, and boys slink off
to sleep, forcing the dislodged rats to move away in quest of better lodgings
...
Our leader has his hand upon the latch of 'Almack's,' and calls to us from the bottom of
the steps; for the assemblyroom of the Five Point fashionables is approached by a
descent
...
Heyday! the landlady of Almack's thrives! A buxom fat mulatto woman, with sparkling
eyes, whose head is daintily ornamented with a handkerchief of many colours
...
How glad he is to see us! What will we please to call
for? A dance? It shall be done directly, sir: 'a regular breakdown
...
Five
or six couple come upon the floor, marshalled by a lively young negro, who is the wit of
the assembly, and the greatest dancer known
...
Among the
dancers are two young mulatto girls, with large, black, drooping eyes, and headgear
after the fashion of the hostess, who are as shy, or feign to be, as though they never
danced before, and so look down before the visitors, that their partners can see nothing
but the long fringed lashes
...
Every gentleman sets as long as he likes to the opposite lady,
and the opposite lady to him, and all are so long about it that the sport begins to languish,
when suddenly the lively hero dashes in to the rescue
...
Single shuffle, double shuffle, cut and crosscut; snapping his fingers, rolling his eyes,
turning in his knees, presenting the backs of his legs in front, spinning about on his toes
and heels like nothing but the man's fingers on the tambourine; dancing with two left
legs, two right legs, two wooden legs, two wire legs, two spring legs all sorts of legs
and no legs what is this to him? And in what walk of life, or dance of life, does man
ever get such stimulating applause as thunders about him, when, having danced his
partner off her feet, and himself too, he finishes by leaping gloriously on the barcounter,
and calling for something to drink, with the chuckle of a million of counterfeit Jim
Crows, in one inimitable sound!
The air, even in these distempered parts, is fresh after the stifling atmosphere of the
houses; and now, as we emerge into a broader street, it blows upon us with a purer
breath, and the stars look bright again
...
The city watch
house is a part of the building
...
Let us
see that, and then to bed
...
Do you see what they are? Do you know how drains are made
below the streets, and wherein these human sewers differ, except in being always
stagnant?
Well, he don't know
...
In God's name! shut the door upon the wretched creature who is in it now, and put its
screen before a place, quite unsurpassed in all the vice, neglect, and devilry, of the worst
old town in Europe
...
The watch is
set at seven in the evening
...
That
is the earliest hour at which the first prisoner can be released; and if an officer appear
against him, he is not taken out till nine o'clock or ten
...
What is this intolerable tolling of great bells, and crashing of wheels, and shouting in the
distance? A fire
...
And what these charred and blackened walls we stand before? A dwelling where a fire
has been
...
So, carrying that with us for our comfort, let us say, Good night, and climb upstairs to
bed
...
One of them is a Lunatic Asylum
...
The
whole structure is not yet finished, but it is already one of considerable size and extent,
and is capable of accommodating a very large number of patients
...
The
different wards might have been cleaner and better ordered; I saw nothing of that
salutary system which had impressed me so favourably elsewhere; and everything had a
lounging, listless, madhouse air, which was very painful
...
In the diningroom, a bare, dull, dreary place, with nothing for the eye to rest
on but the empty walls, a woman was locked up alone
...
If anything could have strengthened her in her resolution, it would
certainly have been the insupportable monotony of such an existence
...
I have no doubt
that the gentleman who presided over this establishment at the time I write of, was
competent to manage it, and had done all in his power to promote its usefulness: but will
it be believed that the miserable strife of Party feeling is carried even into this sad refuge
of afflicted and degraded humanity? Will it be believed that the eyes which are to watch
over and control the wanderings of minds on which the most dreadful visitation to which
our nature is exposed has fallen, must wear the glasses of some wretched side in
Politics? Will it be believed that the governor of such a house as this, is appointed, and
deposed, and changed perpetually, as Parties fluctuate and vary, and as their despicable
weathercocks are blown this way or that? A hundred times in every week, some new
most paltry exhibition of that narrowminded and injurious Party Spirit, which is the
Simoom of America, sickening and blighting everything of wholesome life within its
reach, was forced upon my notice; but I never turned my back upon it with feelings of
such deep disgust and measureless contempt, as when I crossed the threshold of this
madhouse
...
This is a large Institution also: lodging, I believe, when I was
there, nearly a thousand poor
...
But it must be
remembered that New York, as a great emporium of commerce, and as a place of general
resort, not only from all parts of the States, but from most parts of the world, has always
a large pauper population to provide for; and labours, therefore, under peculiar
difficulties in this respect
...
In the same neighbourhood is the Farm, where young orphans are nursed and bred
...
I was taken to these Institutions by water, in a boat belonging to the Island jail, and
rowed by a crew of prisoners, who were dressed in a striped uniform of black and buff,
in which they looked like faded tigers
...
It is an old prison, and quite a pioneer establishment, on the plan I have already
described
...
The
most is made, however, of the means it possesses, and it is as well regulated as such a
place can be
...
If I remember right, there
are no shops for the men, but be that as it may, the greater part of them labour in certain
stonequarries near at hand
...
Imagine these cells, some two or three hundred in
number, and in every one a man locked up; this one at his door for air, with his hands
thrust through the grate; this one in bed (in the middle of the day, remember); and this
one flung down in a heap upon the ground, with his head against the bars, like a wild
beast
...
Put the everlasting stove in the
midst; hot, and suffocating, and vaporous, as a witch's cauldron
...
The prison for the State at Sing Sing is, on the other hand, a model jail
...
In another part of the city, is the Refuge for the Destitute: an Institution whose object is
to reclaim youthful offenders, male and female, black and white, without distinction; to
teach them useful trades, apprentice them to respectable masters, and make them worthy
members of society
...
A suspicion crossed my mind during my
inspection of this noble charity, whether the superintendent had quite sufficient
knowledge of the world and worldly characters; and whether he did not commit a great
mistake in treating some young girls, who were to all intents and purposes, by their years
and their past lives, women, as though they were little children; which certainly had a
ludicrous effect in my eyes, and, or I am much mistaken, in theirs also
...
In addition to these establishments, there are in New York, excellent hospitals and
schools, literary institutions and libraries; an admirable fire department (as indeed it
should be, having constant practice), and charities of every sort and kind
...
The saddest
tomb I saw there was 'The Strangers' Grave
...
'
There are three principal theatres
...
The
third, the Olympic, is a tiny showbox for vaudevilles and burlesques
...
Mitchell, a comic actor of great quiet humour and originality,
who is well remembered and esteemed by London playgoers
...
I had almost forgotten a small summer theatre, called
Niblo's, with gardens and open air amusements attached; but I believe it is not exempt
from the general depression under which Theatrical Property, or what is humorously
called by that name, unfortunately labours
...
The climate,
as I have already intimated, is somewhat of the warmest
...
The tone of the best society in this city, is like that of Boston; here and there, it may be,
with a greater infusion of the mercantile spirit, but generally polished and refined, and
always most hospitable
...
The ladies are singularly beautiful
...
I never thought that going back to England, returning to all who are dear to me, and to
pursuits that have insensibly grown to be a part of my nature, I could have felt so much
sorrow as I endured, when I parted at last, on board this ship, with the friends who had
accompanied me from this city
...
There are those in this city who would brighten,
to me, the darkest winterday that ever glimmered and went out in Lapland; and before
whose presence even Home grew dim, when they and I exchanged that painful word
which mingles with our every thought and deed; which haunts our cradleheads in
infancy, and closes up the vista of our lives in age
...
It was a fine evening when we were
passengers in the train: and watching the bright sunset from a little window near the
door by which we sat, my attention was attracted to a remarkable appearance issuing
from the windows of the gentleman's car immediately in front of us, which I supposed
for some time was occasioned by a number of industrious persons inside, ripping open
featherbeds, and giving the feathers to the wind
...
I made acquaintance, on this journey, with a mild and modest young quaker, who opened
the discourse by informing me, in a grave whisper, that his grandfather was the inventor
of colddrawn castor oil
...
We reached the city, late that night
...
I attributed this to the sombre
influence of the night, and on rising in the morning looked out again, expecting to see its
steps and portico thronged with groups of people passing in and out
...
I hastened to inquire its name and purpose, and then my surprise
vanished
...
The stoppage of this bank, with all its ruinous consequences, had cast (as I was told on
every side) a gloom on Philadelphia, under the depressing effect of which it yet
laboured
...
It is a handsome city, but distractingly regular
...
The collar of my coat
appeared to stiffen, and the brim of my bat to expand, beneath its quakery influence
...
Philadelphia is most bountifully provided with fresh water, which is showered and jerked
about, and turned on, and poured off, everywhere
...
The river is dammed at this point,
and forced by its own power into certain high tanks or reservoirs, whence the whole city,
to the top stories of the houses, is supplied at a very trifling expense
...
Among them a most excellent Hospital a quaker
establishment, but not sectarian in the great benefits it confers; a quiet, quaint old
Library, named after Franklin; a handsome Exchange and Post Office; and so forth
...
The subject is, our Saviour healing the sick,
and it is, perhaps, as favourable a specimen of the master as can be seen anywhere
...
In the same room, there is a very characteristic and lifelike portrait by Mr
...
My stay in Philadelphia was very short, but what I saw of its society, I greatly liked
...
Near the city, is a most splendid unfinished marble structure
for the Girard College, founded by a deceased gentleman of that name and of enormous
wealth, which, if completed according to the original design, will be perhaps the richest
edifice of modern times
...
In the outskirts, stands a great prison, called the Eastern Penitentiary: conducted on a
plan peculiar to the state of Pennsylvania
...
I believe it, in its effects, to be cruel and wrong
...
I believe that very few men are capable of estimating the immense amount of
torture and agony which this dreadful punishment, prolonged for years, inflicts upon the
sufferers; and in guessing at it myself, and in reasoning from what I have seen written
upon their faces, and what to my certain knowledge they feel within, I am only the more
convinced that there is a depth of terrible endurance in it which none but the sufferers
themselves can fathom, and which no man has a right to inflict upon his fellowcreature
...
I hesitated once, debating with myself, whether, if I had the power of saying 'Yes'
or 'No,' I would allow it to be tried in certain cases, where the terms of imprisonment
were short; but now, I solemnly declare, that with no rewards or honours could I walk a
happy man beneath the open sky by day, or lie me down upon my bed at night, with the
consciousness that one human creature, for any length of time, no matter what, lay
suffering this unknown punishment in his silent cell, and I the cause, or I consenting to it
in the least degree
...
Every facility was afforded me, that the utmost courtesy could suggest
...
The perfect order of the building cannot be praised too highly,
and of the excellent motives of all who are immediately concerned in the administration
of the system, there can be no kind of question
...
Entering
it, by a wicket in the massive gate, we pursued the path before us to its other termination,
and passed into a large chamber, from which seven long passages radiate
...
Above, a gallery of cells like those below, except that they have no narrow yard attached
(as those in the ground tier have), and are somewhat smaller
...
Standing at the central point, and looking down these dreary passages, the dull repose
and quiet that prevails, is awful
...
Over the
head and face of every prisoner who comes into this melancholy house, a black hood is
drawn; and in this dark shroud, an emblem of the curtain dropped between him and the
living world, he is led to the cell from which he never again comes forth, until his whole
term of imprisonment has expired
...
He sees the prisonofficers, but with that
exception he never looks upon a human countenance, or hears a human voice
...
His name, and crime, and term of suffering, are unknown, even to the officer who
delivers him his daily food
...
Beyond these pages the prison has no record of his existence: and
though he live to be in the same cell ten weary years, he has no means of knowing, down
to the very last hour, in which part of the building it is situated; what kind of men there
are about him; whether in the long winter nights there are living people near, or he is in
some lonely corner of the great jail, with walls, and passages, and iron doors between
him and the nearest sharer in its solitary horrors
...
He has a Bible, and a slate and
pencil, and, under certain restrictions, has sometimes other books, provided for the
purpose, and pen and ink and paper
...
Fresh water is laid on in every cell, and he can draw
it at his pleasure
...
His loom, or bench, or wheel, is there; and there he
labours, sleeps and wakes, and counts the seasons as they change, and grows old
...
He had been there six years, and
was to remain, I think, three more
...
It was his second offence
...
He wore a paper hat of his own making, and was pleased to have
it noticed and commanded
...
Seeing me interested in this contrivance, he looked up at it with a great deal
of pride, and said that he had been thinking of improving it, and that he hoped the
hammer and a little piece of broken glass beside it 'would play music before long
...
One, of a female, over the door, he called 'The Lady of the Lake
...
I forget how it came about, but some allusion was made to his having a wife
...
'But you are resigned now!' said one of the gentlemen after a short pause, during which
he had resumed his former manner
...
' 'And are a better man, you
think?' 'Well, I hope so: I'm sure I hope I may be
...
A moment
afterwards he sighed heavily, put on his spectacles, and went about his work again
...
With colours procured in the same manner, he had
painted every inch of the walls and ceiling quite beautifully
...
The taste and ingenuity he had displayed in
everything were most extraordinary; and yet a more dejected, heartbroken, wretched
creature, it would be difficult to imagine
...
My heart bled for him; and when the tears ran down his cheeks,
and he took one of the visitors aside, to ask, with his trembling hands nervously
clutching at his coat to detain him, whether there was no hope of his dismal sentence
being commuted, the spectacle was really too painful to witness
...
In a third cell, was a tall, strong black, a burglar, working at his proper trade of making
screws and the like
...
He was not only a very dexterous thief,
but was notorious for his boldness and hardihood, and for the number of his previous
convictions
...
This fellow, upon the slightest
encouragement, would have mingled with his professional recollections the most
detestable cant; but I am very much mistaken if he could have surpassed the unmitigated
hypocrisy with which he declared that he blessed the day on which he came into that
prison, and that he never would commit another robbery as long as he lived
...
His room
having rather a close smell in consequence, they called to him at the door to come out
into the passage
...
He had a white rabbit in his breast; and when the little
creature, getting down upon the ground, stole back into the cell, and he, being dismissed,
crept timidly after it, I thought it would have been very hard to say in what respect the
man was the nobler animal of the two
...
There was another German who had entered the jail but
yesterday, and who started from his bed when we looked in, and pleaded, in his broken
English, very hard for work
...
There were very many of them
...
Some two or three had prisoner nurses with them, for they were very sick;
and one, a fat old negro whose leg had been taken off within the jail, had for his
attendant a classical scholar and an accomplished surgeon, himself a prisoner likewise
...
'Is there
no refuge for young criminals in Philadelphia, then?' said I
...
' Noble aristocracy in crime
There was a sailor who had been there upwards of eleven years, and who in a few
months' time would be free
...
' What does he say? Nothing
...
Does he never look men in the face, and does he always pluck at those hands of his, as
though he were bent on parting skin and bone? It is his humour: nothing more
...
It is his humour to be a helpless, crushed, and
broken man
...
In the silence and solitude of their lives they had
grown to be quite beautiful
...
One was a young girl; not twenty, as I recollect; whose snowwhite room
was hung with the work of some former prisoner, and upon whose downcast face the sun
in all its splendour shone down through the high chink in the wall, where one narrow
strip of bright blue sky was visible
...
'In a word, you are
happy here?' said one of my companions
...
But let me pass them by, for one,
more pleasant, glance of a prison on the same plan which I afterwards saw at Pittsburg
...
He had one, he said, whose time was up
next day; but he had only been a prisoner two years
...
I have
the face of this man, who was going to be released next day, before me now
...
How easy
and how natural it was for him to say that the system was a good one; and that the time
went 'pretty quick considering;' and that when a man once felt that he had offended the
law, and must satisfy it, 'he got along, somehow:' and so forth!
'What did he call you back to say to you, in that strange flutter?' I asked of my conductor,
when he had locked the door and joined me in the passage
...
'
Those boots had been taken off his feet, and put away with the rest of his clothes, two
years before!
I took that opportunity of inquiring how they conducted themselves immediately before
going out; adding that I presumed they trembled very much
...
They can't sign their names to the book;
sometimes can't even hold the pen; look about 'em without appearing to know why, or
where they are; and sometimes get up and sit down again, twenty times in a minute
...
When they get outside the gate, they stop, and look first one way and then
the other; not knowing which to take
...
'
As I walked among these solitary cells, and looked at the faces of the men within them, I
tried to picture to myself the thoughts and feelings natural to their condition
...
At first, the man is stunned
...
He throws himself upon his bed, and lies there abandoned to despair
...
'Give me some work to do, or I shall go raving mad!'
He has it; and by fits and starts applies himself to labour; but every now and then there
comes upon him a burning sense of the years that must be wasted in that stone coffin,
and an agony so piercing in the recollection of those who are hidden from his view and
knowledge, that he starts from his seat, and striding up and down the narrow room with
both hands clasped on his uplifted head, hears spirits tempting him to beat his brains out
on the wall
...
Suddenly he starts up, wondering
whether any other man is near; whether there is another cell like that on either side of
him: and listens keenly
...
He remembers to have
heard once, when he little thought of coming here himself, that the cells were so
constructed that the prisoners could not hear each other, though the officers could hear
them
...
He has no idea of
the face, but he is certain of the dark form of a stooping man
...
Day after day, and
often when he wakes up in the middle of the night, he thinks of these two men until he is
almost distracted
...
There they are always as he first imagined
them an old man on the right; a younger man upon the left whose hidden features
torture him to death, and have a mystery that makes him tremble
...
Every morning when he wakes, he hides his head beneath
the coverlet, and shudders to see the ghastly ceiling looking down upon him
...
By slow but sure degrees, the terrors of that hateful corner swell until they beset him at
all times; invade his rest, make his dreams hideous, and his nights dreadful
...
Then
he began to fear it, then to dream of it, and of men whispering its name and pointing to
it
...
Now, it is every
night the lurkingplace of a ghost: a shadow: a silent something, horrible to see, but
whether bird, or beast, or muffled human shape, he cannot tell
...
When he is in the yard, he
dreads to reenter the cell
...
If
he have the courage to stand in its place, and drive it out (he had once: being desperate),
it broods upon his bed
...
Again, by slow degrees, these horrible fancies depart from him one by one: returning
sometimes, unexpectedly, but at longer intervals, and in less alarming shapes
...
He dreams now, sometimes, of his children or
his wife, but is sure that they are dead, or have deserted him
...
Occasionally, the old agony comes
back: a very little thing will revive it; even a familiar sound, or the scent of summer
flowers in the air; but it does not last long, now: for the world without, has come to be
the vision, and this solitary life, the sad reality
...
And this is natural, and
impossible to be reasoned against, because, after his long separation from human life,
and his great suffering, any event will appear to him more probable in the contemplation,
than the being restored to liberty and his fellowcreatures
...
His broken heart may flutter for a moment, when he thinks of the world
outside, and what it might have been to him in all those lonely years, but that is all
...
Better to have hanged him
in the beginning than bring him to this pass, and send him forth to mingle with his kind,
who are his kind no more
...
I
know not what to liken it to
...
In every little chamber that I entered, and at every grate
through which I looked, I seemed to see the same appalling countenance
...
Parade before my eyes, a hundred
men, with one among them newly released from this solitary suffering, and I would
point him out
...
Whether this be
because of their better nature, which is elicited in solitude, or because of their being
gentler creatures, of greater patience and longer suffering, I do not know; but so it is
...
My firm conviction is that, independent of the mental anguish it occasions an anguish
so acute and so tremendous, that all imagination of it must fall far short of the reality it
wears the mind into a morbid state, which renders it unfit for the rough contact and busy
action of the world
...
There are
many instances on record, of men who have chosen, or have been condemned, to lives of
perfect solitude, but I scarcely remember one, even among sages of strong and vigorous
intellect, where its effect has not become apparent, in some disordered train of thought,
or some gloomy hallucination
...
But no argument
in favour of the system, can reasonably be deduced from this circumstance, although it is
very often urged
...
This is a common case
...
I remarked to those who were with me in this very establishment at Philadelphia,
that the criminals who had been there long, were deaf
...
And yet the very first prisoner to whom they appealed one of
their own selection confirmed my impression (which was unknown to him) instantly, and
said, with a genuine air it was impossible to doubt, that he couldn't think how it
happened, but he WAS growing very dull of hearing
...
In its superior efficiency as a means of reformation, compared with that other
code of regulations which allows the prisoners to work in company without
communicating together, I have not the smallest faith
...
With regard to such men as the negro burglar and the English thief, even the
most enthusiastic have scarcely any hope of their conversion
...
But when we recollect, in addition, how very
cruel and severe it is, and that a solitary life is always liable to peculiar and distinct
objections of a most deplorable nature, which have arisen here, and call to mind,
moreover, that the choice is not between this system, and a bad or illconsidered one, but
between it and another which has worked well, and is, in its whole design and practice,
excellent; there is surely more than sufficient reason for abandoning a mode of
punishment attended by so little hope or promise, and fraught, beyond dispute, with such
a host of evils
...
At one of the periodical meetings of the inspectors of this prison, a working man of
Philadelphia presented himself before the Board, and earnestly requested to be placed in
solitary confinement
...
It was pointed out to him, in reply, that the prison was
for criminals who had been tried and sentenced by the law, and could not be made
available for any such fanciful purposes; he was exhorted to abstain from intoxicating
drinks, as he surely might if he would; and received other very good advice, with which
he retired, exceedingly dissatisfied with the result of his application
...
Let us shut him up
...
' So they made him sign a statement which would prevent
his ever sustaining an action for false imprisonment, to the effect that his incarceration
was voluntary, and of his own seeking; they requested him to take notice that the officer
in attendance had orders to release him at any hour of the day or night, when he might
knock upon his door for that purpose; but desired him to understand, that once going out,
he would not be admitted any more
...
In this cell, the man, who had not the firmness to leave a glass of liquor standing
untasted on a table before him in this cell, in solitary confinement, and working every
day at his trade of shoemaking, this man remained nearly two years
...
He was digging here, one summer day, very industriously, when the wicket in the outer
gate chanced to be left open: showing, beyond, the wellremembered dusty road and
sunburnt fields
...
CHAPTER VIII WASHINGTON
...
AND THE
PRESIDENT'S HOUSE
WE left Philadelphia by steamboat, at six o'clock one very cold morning, and turned our
faces towards Washington
...
Of all grades and kinds of men that
jostle one in the public conveyances of the States, these are often the most intolerable
and the most insufferable companions
...
In the coarse familiarity of their approach, and the effrontery of their
inquisitiveness (which they are in great haste to assert, as if they panted to revenge
themselves upon the decent old restraints of home), they surpass any native specimens
that came within my range of observation: and I often grew so patriotic when I saw and
heard them, that I would cheerfully have submitted to a reasonable fine, if I could have
given any other country in the whole world, the honour of claiming them for its children
...
In all the public places of
America, this filthy custom is recognised
...
In the hospitals, the students of medicine are requested, by notices
upon the wall, to eject their tobacco juice into the boxes provided for that purpose, and
not to discolour the stairs
...
But in some parts, this custom is inseparably mixed up
with every meal and morning call, and with all the transactions of social life
...
And let him not persuade
himself (as I once did, to my shame) that previous tourists have exaggerated its extent
...
On board this steamboat, there were two young gentlemen, with shirtcollars reversed as
usual, and armed with very big walkingsticks; who planted two seats in the middle of the
deck, at a distance of some four paces apart; took out their tobaccoboxes; and sat down
opposite each other, to chew
...
This
being before breakfast, rather disposed me, I confess, to nausea; but looking attentively
at one of the expectorators, I plainly saw that he was young in chewing, and felt
inwardly uneasy, himself
...
We all sat down to a comfortable breakfast in the cabin below, where there was no more
hurry or confusion than at such a meal in England, and where there was certainly greater
politeness exhibited than at most of our stagecoach banquets
...
At noon we turned out again, to
cross a wide river in another steamboat; landed at a continuation of the railroad on the
opposite shore; and went on by other cars; in which, in the course of the next hour or so,
we crossed by wooden bridges, each a mile in length, two creeks, called respectively
Great and Little Gunpowder
...
These bridges are of wood, have no parapet, and are only just wide enough for the
passage of the trains; which, in the event of the smallest accident, wound inevitably be
plunged into the river
...
We stopped to dine at Baltimore, and being now in Maryland, were waited on, for the
first time, by slaves
...
The institution exists, perhaps, in its least repulsive and most mitigated
form in such a town as this; but it IS slavery; and though I was, with respect to it, an
innocent man, its presence filled me with a sense of shame and selfreproach
...
Being rather early, those men and boys who happened to have nothing
particular to do, and were curious in foreigners, came (according to custom) round the
carriage in which I sat; let down all the windows; thrust in their heads and shoulders;
hooked themselves on conveniently, by their elbows; and fell to comparing notes on the
subject of my personal appearance, with as much indifference as if I were a stuffed
figure
...
Some gentlemen were only satisfied by exercising their sense of touch; and the boys
(who are surprisingly precocious in America) were seldom satisfied, even by that, but
would return to the charge over and over again
...
We reached Washington at about halfpast six that evening, and had upon the way a
beautiful view of the Capitol, which is a fine building of the Corinthian order, placed
upon a noble and commanding eminence
...
Breakfast over next morning, I walk about the streets for an hour or two, and, coming
home, throw up the window in the front and back, and look out
...
Take the worst parts of the City Road and Pentonville, or the straggling outskirts of
Paris, where the houses are smallest, preserving all their oddities, but especially the
small shops and dwellings, occupied in Pentonville (but not in Washington) by
furniturebrokers, keepers of poor eatinghouses, and fanciers of birds
...
John's
Wood; put green blinds outside all the private houses, with a red curtain and a white one
in every window; plough up all the roads; plant a great deal of coarse turf in every place
where it ought NOT to be; erect three handsome buildings in stone and marble,
anywhere, but the more entirely out of everybody's way the better; call one the Post
Office; one the Patent Office, and one the Treasury; make it scorching hot in the
morning, and freezing cold in the afternoon, with an occasional tornado of wind and
dust; leave a brickfield without the bricks, in all central places where a street may
naturally be expected: and that's Washington
...
Whenever a
servant is wanted, somebody beats on this triangle from one stroke up to seven,
according to the number of the house in which his presence is required; and as all the
servants are always being wanted, and none of them ever come, this enlivening engine is
in full performance the whole day through
...
I walk to the front window, and look across the road upon a long, straggling row of
houses, one story high, terminating, nearly opposite, but a little to the left, in a
melancholy piece of waste ground with frowzy grass, which looks like a small piece of
country that has taken to drinking, and has quite lost itself
...
Under the window is a small stand of coaches, whose slavedrivers are sunning
themselves on the steps of our door, and talking idly together
...
On one a shop, which never has anything in
the window, and never has the door open is painted in large characters, 'THE CITY
LUNCH
...
At the third, which
is a very, very little tailor's shop, pants are fixed to order; or in other words, pantaloons
are made to measure
...
It is sometimes called the City of Magnificent Distances, but it might with greater
propriety be termed the City of Magnificent Intentions; for it is only on taking a bird's
eye view of it from the top of the Capitol, that one can at all comprehend the vast
designs of its projector, an aspiring Frenchman
...
One might
fancy the season over, and most of the houses gone out of town for ever with their
masters
...
Such as it is, it is likely to remain
...
It has no trade or commerce of its own: having little or no population
beyond the President and his establishment; the members of the legislature who reside
there during the session; the Government clerks and officers employed in the various
departments; the keepers of the hotels and boardinghouses; and the tradesmen who
supply their tables
...
Few people would live in Washington, I take it,
who were not obliged to reside there; and the tides of emigration and speculation, those
rapid and regardless currents, are little likely to flow at any time towards such dull and
sluggish water
...
But
there is, besides, in the centre of the building, a fine rotunda, ninetysix feet in diameter,
and ninetysix high, whose circular wall is divided into compartments, ornamented by
historical pictures
...
They were painted by Colonel Trumbull, himself a member of
Washington's staff at the time of their occurrence; from which circumstance they derive
a peculiar interest of their own
...
Greenough's large statue of
Washington has been lately placed
...
I could wish, however, to have seen it
in a better light than it can ever be viewed in, where it stands
...
In one of the ornamented portions of the
building, there is a figure of Justice; whereunto the Guide Book says, 'the artist at first
contemplated giving more of nudity, but he was warned that the public sentiment in this
country would not admit of it, and in his caution he has gone, perhaps, into the opposite
extreme
...
Let us hope that she has changed her dressmaker
since they were fashioned, and that the public sentiment of the country did not cut out
the clothes she hides her lovely figure in, just now
...
One part of the gallery is appropriated to the ladies, and
there they sit in front rows, and come in, and go out, as at a play or concert
...
It is an elegant chamber to look at, but a singularly bad one for all
purposes of hearing
...
The sittings, I need hardly
add, take place in the day; and the parliamentary forms are modelled on those of the old
country
...
' As I must, at whatever hazard, repeat
the avowal here, I will follow it up by relating my impressions on this subject in as few
words as possible
...
I have borne the House of
Commons like a man, and have yielded to no weakness, but slumber, in the House of
Lords
...
Having withstood such strong attacks upon my fortitude, it is
possible that I may be of a cold and insensible temperament, amounting to iciness, in
such matters; and therefore my impressions of the live pillars of the Capitol at
Washington must be received with such grains of allowance as this free confession may
seem to demand
...
Yes
...
There he sat, among them; not crushed by the general feeling of the
assembly, but as good a man as any
...
His was a grave offence indeed; for years
before, he had risen up and said, 'A gang of male and female slaves for sale, warranted to
breed like cattle, linked to each other by iron fetters, are passing now along the open
street beneath the windows of your Temple of Equality! Look!' But there are many
kinds of hunters engaged in the Pursuit of Happiness, and they go variously armed
...
Where sat the many legislators of coarse threats; of words and blows such as coalheavers
deal upon each other, when they forget their breeding? On every side
...
Did I recognise in this assembly, a body of men, who, applying themselves in a new
world to correct some of the falsehoods and vices of the old, purified the avenues to
Public Life, paved the dirty ways to Place and Power, debated and made laws for the
Common Good, and had no party but their Country?
I saw in them, the wheels that move the meanest perversion of virtuous Political
Machinery that the worst tools ever wrought
...
Did I see among them, the intelligence and refinement: the true, honest, patriotic heart
of America? Here and there, were drops of its blood and life, but they scarcely coloured
the stream of desperate adventurers which sets that way for profit and for pay
...
And thus this lowest of all scrambling fights goes on,
and they who in other countries would, from their intelligence and station, most aspire
to make the laws, do here recoil the farthest from that degradation
...
The foremost
among those politicians who are known in Europe, have been already described, and I
see no reason to depart from the rule I have laid down for my guidance, of abstaining
from all mention of individuals
...
They
are striking men to look at, hard to deceive, prompt to act, lions in energy, Crichtons in
varied accomplishments, Indians in fire of eye and gesture, Americans in strong and
generous impulse; and they as well represent the honour and wisdom of their country at
home, as the distinguished gentleman who is now its Minister at the British Court
sustains its highest character abroad
...
On my initiatory
visit to the House of Representatives, they divided against a decision of the chair; but
the chair won
...
' But interruptions are rare; the speaker being
usually heard in silence
...
The feature in oratory which appears to be the most practised, and
most relished, is the constant repetition of the same idea or shadow of an idea in fresh
words; and the inquiry out of doors is not, 'What did he say?' but, 'How long did he
speak?' These, however, are but enlargements of a principle which prevails elsewhere
...
Both houses are handsomely carpeted; but the state to which
these carpets are reduced by the universal disregard of the spittoon with which every
honourable member is accommodated, and the extraordinary improvements on the
pattern which are squirted and dabbled upon it in every direction, do not admit of being
described
...
It is somewhat remarkable too, at first, to say the least, to see so many honourable
members with swelled faces; and it is scarcely less remarkable to discover that this
appearance is caused by the quantity of tobacco they contrive to stow within the hollow
of the cheek
...
I was surprised to observe that even steady old chewers of great experience, are not
always good marksmen, which has rather inclined me to doubt that general proficiency
with the rifle, of which we have heard so much in England
...
On another occasion, when I dined out, and was sitting with two
ladies and some gentlemen round a fire before dinner, one of the company fell short of
the fireplace, six distinct times
...
The Patent Office at Washington, furnishes an extraordinary example of American
enterprise and ingenuity; for the immense number of models it contains are the
accumulated inventions of only five years; the whole of the previous collection having
been destroyed by fire
...
The Post Office is a very compact and very beautiful building
...
I confess that I looked
upon this as a very painful exhibition, and one by no means flattering to the national
standard of honesty and honour
...
At George Town, in the suburbs, there is a Jesuit College; delightfully situated, and, so
far as I had an opportunity of seeing, well managed
...
The
heights of this neighbourhood, above the Potomac River, are very picturesque: and are
free, I should conceive, from some of the insalubrities of Washington
...
The President's mansion is more like an English clubhouse, both within and without,
than any other kind of establishment with which I can compare it
...
My first visit to this house was on the morning after my arrival, when I was carried
thither by an official gentleman, who was so kind as to charge himself with my
presentation to the President
...
Some of these had ladies with them, to whom they were showing the
premises; others were lounging on the chairs and sofas; others, in a perfect state of
exhaustion from listlessness, were yawning drearily
...
A few were closely eyeing the
movables, as if to make quite sure that the President (who was far from popular) had not
made away with any of the furniture, or sold the fixtures for his private benefit
...
At sight of my conductor, a black in plain clothes and
yellow slippers who was gliding noiselessly about, and whispering messages in the ears
of the more impatient, made a sign of recognition, and glided off to announce him
...
But there were no such means of beguiling the time in this apartment,
which was as unpromising and tiresome as any waitingroom in one of our public
establishments, or any physician's diningroom during his hours of consultation at home
...
One, a tall, wiry, muscular old
man, from the west; sunburnt and swarthy; with a brown white hat on his knees, and a
giant umbrella resting between his legs; who sat bolt upright in his chair, frowning
steadily at the carpet, and twitching the hard lines about his mouth, as if he had made up
his mind 'to fix' the President on what he had to say, and wouldn't bate him a grain
...
A third, an oval
faced, biliouslooking man, with sleek black hair cropped close, and whiskers and beard
shaved down to blue dots, who sucked the head of a thick stick, and from time to time
took it out of his mouth, to see how it was getting on
...
A fifth did nothing but spit
...
We had not waited in this room many minutes, before the black messenger returned, and
conducted us into another of smaller dimensions, where, at a businesslike table covered
with papers, sat the President himself
...
I
thought that in his whole carriage and demeanour, he became his station singularly well
...
It was on the
occasion of one of those general assemblies which are held on certain nights, between
the hours of nine and twelve o'clock, and are called, rather oddly, Levees
...
There was a pretty dense crowd of carriages and
people in the courtyard, and so far as I could make out, there were no very clear
regulations for the taking up or setting down of company
...
But there was no confusion or disorder
...
The suite of rooms on the groundfloor were lighted up, and a military band was playing
in the hall
...
One gentleman who stood among this
group, appeared to take upon himself the functions of a master of the ceremonies
...
The great drawingroom, which I have already mentioned, and the other chambers on the
groundfloor, were crowded to excess
...
But the decorum and propriety of behaviour which prevailed,
were unbroken by any rude or disagreeable incident; and every man, even among the
miscellaneous crowd in the hall who were admitted without any orders or tickets to look
on, appeared to feel that he was a part of the Institution, and was responsible for its
preserving a becoming character, and appearing to the best advantage
...
I sincerely believe that in all the madness
of American politics, few public men would have been so earnestly, devotedly, and
affectionately caressed, as this most charming writer: and I have seldom respected a
public assembly more, than I did this eager throng, when I saw them turning with one
mind from noisy orators and officers of state, and flocking with a generous and honest
impulse round the man of quiet pursuits: proud in his promotion as reflecting back upon
their country: and grateful to him with their whole hearts for the store of graceful
fancies he had poured out among them
...
I had at first intended going South to Charleston
...
The advice I received in most quarters when I began to yield to my desire of travelling
towards that point of the compass was, according to custom, sufficiently cheerless: my
companion being threatened with more perils, dangers, and discomforts, than I can
remember or would catalogue if I could; but of which it will be sufficient to remark that
blowingsup in steamboats and breakingsdown in coaches were among the least
...
This was to travel south, only to Richmond in Virginia; and then to turn, and shape our
course for the Far West; whither I beseech the reader's company, in a new chapter
...
VIRGINIA ROAD, AND A BLACK DRIVER
...
BALTIMORE
...
A CANAL BOAT
WE were to proceed in the first instance by steamboat; and as it is usual to sleep on
board, in consequence of the startinghour being four o'clock in the morning, we went
down to where she lay, at that very uncomfortable time for such expeditions when
slippers are most valuable, and a familiar bed, in the perspective of an hour or two,
looks uncommonly pleasant
...
The
steamer (not unlike a child's Noah's ark in form, with the machinery on the top of the
roof) is riding lazily up and down, and bumping clumsily against the wooden pier, as the
ripple of the river trifles with its unwieldy carcase
...
There is nobody down here; and one or two dull lamps upon the steamer's decks
are the only signs of life remaining, when our coach has driven away
...
I valiantly resolve not to go to bed at all, but to walk up and down the pier till
morning
...
Then I go on board again; and
getting into the light of one of the lamps, look at my watch and think it must have
stopped; and wonder what has become of the faithful secretary whom I brought along
with me from Boston
...
I walk again, but it gets
duller and duller: the moon goes down: next June seems farther off in the dark, and the
echoes of my footsteps make me nervous
...
So I
break my staunch resolution, and think it may be, perhaps, as well to go to bed
...
Somehow or
other from its being so quiet, I suppose I have taken it into my head that there is
nobody there
...
I take another step forward, and
slip on the shining face of a black steward, who lies rolled in a blanket on the floor
...
Standing beside it, I count these
slumbering passengers, and get past forty
...
As the chairs are all occupied, and there is nothing else to put my clothes on, I
deposit them upon the ground: not without soiling my hands, for it is in the same
condition as the carpets in the Capitol, and from the same cause
...
That done, I let it fall on them, and on the
world: turn round: and go to sleep
...
The day is
then just breaking
...
Some are selfpossessed
directly, and some are much perplexed to make out where they are until they have
rubbed their eyes, and leaning on one elbow, looked about them
...
I am among the risers: for it is easy to feel,
without going into the fresh air, that the atmosphere of the cabin is vile in the last degree
...
The washing and dressing apparatus for the passengers generally, consists of
two jacktowels, three small wooden basins, a keg of water and a ladle to serve it out
with, six square inches of lookingglass, two ditto ditto of yellow soap, a comb and brush
for the head, and nothing for the teeth
...
Everybody stares to see me using my own; and two or three gentlemen are
strongly disposed to banter me on my prejudices, but don't
...
The sun is rising brilliantly; we are passing Mount Vernon, where Washington
lies buried; the river is wide and rapid; and its banks are beautiful
...
At eight o'clock, we breakfast in the cabin where I passed the night, but the windows and
doors are all thrown open, and now it is fresh enough
...
It is longer than a travelling breakfast with us;
more orderly, and more polite
...
Seven stagecoaches are preparing to carry us on
...
Some of the drivers are blacks,
some whites
...
The passengers are getting out of the steamboat, and into the
coaches; the luggage is being transferred in noisy wheelbarrows; the horses are
frightened, and impatient to start; the black drivers are chattering to them like so many
monkeys; and the white ones whooping like so many drovers: for the main thing to be
done in all kinds of hostlering here, is to make as much noise as possible
...
In lieu of springs, they
are hung on bands of the strongest leather
...
They
are covered with mud from the roof to the wheeltire, and have never been cleaned since
they were first built
...
1, so we belong to
coach No
...
I throw my coat on the box, and hoist my wife and her maid into the inside
...
The coach holds nine
inside, having a seat across from door to door, where we in England put our legs: so that
there is only one feat more difficult in the performance than getting in, and that is,
getting out again
...
As I
am that one, I climb up; and while they are strapping the luggage on the roof, and
heaping it into a kind of tray behind, have a good opportunity of looking at the driver
...
He is dressed in a coarse pepperandsalt suit
excessively patched and darned (particularly at the knees), grey stockings, enormous
unblacked highlow shoes, and very short trousers
...
He has a very short whip, broken in the middle
and bandaged up with string
...
The mail
takes the lead in a fourhorse waggon, and all the coaches follow in procession: headed
by No
...
By the way, whenever an Englishman would cry 'All right!' an American cries 'Go
ahead!' which is somewhat expressive of the national character of the two countries
...
The river has
a clayey bottom and is full of holes, so that half a horse is constantly disappearing
unexpectedly, and can't be found again for some time
...
A tremendous place is close before us, the black driver rolls his
eyes, screws his mouth up very round, and looks straight between the two leaders, as if
he were saying to himself, 'We have done this often before, but NOW I think we shall
have a crash
...
We come to the spot, sink down in the mire nearly to the
coach windows, tilt on one side at an angle of fortyfive degrees, and stick there
...
Then the following circumstances occur
...
'Hi!'
Nothing happens
...
BLACK DRIVER (to the horses)
...
GENTLEMAN INSIDE (looking out)
...
BLACK DRIVER (still to the horses)
...
But he immediately recovers himself, and cries (still to the horses),
'Pill!'
No effect
...
2, which rolls back
upon No
...
4, and so on, until No
...
BLACK DRIVER (louder than before)
...
BLACK DRIVER (louder than before)
...
BLACK DRIVER (recovering spirits)
...
BLACK DRIVER (with great vigour)
...
Jiddy, Jiddy
...
Ally Loo!'
Horses almost do it
...
'Lee, den
...
Hi
...
Pill
...
Leeeeee!'
They run up the bank, and go down again on the other side at a fearful pace
...
The
coach rolls frightfully
...
The mud and water fly about us
...
Suddenly we are all right by some extraordinary means,
and stop to breathe
...
The black driver recognises him
by twirling his head round and round like a harlequin, rolling his eyes, shrugging his
shoulders, and grinning from ear to ear
...
Old 'ooman at home sa:' chuckling very much
...
'Ay ay, we'll take care of the old woman
...
'
The black driver grins again, but there is another hole, and beyond that, another bank,
close before us
...
Easy den
...
Steady
...
Jiddy
...
Ally
...
And so we do the ten miles or thereabouts in two hours and a half; breaking no bones,
though bruising a great many; and in short getting through the distance, 'like a fiddle
...
The tract of country through which it takes its course was once
productive; but the soil has been exhausted by the system of employing a great amount
of slave labour in forcing crops, without strengthening the land: and it is now little
better than a sandy desert overgrown with trees
...
In this district, as in all others where slavery sits brooding, (I have frequently heard this
admitted, even by those who are its warmest advocates:) there is an air of ruin and decay
abroad, which is inseparable from the system
...
There is no look
of decent comfort anywhere
...
In the negro car belonging to the train in which we made this journey, were a mother and
her children who had just been purchased; the husband and father being left behind with
their old owner
...
The champion of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, who had bought them, rode
in the same train; and, every time we stopped, got down to see that they were safe
...
It was between six and seven o'clock in the evening, when we drove to the hotel: in
front of which, and on the top of the broad flight of steps leading to the door, two or
three citizens were balancing themselves on rockingchairs, and smoking cigars
...
The climate being a thirsty one, there was never, at any hour of the
day, a scarcity of loungers in the spacious bar, or a cessation of the mixing of cool
liquors: but they were a merrier people here, and had musical instruments playing to
them o' nights, which it was a treat to hear again
...
Although it was yet but the
middle of March, the weather in this southern temperature was extremely warm; the
peechtrees and magnolias were in full bloom; and the trees were green
...
It is a good place for such a struggle, and, like every
other spot I saw associated with any legend of that wild people now so rapidly fading
from the earth, interested me very much
...
By dint of constant
repetition, however, these constitutional sights had very little more interest for me than
so many parochial vestries; and I was glad to exchange this one for a lounge in a well
arranged public library of some ten thousand volumes, and a visit to a tobacco
manufactory, where the workmen are all slaves
...
All the tobacco thus dealt with, was in course of manufacture for
chewing; and one would have supposed there was enough in that one storehouse to have
filled even the comprehensive jaws of America
...
Many of the workmen appeared to be strong men, and it is hardly necessary to add that
they were all labouring quietly, then
...
The hour striking while I was there, some twenty sang a
hymn in parts, and sang it by no means ill; pursuing their work meanwhile
...
I said several times that I should like to see them at their meal; but
as the gentleman to whom I mentioned this desire appeared to be suddenly taken rather
deaf, I did not pursue the request
...
On the following day, I visited a plantation or farm, of about twelve hundred acres, on
the opposite bank of the river
...
All I saw of them, was, that they were very crazy,
wretched cabins, near to which groups of halfnaked children basked in the sun, or
wallowed on the dusty ground
...
The planter's house was an airy, rustic dwelling, that brought Defoe's description of such
places strongly to my recollection
...
Before the
windows was an open piazza, where, in what they call the hot weather whatever that
may be they sling hammocks, and drink and doze luxuriously
...
There are two bridges across the river: one belongs to the railroad, and the other, which
is a very crazy affair, is the private property of some old lady in the neighbourhood, who
levies tolls upon the townspeople
...
The same decay and gloom that overhang the way by which it is approached, hover
above the town of Richmond
...
Hinting gloomily at things below
the surface, these, and many other tokens of the same description, force themselves
upon the notice, and are remembered with depressing influence, when livelier features
are forgotten
...
All men who know that there are laws against
instructing slaves, of which the pains and penalties greatly exceed in their amount the
fines imposed on those who maim and torture them, must be prepared to find their faces
very low in the scale of intellectual expression
...
That
travelled creation of the great satirist's brain, who fresh from living among horses,
peered from a high casement down upon his own kind with trembling horror, was
scarcely more repelled and daunted by the sight, than those who look upon some of
these faces for the first time must surely be
...
It had been my intention to proceed by James River and Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore;
but one of the steamboats being absent from her station through some accident, and the
means of conveyance being consequently rendered uncertain, we returned to Washington
by the way we had come (there were two constables on board the steamboat, in pursuit
of runaway slaves), and halting there again for one night, went on to Baltimore next
afternoon
...
This capital of the state of Maryland is a bustling, busy town, with a great deal of traffic
of various kinds, and in particular of water commerce
...
The Washington
Monument, which is a handsome pillar with a statue on its summit; the Medical College;
and the Battle Monument in memory of an engagement with the British at North Point;
are the most conspicuous among them
...
In this latter establishment there were two curious cases
...
The
evidence was entirely circumstantial, and was very conflicting and doubtful; nor was it
possible to assign any motive which could have tempted him to the commission of so
tremendous a crime
...
The remarkable feature in the case was, that if the unfortunate deceased were not really
murdered by this own son of his, he must have been murdered by his own brother
...
On all the suspicious
points, the dead man's brother was the witness: all the explanations for the prisoner
(some of them extremely plausible) went, by construction and inference, to inculcate him
as plotting to fix the guilt upon his nephew
...
The other case, was that of a man who once went to a certain distiller's and stole a
copper measure containing a quantity of liquor
...
On coming
out of the jail, at the expiration of that term, he went back to the same distiller's, and
stole the same copper measure containing the same quantity of liquor
...
There are
only two ways of accounting for this extraordinary proceeding
...
The other that, by dint of long thinking about, it had become a
monomania with him, and had acquired a fascination which he found it impossible to
resist; swelling from an Earthly Copper Gallon into an Ethereal Golden Vat
...
Accordingly, having reduced the luggage within the smallest possible
compass (by sending back to New York, to be afterwards forwarded to us in Canada, so
much of it as was not absolutely wanted); and having procured the necessary credentials
to bankinghouses on the way; and having moreover looked for two evenings at the
setting sun, with as welldefined an idea of the country before us as if we had been going
to travel into the very centre of that planet; we left Baltimore by another railway at half
past eight in the morning, and reached the town of York, some sixty miles off, by the
early dinnertime of the Hotel which was the startingplace of the fourhorse coach,
wherein we were to proceed to Harrisburg
...
As more
passengers were waiting for us at the inndoor, the coachman observed under his breath,
in the usual selfcommunicative voice, looking the while at his mouldy harness as if it
were to that he was addressing himself,
'I expect we shall want THE BIG coach
...
My speculations were speedily set at rest,
however, for as soon as we had dined, there came rumbling up the street, shaking its
sides like a corpulent giant, a kind of barge on wheels
...
'If here ain't the Harrisburg mail at last, and dreadful bright and smart to look at too,'
cried an elderly gentleman in some excitement, 'darn my mother!'
I don't know what the sensation of being darned may be, or whether a man's mother has a
keener relish or disrelish of the process than anybody else; but if the endurance of this
mysterious ceremony by the old lady in question had depended on the accuracy of her
son's vision in respect to the abstract brightness and smartness of the Harrisburg mail,
she would certainly have undergone its infliction
...
At the door of another hotel, there was another passenger to be taken up
...
'Well, there's room enough,' replies the coachman, without getting down, or even looking
at him
...
Which another gentleman (also
inside) confirms, by predicting that the attempt to introduce any more passengers 'won't
fit nohow
...
'
The coachman employs himself in twisting the lash of his whip into a knot, and takes no
more notice of the question: clearly signifying that it is anybody's business but his, and
that the passengers would do well to fix it, among themselves
...
'
This is no matter of relief or selfcongratulation to the driver, for his immovable
philosophy is perfectly undisturbed by anything that happens in the coach
...
The exchange is
made, however, and then the passenger who has given up his seat makes a third upon the
box, seating himself in what he calls the middle; that is, with half his person on my legs,
and the other half on the driver's
...
'Golang!' cries the cap'en to his company, the horses, and away we go
...
We also parted with more of our freight at different times, so that
when we came to change horses, I was again alone outside
...
The
first was dressed like a very shabby English baker; the second like a Russian peasant:
for he wore a loose purple camlet robe, with a fur collar, tied round his waist with a
particoloured worsted sash; grey trousers; light blue gloves: and a cap of bearskin
...
I was glad to take advantage of a stoppage and get down
to stretch my legs, shake the water off my greatcoat, and swallow the usual anti
temperance recipe for keeping out the cold
...
In the course of a few miles,
however, I discovered that it had a glazed cap at one end and a pair of muddy shoes at
the other and further observation demonstrated it to be a small boy in a snuffcoloured
coat, with his arms quite pinioned to his sides, by deep forcing into his pockets
...
At last, on some occasion of our stopping, this
thing slowly upreared itself to the height of three feet six, and fixing its eyes on me,
observed in piping accents, with a complaisant yawn, half quenched in an obliging air of
friendly patronage, 'Well now, stranger, I guess you find this a'most like an English
arternoon, hey?'
The scenery, which had been tame enough at first, was, for the last ten or twelve miles,
beautiful
...
The mist, wreathing itself into a
hundred fantastic shapes, moved solemnly upon the water; and the gloom of evening
gave to all an air of mystery and silence which greatly enhanced its natural interest
...
It was profoundly dark; perplexed, with great beams, crossing and
recrossing it at every possible angle; and through the broad chinks and crevices in the
floor, the rapid river gleamed, far down below, like a legion of eyes
...
I really could not at first persuade myself as we
rumbled heavily on, filling the bridge with hollow noises, and I held down my head to
save it from the rafters above, but that I was in a painful dream; for I have often dreamed
of toiling through such places, and as often argued, even at the time, 'this cannot be
reality
...
We
were soon established in a snug hotel, which though smaller and far less splendid than
many we put up at, it raised above them all in my remembrance, by having for its
landlord the most obliging, considerate, and gentlemanly person I ever had to deal with
...
I was very much interested in looking over a number of treaties made from time to time
with the poor Indians, signed by the different chiefs at the period of their ratification, and
preserved in the office of the Secretary to the Commonwealth
...
Thus, the Great Turtle makes a crooked penandink outline of a great
turtle; the Buffalo sketches a buffalo; the War Hatchet sets a rough image of that
weapon for his mark
...
I could not but think as I looked at these feeble and tremulous productions of hands
which could draw the longest arrow to the head in a stout elkhorn bow, or split a bead or
feather with a rifleball of Crabbe's musings over the Parish Register, and the irregular
scratches made with a pen, by men who would plough a lengthy furrow straight from
end to end
...
I wonder, too, how many times the credulous Big Turtle, or trusting
Little Hatchet, had put his mark to treaties which were falsely read to him; and had
signed away, he knew not what, until it went and cast him loose upon the new
possessors of the land, a savage indeed
...
He had kindly yielded up to us his wife's own
little parlour, and when I begged that he would show them in, I saw him look with
painful apprehension at its pretty carpet; though, being otherwise occupied at the time,
the cause of his uneasiness did not occur to me
...
It still continued to rain heavily, and when we went down to the Canal Boat (for that was
the mode of conveyance by which we were to proceed) after dinner, the weather was as
unpromising and obstinately wet as one would desire to see
...
However, there it was a barge with a little house in it, viewed from the outside; and a
caravan at a fair, viewed from within: the gentlemen being accommodated, as the
spectators usually are, in one of those locomotive museums of penny wonders; and the
ladies being partitioned off by a red curtain, after the manner of the dwarfs and giants in
the same establishments, whose private lives are passed in rather close exclusiveness
...
It
brought a great many boxes, which were bumped and tossed upon the roof, almost as
painfully as if they had been deposited on one's own head, without the intervention of a
porter's knot; and several damp gentlemen, whose clothes, on their drawing round the
stove, began to steam again
...
CHAPTER X SOME FURTHER ACCOUNT OF THE CANAL
BOAT, ITS DOMESTIC ECONOMY, AND ITS PASSENGERS
...
PITTSBURG
AS it continued to rain most perseveringly, we all remained below: the damp gentlemen
round the stove, gradually becoming mildewed by the action of the fire; and the dry
gentlemen lying at full length upon the seats, or slumbering uneasily with their faces on
the tables, or walking up and down the cabin, which it was barely possible for a man of
the middle height to do, without making bald places on his head by scraping it against
the roof
...
'Will you try,' said my opposite neighbour, handing me a dish of potatoes, broken up in
milk and butter, 'will you try some of these fixings?'
There are few words which perform such various duties as this word 'fix
...
You call upon a gentleman in a country town, and
his help informs you that he is 'fixing himself' just now, but will be down directly: by
which you are to understand that he is dressing
...
You beg a porter to collect your luggage, and he entreats you not to be uneasy, for
he'll 'fix it presently:' and if you complain of indisposition, you are advised to have
recourse to Doctor Soandso, who will 'fix you' in no time
...
' And I recollect once, at a stagecoach dinner,
overhearing a very stern gentleman demand of a waiter who presented him with a plate
of underdone roastbeef, 'whether he called THAT, fixing God A'mighty's vittles?'
There is no doubt that the meal, at which the invitation was tendered to me which has
occasioned this digression, was disposed of somewhat ravenously; and that the
gentlemen thrust the broadbladed knives and the twopronged forks further down their
throats than I ever saw the same weapons go before, except in the hands of a skilful
juggler: but no man sat down until the ladies were seated; or omitted any little act of
politeness which could contribute to their comfort
...
By the time the meal was over, the rain, which seemed to have worn itself out by coming
down so fast, was nearly over too; and it became feasible to go on deck: which was a
great relief, notwithstanding its being a very small deck, and being rendered still smaller
by the luggage, which was heaped together in the middle under a tarpaulin covering;
leaving, on either side, a path so narrow, that it became a science to walk to and fro
without tumbling overboard into the canal
...
But custom
familiarises one to anything, and there were so many bridges that it took a very short
time to get used to this
...
The wet ground reeked and smoked, after the heavy fall of rain,
and the croaking of the frogs (whose noise in these parts is almost incredible) sounded as
though a million of fairy teams with bells were travelling through the air, and keeping
pace with us
...
I have mentioned my having been in some uncertainty and doubt, at first, relative to the
sleeping arrangements on board this boat
...
Looking with greater attention at these contrivances (wondering
to find such literary preparations in such a place), I descried on each shelf a sort of
microscopic sheet and blanket; then I began dimly to comprehend that the passengers
were the library, and that they were to be arranged, edgewise, on these shelves, till
morning
...
As soon as any gentleman found his number, he took possession
of it by immediately undressing himself and crawling into bed
...
As to the ladies, they were already abed, behind the red
curtain, which was carefully drawn and pinned up the centre; though as every cough, or
sneeze, or whisper, behind this curtain, was perfectly audible before it, we had still a
lively consciousness of their society
...
I found it, on after
measurement, just the width of an ordinary sheet of Bath post letterpaper; and I was at
first in some uncertainty as to the best means of getting into it
...
Luckily, I came upon my back at exactly the right
moment
...
But as I could not have got up again without a severe bodily
struggle, which might have alarmed the ladies; and as I had nowhere to go to, even if I
had; I shut my eyes upon the danger, and remained there
...
Either they carry their restlessness to such a pitch
that they never sleep at all; or they expectorate in dreams, which would be a remarkable
mingling of the real and ideal
...
Between five and six o'clock in the morning we got up, and some of us went on deck, to
give them an opportunity of taking the shelves down; while others, the morning being
very cold, crowded round the rusty stove, cherishing the newly kindled fire, and filling
the grate with those voluntary contributions of which they had been so liberal all night
...
There was a tin ladle chained to the deck,
with which every gentleman who thought it necessary to cleanse himself (many were
superior to this weakness), fished the dirty water out of the canal, and poured it into a tin
basin, secured in like manner
...
And, hanging up before a
little lookingglass in the bar, in the immediate vicinity of the bread and cheese and
biscuits, were a public comb and hairbrush
...
Some were
fond of compounding this variety, and having it all on their plates at once
...
When everybody had done with everything, the fragments were
cleared away: and one of the waiters appearing anew in the character of a barber, shaved
such of the company as desired to be shaved; while the remainder looked on, or yawned
over their newspapers
...
There was a man on board this boat, with a light freshcoloured face, and a pepperand
salt suit of clothes, who was the most inquisitive fellow that can possibly be imagined
...
He was an embodied inquiry
...
Every button in his clothes said, 'Eh? What's that? Did you speak? Say that
again, will you?' He was always wide awake, like the enchanted bride who drove her
husband frantic; always restless; always thirsting for answers; perpetually seeking and
never finding
...
I wore a fur greatcoat at that time, and before we were well clear of the wharf, he
questioned me concerning it, and its price, and where I bought it, and when, and what fur
it was, and what it weighed, and what it cost
...
I am unable to say whether this was the reason, but that coat fascinated him
afterwards; he usually kept close behind me as I walked, and moved as I moved, that he
might look at it the better; and he frequently dived into narrow places after me at the risk
of his life, that he might have the satisfaction of passing his hand up the back, and
rubbing it the wrong way
...
This was a thinfaced,
sparefigured man of middle age and stature, dressed in a dusty drabbishcoloured suit,
such as I never saw before
...
The conjunction of events which made him
famous, happened, briefly, thus
...
There are
two canal lines of passageboats; one is called The Express, and one (a cheaper one) The
Pioneer
...
We were
the Express company; but when we had crossed the mountain, and had come to the
second boat, the proprietors took it into their beads to draft all the Pioneers into it
likewise, so that we were fiveandforty at least, and the accession of passengers was not
at all of that kind which improved the prospect of sleeping at night
...
At home, I
should have protested lustily, but being a foreigner here, I held my peace
...
He cleft a path among the people on deck (we were nearly all on deck), and
without addressing anybody whomsoever, soliloquised as follows:
'This may suit YOU, this may, but it don't suit ME
...
Now! I'm from the brown forests of Mississippi, I
am, and when the sun shines on me, it does shine a little
...
No
...
I an't a Johnny Cake
...
We're rough men there
...
If Down Easters and men of
Boston raising like this, I'm glad of it, but I'm none of that raising nor of that breed
...
This company wants a little fixing, IT does
...
They won't like me, THEY won't
...
' At the end of every one of these short sentences he turned upon his heel, and walked
the other way; checking himself abruptly when he had finished another short sentence,
and turning back again
...
When we started again, some of the boldest spirits on board, made bold to say to the
obvious occasion of this improvement in our prospects, 'Much obliged to you, sir;'
whereunto the brown forester (waving his hand, and still walking up and down as
before), replied, 'No you an't
...
You may act for yourselves,
YOU may
...
Down Easters and Johnny Cakes can follow if
they please
...
I am from the brown forests of the Mississippi,
I am' and so on, as before
...
But I
never could find out that he did anything except sit there; nor did I hear him speak again
until, in the midst of the bustle and turmoil of getting the luggage ashore in the dark at
Pittsburg, I stumbled over him as he sat smoking a cigar on the cabin steps, and heard
him muttering to himself, with a short laugh of defiance, 'I an't a Johnny Cake, I an't
...
As we have not reached Pittsburg yet, however, in the order of our narrative, I may go on
to remark that breakfast was perhaps the least desirable meal of the day, as in addition to
the many savoury odours arising from the eatables already mentioned, there were whiffs
of gin, whiskey, brandy, and rum, from the little bar hard by, and a decided seasoning of
stale tobacco
...
Nor was the atmosphere quite
free from zephyr whisperings of the thirty beds which had just been cleared away, and
of which we were further and more pressingly reminded by the occasional appearance on
the tablecloth of a kind of Game, not mentioned in the Bill of Fare
...
Even the running up, barenecked, at five o'clock in the
morning, from the tainted cabin to the dirty deck; scooping up the icy water, plunging
one's head into it, and drawing it out, all fresh and glowing with the cold; was a good
thing
...
Then there were new settlements and detached logcabins and framehouses, full of
interest for strangers from an old country: cabins with simple ovens, outside, made of
clay; and lodgings for the pigs nearly as good as many of the human quarters; broken
windows, patched with wornout hats, old clothes, old boards, fragments of blankets and
paper; and homemade dressers standing in the open air without the door, whereon was
ranged the household store, not hard to count, of earthen jars and pots
...
It was quite sad and oppressive, to
come upon great tracts where settlers had been burning down the trees, and where their
wounded bodies lay about, like those of murdered creatures, while here and there some
charred and blackened giant reared aloft two withered arms, and seemed to call down
curses on his foes
...
We had left Harrisburg on Friday
...
There are ten inclined planes; five ascending,
and five descending; the carriages are dragged up the former, and let slowly down the
latter, by means of stationary engines; the comparatively level spaces between, being
traversed, sometimes by horse, and sometimes by engine power, as the case demands
...
The journey is very carefully made,
however; only two carriages travelling together; and while proper precautions are taken,
is not to be dreaded for its dangers
...
It was
amusing, too, when we had dined, and rattled down a steep pass, having no other moving
power than the weight of the carriages themselves, to see the engine released, long after
us, come buzzing down alone, like a great insect, its back of green and gold so shining in
the sun, that if it had spread a pair of wings and soared away, no one would have had
occasion, as I fancied, for the least surprise
...
On the Monday evening, furnace fires and clanking hammers on the banks of the canal,
warned us that we approached the termination of this part of our journey
...
Pittsburg is like Birmingham in England; at least its townspeople say so
...
It certainly has a great quantity of smoke hanging about it, and is
famous for its ironworks
...
It is very beautifully situated on the
Alleghany River, over which there are two bridges; and the villas of the wealthier
citizens sprinkled about the high grounds in the neighbourhood, are pretty enough
...
As usual it was full of
boarders, was very large, and had a broad colonnade to every story of the house
...
Our next point was Cincinnati: and as this was a steamboat
journey, and western steamboats usually blow up one or two a week in the season, it was
advisable to collect opinions in reference to the comparative safety of the vessels bound
that way, then lying in the river
...
She had been advertised to start positively, every day for a fortnight or so, and had not
gone yet, nor did her captain seem to have any very fixed intention on the subject
...
And if passengers be decoyed in the way of trade, and
people be inconvenienced in the way of trade, what man, who is a sharp tradesman
himself, shall say, 'We must put a stop to this?'
Impressed by the deep solemnity of the public announcement, I (being then ignorant of
these usages) was for hurrying on board in a breathless state, immediately; but receiving
private and confidential information that the boat would certainly not start until Friday,
April the First, we made ourselves very comfortable in the mean while, and went on
board at noon that day
...
CINCINNATI
THE Messenger was one among a crowd of highpressure steamboats, clustered together
by a wharfside, which, looked down upon from the rising ground that forms the
landingplace, and backed by the lofty bank on the opposite side of the river, appeared
no larger than so many floating models
...
We had, for ourselves, a tiny stateroom with two berths in it, opening out of the ladies'
cabin
...
' Nor was
this an unnecessary caution, as the occurrence and circumstances of more than one such
fatality during our stay sufficiently testified
...
If the native packets I have already described be unlike anything we are in the habit of
seeing on water, these western vessels are still more foreign to all the ideas we are
accustomed to entertain of boats
...
In the first place, they have no mast, cordage, tackle, rigging, or other such boatlike
gear; nor have they anything in their shape at all calculated to remind one of a boat's
head, stem, sides, or keel
...
There is no visible
deck, even: nothing but a long, black, ugly roof covered with burntout feathery sparks;
above which tower two iron chimneys, and a hoarse escape valve, and a glass steerage
house
...
Passing one of these boats at night, and seeing the great body of fire, exposed as I have
just described, that rages and roars beneath the frail pile of painted wood: the
machinery, not warded off or guarded in any way, but doing its work in the midst of the
crowd of idlers and emigrants and children, who throng the lower deck: under the
management, too, of reckless men whose acquaintance with its mysteries may have been
of six months' standing: one feels directly that the wonder is, not that there should be so
many fatal accidents, but that any journey should be safely made
...
A small portion of it at the stern is partitioned off for
the ladies; and the bar is at the opposite extreme
...
The washing apparatus is forward, on the deck
...
In all modes of travelling, the
American customs, with reference to the means of personal cleanliness and wholesome
ablution, are extremely negligent and filthy; and I strongly incline to the belief that a
considerable amount of illness is referable to this cause
...
There are three meals a day
...
At each, there are a great many small dishes and
plates upon the table, with very little in them; so that although there is every appearance
of a mighty 'spread,' there is seldom really more than a joint: except for those who fancy
slices of beetroot, shreds of dried beef, complicated entanglements of yellow pickle;
maize, Indian corn, applesauce, and pumpkin
...
They are generally those dyspeptic ladies and gentlemen who
eat unheardof quantities of hot corn bread (almost as good for the digestion as a
kneaded pincushion), for breakfast, and for supper
...
At dinner, there
is nothing to drink upon the table, but great jugs full of cold water
...
All the passengers are very dismal, and seem to have
tremendous secrets weighing on their minds
...
Every man sits down, dull and languid; swallows his
fare as if breakfasts, dinners, and suppers, were necessities of nature never to be coupled
with recreation or enjoyment; and having bolted his food in a gloomy silence, bolts
himself, in the same state
...
Undertakers on duty would be sprightly beside them; and a collation of
funeralbaked meats, in comparison with these meals, would be a sparkling festivity
...
There is no diversity of character
...
All down the long table, there is scarcely a man who is in
anything different from his neighbour
...
The beautiful girl, who
sits a little beyond her farther down the table there married the young man with the
dark whiskers, who sits beyond HER, only last month
...
They were
both overturned in a stagecoach the other day (a bad omen anywhere else, where
overturns are not so common), and his head, which bears the marks of a recent wound, is
bound up still
...
Further down still, sits a man who is going some miles beyond their place of destination,
to 'improve' a newlydiscovered copper mine
...
He carries its
people too
...
They, and the very few who have been left at table twenty minutes, rise, and go away
...
A fine broad river always, but in some parts much wider than in others: and then there is
usually a green island, covered with trees, dividing it into two streams
...
For miles, and miles, and miles, these solitudes are unbroken by any
sign of human life or trace of human footstep; nor is anything seen to move about them
but the blue jay, whose colour is so bright, and yet so delicate, that it looks like a flying
flower
...
It stands in the corner of the poor field of wheat, which is full of great unsightly stumps,
like earthy butchers'blocks
...
As we pass
this clearing, the settler leans upon his axe or hammer, and looks wistfully at the people
from the world
...
The dog only glances round at us, and
then looks up into his master's face again, as if he were rendered uneasy by any
suspension of the common business, and had nothing more to do with pleasurers
...
The river has washed away its banks, and
stately trees have fallen down into the stream
...
Some have just toppled over, and having earth yet
about their roots, are bathing their green heads in the river, and putting forth new shoots
and branches
...
And some were
drowned so long ago, that their bleached arms start out from the middle of the current,
and seem to try to grasp the boat, and drag it under water
...
The very river, as
though it shared one's feelings of compassion for the extinct tribes who lived so
pleasantly here, in their blessed ignorance of white existence, hundreds of years ago,
steals out of its way to ripple near this mound: and there are few places where the Ohio
sparkles more brightly than in the Big Grave Creek
...
Evening slowly steals
upon the landscape and changes it before me, when we stop to set some emigrants
ashore
...
All their worldly goods are a bag, a large
chest and an old chair: one, old, highbacked, rushbottomed chair: a solitary settler in
itself
...
They are landed at the foot of a high bank, on the
summit of which are a few log cabins, attainable only by a long winding path
...
The men get out of the boat first; help out the women; take out the bag, the chest, the
chair; bid the rowers 'goodbye;' and shove the boat off for them
...
None of the others sit down, though the chest is
large enough for many seats
...
So they remain, quite still and silent: the old woman and her
old chair, in the centre the bag and chest upon the shore, without anybody heeding them
all eyes fixed upon the boat
...
There they stand yet, without
the motion of a hand
...
And
thus I slowly lose them
...
After gliding past the sombre maze of boughs for a long time, we come upon
an open space where the tall trees are burning
...
It is such a sight as we read of in legends of enchanted forests: saving
that it is sad to see these noble works wasting away so awfully, alone; and to think how
many years must come and go before the magic that created them will rear their like
upon this ground again
...
Midnight and sleep blot out these scenes and thoughts: and when the morning shines
again, it gilds the housetops of a lively city, before whose broad paved wharf the boat is
moored; with other boats, and flags, and moving wheels, and hum of men around it; as
though there were not a solitary or silent rood of ground within the compass of a
thousand miles
...
I have not often seen a
place that commends itself so favourably and pleasantly to a stranger at the first glance
as this does: with its clean houses of red and white, its wellpaved roads, and footways
of bright tile
...
The
streets are broad and airy, the shops extremely good, the private residences remarkable
for their elegance and neatness
...
The disposition to ornament these pretty villas and render them attractive,
leads to the culture of trees and flowers, and the laying out of wellkept gardens, the
sight of which, to those who walk along the streets, is inexpressibly refreshing and
agreeable
...
There happened to be a great Temperance Convention held here on the day after our
arrival; and as the order of march brought the procession under the windows of the hotel
in which we lodged, when they started in the morning, I had a good opportunity of
seeing it
...
There were bands of music too, and banners out of
number: and it was a fresh, holidaylooking concourse altogether
...
They looked
as jolly and goodhumoured as ever; and, working (here) the hardest for their living and
doing any kind of sturdy labour that came in their way, were the most independent
fellows there, I thought
...
There was
the smiting of the rock, and the gushing forth of the waters; and there was a temperate
man with 'considerable of a hatchet' (as the standardbearer would probably have said),
aiming a deadly blow at a serpent which was apparently about to spring upon him from
the top of a barrel of spirits
...
After going round the town, the procession repaired to a certain appointed place, where,
as the printed programme set forth, it would be received by the children of the different
free schools, 'singing Temperance Songs
...
The speeches, judging
from the little I could hear of them, were certainly adapted to the occasion, as having that
degree of relationship to cold water which wet blankets may claim: but the main thing
was the conduct and appearance of the audience throughout the day; and that was
admirable and full of promise
...
I was only
present in one of these establishments during the hours of instruction
...
In the girls' school, reading
was proposed; and as I felt tolerably equal to that art, I expressed my willingness to hear
a class
...
But it seemed to be a dry compilation,
infinitely above their powers; and when they had blundered through three or four dreary
passages concerning the Treaty of Amiens, and other thrilling topics of the same nature
(obviously without comprehending ten words), I expressed myself quite satisfied
...
As in every other place I visited, the judges here were gentlemen of high character and
attainments
...
A nuisance cause was trying; there were not many
spectators; and the witnesses, counsel, and jury, formed a sort of family circle,
sufficiently jocose and snug
...
The
inhabitants of Cincinnati are proud of their city as one of the most interesting in
America: and with good reason: for beautiful and thriving as it is now, and containing,
as it does, a population of fifty thousand souls, but twoandfifty years have passed
away since the ground on which it stands (bought at that time for a few dollars) was a
wild wood, and its citizens were but a handful of dwellers in scattered log huts upon the
river's shore
...
LOUIS IN ANOTHER
...
LOUIS
LEAVING Cincinnati at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, we embarked for Louisville in
the Pike steamboat, which, carrying the mails, was a packet of a much better class than
that in which we had come from Pittsburg
...
There chanced to be on board this boat, in addition to the usual dreary crowd of
passengers, one Pitchlynn, a chief of the Choctaw tribe of Indians, who SENT IN HIS
CARD to me, and with whom I had the pleasure of a long conversation
...
He had read many books; and Scott's poetry
appeared to have left a strong impression on his mind: especially the opening of The
Lady of the Lake, and the great battle scene in Marmion, in which, no doubt from the
congeniality of the subjects to his own pursuits and tastes, he had great interest and
delight
...
I might almost say
fiercely
...
On my telling him that I regretted not to see
him in his own attire, he threw up his right arm, for a moment, as though he were
brandishing some heavy weapon, and answered, as he let it fall again, that his race were
losing many things besides their dress, and would soon be seen upon the earth no more:
but he wore it at home, he added proudly
...
He had been chiefly at Washington on some
negotiations pending between his Tribe and the Government: which were not settled yet
(he said in a melancholy way), and he feared never would be: for what could a few poor
Indians do, against such wellskilled men of business as the whites? He had no love for
Washington; tired of towns and cities very soon; and longed for the Forest and the
Prairie
...
He would very much like, he said, to see England before he died; and spoke with much
interest about the great things to be seen there
...
This led us to speak of Mr
...
' Mr
...
When I told
him that supposing I went, I should not be very likely to damage the buffaloes much, he
took it as a great joke and laughed heartily
...
There were but twenty thousand of the Choctaws
left, he said, and their number was decreasing every day
...
But they were not many; and the
rest were as they always had been
...
When we shook hands at parting, I told him he must come to England, as he longed to
see the land so much: that I should hope to see him there, one day: and that I could
promise him he would be well received and kindly treated
...
He took his leave; as stately and complete a gentleman of Nature's making, as ever I
beheld; and moved among the people in the boat, another kind of being
...
There was nothing very interesting in the scenery of this day's journey, which brought us
at midnight to Louisville
...
The city presenting no objects of sufficient interest to detain us on our way, we resolved
to proceed next day by another steamboat, the Fulton, and to join it, about noon, at a
suburb called Portland, where it would be delayed some time in passing through a canal
...
The
buildings are smoky and blackened, from the use of bituminous coal, but an Englishman
is well used to that appearance, and indisposed to quarrel with it
...
On our way to Portland, we passed a 'Magistrate's office,' which amused me, as looking
far more like a dame school than any police establishment: for this awful Institution was
nothing but a little lazy, goodfornothing front parlour, open to the street; wherein two
or three figures (I presume the magistrate and his myrmidons) were basking in the
sunshine, the very effigies of languor and repose
...
Here, as elsewhere in these parts, the road was perfectly alive with pigs of all ages; lying
about in every direction, fast asleep
...
I had
always a sneaking kindness for these odd animals, and found a constant source of
amusement, when all others failed, in watching their proceedings
...
One young gentleman (a very delicate porker with several straws sticking about his nose,
betokening recent investigations in a dunghill) was walking deliberately on, profoundly
thinking, when suddenly his brother, who was lying in a miry hole unseen by him, rose
up immediately before his startled eyes, ghostly with damp mud
...
He started back at least three feet, gazed for a moment, and
then shot off as hard as he could go: his excessively little tail vibrating with speed and
terror like a distracted pendulum
...
There was his
brother, with the mud upon him glazing in the sun, yet staring out of the very same hole,
perfectly amazed at his proceedings! He was no sooner assured of this; and he assured
himself so carefully that one may almost say he shaded his eyes with his hand to see the
better; than he came back at a round trot, pounced upon him, and summarily took off a
piece of his tail; as a caution to him to be careful what he was about for the future, and
never to play tricks with his family any more
...
There never was a race of people who so completely gave the lie to history as these
giants, or whom all the chroniclers have so cruelly libelled
...
So decidedly are amiability and mildness their characteristics, that I confess I
look upon that youth who distinguished himself by the slaughter of these inoffensive
persons, as a falsehearted brigand, who, pretending to philanthropic motives, was
secretly influenced only by the wealth stored up within their castles, and the hope of
plunder
...
The Kentucky Giant was but another illustration of the truth of this position
...
He was only twentyfive years
old, he said, and had grown recently, for it had been found necessary to make an addition
to the legs of his inexpressibles
...
He added that his health had not been good, though it
was better now; but short people are not wanting who whisper that he drinks too hard
...
He brought his gun with him, as a curiosity
...
When he had shown himself and talked a little
while, he withdrew with his pocketinstrument, and went bobbing down the cabin,
among men of six feet high and upwards, like a lighthouse walking among lampposts
...
The arrangements of the boat were like those of the Messenger, and the passengers were
of the same order of people
...
The company appeared to be
oppressed by the same tremendous concealments, and had as little capacity of enjoyment
or lightheartedness
...
Reading and writing on my knee, in our little cabin, I really dreaded
the coming of the hour that summoned us to table; and was as glad to escape from it
again, as if it had been a penance or a punishment
...
There was some relief in this boat, too, which there had not been in the other, for the
captain (a blunt, goodnatured fellow) had his handsome wife with him, who was
disposed to be lively and agreeable, as were a few other ladypassengers who had their
seats about us at the same end of the table
...
There was a magnetism of dulness in them
which would have beaten down the most facetious companion that the earth ever knew
...
Such deadly, leaden people; such systematic plodding, weary, insupportable heaviness;
such a mass of animated indigestion in respect of all that was genial, jovial, frank, social,
or hearty; never, sure, was brought together elsewhere since the world began
...
The trees were stunted in their growth; the banks were
low and flat; the settlements and log cabins fewer in number: their inhabitants more
wan and wretched than any we had encountered yet
...
Hour after
hour, the changeless glare of the hot, unwinking sky, shone upon the same monotonous
objects
...
At length, upon the morning of the third day, we arrived at a spot so much more desolate
than any we had yet beheld, that the forlornest places we had passed, were, in
comparison with it, full of interest
...
A dismal swamp, on which the halfbuilt houses rot away: cleared here and there
for the space of a few yards; and teeming, then, with rank unwholesome vegetation, in
whose baleful shade the wretched wanderers who are tempted hither, droop, and die,
and lay their bones; the hateful Mississippi circling and eddying before it, and turning off
upon its southern course a slimy monster hideous to behold; a hotbed of disease, an ugly
sepulchre, a grave uncheered by any gleam of promise: a place without one single
quality, in earth or air or water, to commend it: such is this dismal Cairo
...
The banks
low, the trees dwarfish, the marshes swarming with frogs, the wretched cabins few and
far apart, their inmates hollowcheeked and pale, the weather very hot, mosquitoes
penetrating into every crack and crevice of the boat, mud and slime on everything:
nothing pleasant in its aspect, but the harmless lightning which flickers every night upon
the dark horizon
...
When the
nights are very dark, the lookout stationed in the head of the boat, knows by the ripple
of the water if any great impediment be near at hand, and rings a bell beside him, which
is the signal for the engine to be stopped: but always in the night this bell has work to
do, and after every ring, there comes a blow which renders it no easy matter to remain in
bed
...
As the sun went down behind the
bank, the slightest blades of grass upon it seemed to become as distinctly visible as the
arteries in the skeleton of a leaf; and when, as it slowly sank, the red and golden bars
upon the water grew dimmer, and dimmer yet, as if they were sinking too; and all the
glowing colours of departing day paled, inch by inch, before the sombre night; the scene
became a thousand times more lonesome and more dreary than before, and all its
influences darkened with the sky
...
It is considered
wholesome by the natives, and is something more opaque than gruel
...
On the fourth night after leaving Louisville, we reached St
...
There was a little woman on board, with a little baby; and both little woman and little
child were cheerful, goodlooking, brighteyed, and fair to see
...
Louis, in that condition in which ladies who truly love their lords desire to be
...
Well, to be sure, there never was a little woman so full of hope, and tenderness, and love,
and anxiety, as this little woman was: and all day long she wondered whether 'He' would
be at the wharf; and whether 'He' had got her letter; and whether, if she sent the baby
ashore by somebody else, 'He' would know it, meeting it in the street: which, seeing that
he had never set eyes upon it in his life, was not very likely in the abstract, but was
probable enough, to the young mother
...
Louis, and whether she would want to go ashore the
night we reached it (but he supposed she wouldn't), and cutting many other dry jokes of
that nature
...
It was something of a blow to the little woman, that when we were within twenty miles
of our destination, it became clearly necessary to put this baby to bed
...
Then, such an oracle as she became in reference to the
localities! and such facetiousness as was displayed by the married ladies! and such
sympathy as was shown by the single ones! and such peals of laughter as the little
woman herself (who would just as soon have cried) greeted every jest with!
At last, there were the lights of St
...
I have no doubt
that in the charming inconsistency of such excitement, she stopped her ears, lest she
should hear 'Him' asking for her: but I did not see her do it
...
There were a great many boarders in it; and as many lights sparkled and
glistened from the windows down into the street below, when we drove up, as if it had
been illuminated on some occasion of rejoicing
...
Dining alone
with my wife in our own room, one day, I counted fourteen dishes on
the table at once
...
There are queer little barbers' shops and drinkinghouses too, in this quarter; and
abundance of crazy old tenements with blinking casements, such as may be seen in
Flanders
...
It is hardly necessary to say, that these consist of wharfs and warehouses, and new
buildings in all directions; and of a great many vast plans which are still 'progressing
...
The Roman Catholic religion, introduced here by the early French settlers, prevails
extensively
...
The architect of this building, is one of the reverend fathers
of the school, and the works proceed under his sole direction
...
In addition to these establishments, there is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to
Saint Francis Xavier; and a hospital, founded by the munificence of a deceased resident,
who was a member of that church
...
The Unitarian church is represented, in this remote place, as in most other parts of
America, by a gentleman of great worth and excellence
...
It is liberal in all its actions; of kind construction;
and of wide benevolence
...
A fourth is
building, and will soon be opened
...
Louis, in questioning the perfect salubrity of its climate, and in hinting that I think it
must rather dispose to fever, in the summer and autumnal seasons
...
As I had a great desire to see a Prairie before turning back from the furthest point of my
wanderings; and as some gentlemen of the town had, in their hospitable consideration, an
equal desire to gratify me; a day was fixed, before my departure, for an expedition to the
LookingGlass Prairie, which is within thirty miles of the town
...
CHAPTER XIII A JAUNT TO THE LOOKINGGLASS PRAIRIE
AND BACK
I MAY premise that the word Prairie is variously pronounced PARAAER, PAREARER,
PAROARER
...
We were fourteen in all, and all young men: indeed it is a singular though very natural
feature in the society of these distant settlements, that it is mainly composed of
adventurous persons in the prime of life, and has very few grey heads among it
...
I was called at four, that I might be certain of keeping nobody waiting; and having got
some bread and milk for breakfast, threw up the window and looked down into the street,
expecting to see the whole party busily astir, and great preparations going on below
...
I woke again at seven o'clock, and by that time the party had assembled, and were
gathered round, one light carriage, with a very stout axletree; one something on wheels
like an amateur carrier's cart; one double phaeton of great antiquity and unearthly
construction; one gig with a great hole in its back and a broken head; and one rider on
horseback who was to go on before
...
We got over the river in due course, and mustered again before a little wooden box on
wheels, hove down all aslant in a morass, with 'MERCHANT TAILOR' painted in very
large letters over the door
...
The previous day had been not to say hot, for the term is weak and lukewarm in its
power of conveying an idea of the temperature
...
But at night it had come on to rain in torrents, and all night long it had rained without
cessation
...
It
had no variety but in depth
...
The air resounded
in all directions with the loud chirping of the frogs, who, with the pigs (a coarse, ugly
breed, as unwholesomelooking as though they were the spontaneous growth of the
country), had the whole scene to themselves
...
On either side of the
track, if it deserve the name, was the thick 'bush;' and everywhere was stagnant, slimy,
rotten, filthy water
...
It consisted of one room, bareroofed and barewalled of
course, with a loft above
...
There were a couple of
young boys, too, nearly naked, lying idle by the well; and they, and he, and THE
traveller at the inn, turned out to look at us
...
On being addressed by one of the party, he drew
nearer, and said, rubbing his chin (which scraped under his horny hand like fresh gravel
beneath a nailed shoe), that he was from Delaware, and had lately bought a farm 'down
there,' pointing into one of the marshes where the stunted trees were thickest
...
Louis, to fetch his family, whom he had left behind; but he
seemed in no great hurry to bring on these incumbrances, for when we moved away, he
loitered back into the cabin, and was plainly bent on stopping there so long as his money
lasted
...
When the horses were swollen out to about twice their natural dimensions (there seems
to be an idea here, that this kind of inflation improves their going), we went forward
again, through mud and mire, and damp, and festering heat, and brake and bush,
attended always by the music of the frogs and pigs, until nearly noon, when we halted at
a place called Belleville
...
Many of them had singularly bright doors of red and yellow; for
the place had been lately visited by a travelling painter, 'who got along,' as I was told,
'by eating his way
...
The horses belonging to the bar, the judge, and witnesses, were tied to temporary racks
set up roughly in the road; by which is to be understood, a forest path, nearly kneedeep
in mud and slime
...
It was an odd, shambling, lowroofed outhouse, halfcowshed
and halfkitchen, with a coarse brown canvas tablecloth, and tin sconces stuck against
the walls, to hold candles at suppertime
...
He had
ordered 'wheatbread and chicken fixings,' in preference to 'cornbread and common
doings
...
The former
comprehends broiled ham, sausages, veal cutlets, steaks, and such other viands of that
nature as may be supposed, by a tolerably wide poetical construction, 'to fix' a chicken
comfortably in the digestive organs of any lady or gentleman
...
Crocus would that evening deliver a lecture on
Phrenology for the benefit of the Belleville public; at a charge, for admission, of so much
a head
...
It was a bare, unfurnished, comfortless room, with an unframed portrait hanging up at
the head of the bed; a likeness, I take it, of the Doctor, for the forehead was fully
displayed, and great stress was laid by the artist upon its phrenological developments
...
The room was destitute
of carpet or of curtain
...
Now, it certainly looked about the last apartment on the whole earth out of which any
man would be likely to get anything to do him good
...
Doctor Crocus is here, gentlemen, the celebrated Dr
...
Crocus has
come all this way to cure you, gentlemen
...
Crocus, it's your
fault, gentlemen, who live a little way out of the world here: not Dr
...
Walk in,
gentlemen, walk in!'
In the passage below, when I went downstairs again, was Dr
...
A crowd
had flocked in from the Court House, and a voice from among them called out to the
landlord, 'Colonel! introduce Doctor Crocus
...
Dickens,' says the colonel, 'Doctor Crocus
...
'Long in these parts, sir?' says I
...
'Do you think of soon returning to the old country?' says I
...
'Think of soon returning to the old country, sir!' repeats the Doctor
...
Doctor Crocus looks round upon the crowd to observe the effect he produces, rubs his
hands, and says, in a very loud voice:
'Not yet awhile, sir, not yet
...
I am a little too
fond of freedom for THAT, sir
...
Ha, ha! No, no! Ha, ha! None of that till one's obliged
to do it, sir
...
Many of the bystanders shake their heads in concert with the doctor, and laugh
too, and look at each other as much as to say, 'A pretty bright and firstrate sort of chap
is Crocus!' and unless I am very much mistaken, a good many people went to the lecture
that night, who never thought about phrenology, or about Doctor Crocus either, in all
their lives before
...
Pending
this ceremony, I walked into the village, where I met a fullsized dwellinghouse coming
downhill at a round trot, drawn by a score or more of oxen
...
This course decided on,
and the horses being well refreshed, we again pushed forward, and came upon the
Prairie at sunset
...
Looking towards the
setting sun, there lay, stretched out before my view, a vast expanse of level ground;
unbroken, save by one thin line of trees, which scarcely amounted to a scratch upon the
great blank; until it met the glowing sky, wherein it seemed to dip: mingling with its
rich colours, and mellowing in its distant blue
...
But
the grass was not yet high; there were bare black patches on the ground; and the few
wild flowers that the eye could see, were poor and scanty
...
I felt little of that sense of freedom and exhilaration which a
Scottish heath inspires, or even our English downs awaken
...
I felt that in traversing the Prairies, I could never
abandon myself to the scene, forgetful of all else; as I should do instinctively, were the
heather underneath my feet, or an ironbound coast beyond; but should often glance
towards the distant and frequentlyreceding line of the horizon, and wish it gained and
passed
...
We encamped near a solitary loghouse, for the sake of its water, and dined upon the
plain
...
The meal was delicious, and the entertainers were
the soul of kindness and good humour
...
Returning to Lebanon that night, we lay at the little inn at which we had halted in the
afternoon
...
Rising at five o'clock next morning, I took a walk about the village: none of the houses
were strolling about today, but it was early for them yet, perhaps: and then amused
myself by lounging in a kind of farmyard behind the tavern, of which the leading
features were, a strange jumble of rough sheds for stables; a rude colonnade, built as a
cool place of summer resort; a deep well; a great earthen mound for keeping vegetables
in, in winter time; and a pigeonhouse, whose little apertures looked, as they do in all
pigeonhouses, very much too small for the admission of the plump and swelling
breasted birds who were strutting about it, though they tried to get in never so hard
...
In the best room were two oil portraits of the kitcat size,
representing the landlord and his infant son; both looking as bold as lions, and staring
out of the canvas with an intensity that would have been cheap at any price
...
After breakfast, we started to return by a different way from that which we had taken
yesterday, and coming up at ten o'clock with an encampment of German emigrants
carrying their goods in carts, who had made a rousing fire which they were just quitting,
stopped there to refresh
...
Looming in the distance,
as we rode along, was another of the ancient Indian burialplaces, called The Monks'
Mound; in memory of a body of fanatics of the order of La Trappe, who founded a
desolate convent there, many years ago, when there were no settlers within a thousand
miles, and were all swept off by the pernicious climate: in which lamentable fatality,
few rational people will suppose, perhaps, that society experienced any very severe
deprivation
...
There was the
swamp, the bush, and the perpetual chorus of frogs, the rank unseemly growth, the
unwholesome steaming earth
...
It was a pitiful sight to
see one of these vehicles deep in the mire; the axletree broken; the wheel lying idly by
its side; the man gone miles away, to look for assistance; the woman seated among their
wandering household gods with a baby at her breast, a picture of forlorn, dejected
patience; the team of oxen crouching down mournfully in the mud, and breathing forth
such clouds of vapour from their mouths and nostrils, that all the damp mist and fog
around seemed to have come direct from them
...
Louis, and so designated in honour of the last fatal
combat fought there, which was with pistols, breast to breast
...
CHAPTER XIV RETURN TO CINCINNATI
...
SO, BY LAKE ERIE, TO THE FALLS OF NIAGARA
AS I had a desire to travel through the interior of the state of Ohio, and to 'strike the
lakes,' as the phrase is, at a small town called Sandusky, to which that route would
conduct us on our way to Niagara, we had to return from St
...
The day on which we were to take leave of St
...
The place consisted of a few poor cottages, and two or three publichouses; the state of
whose larders certainly seemed to justify the second designation of the village, for there
was nothing to eat in any of them
...
It was a neat, unpretending village tavern, and we took our repast in a quaint little room
with a bed in it, decorated with some old oil paintings, which in their time had probably
done duty in a Catholic chapel or monastery
...
The house was kept by a characteristic old couple, with whom we had
a long talk, and who were perhaps a very good sample of that kind of people in the West
...
He had all his life been restless and locomotive,
with an irresistible desire for change; and was still the son of his old self: for if he had
nothing to keep him at home, he said (slightly jerking his hat and his thumb towards the
window of the room in which the old lady sat, as we stood talking in front of the house),
he would clean up his musket, and be off to Texas tomorrow morning
...
His wife was a domesticated, kindhearted old soul, who had come with him, 'from the
queen city of the world,' which, it seemed, was Philadelphia; but had no love for this
Western country, and indeed had little reason to bear it any; having seen her children,
one by one, die here of fever, in the full prime and beauty of their youth
...
The boat appearing towards evening, we bade adieu to the poor old lady and her vagrant
spouse, and making for the nearest landingplace, were soon on board The Messenger
again, in our old cabin,
and steaming down the Mississippi
...
All that night, the bell was never silent for five minutes at a time; and after
every ring the vessel reeled again, sometimes beneath a single blow, sometimes beneath
a dozen dealt in quick succession, the lightest of which seemed more than enough to beat
in her frail keel, as though it had been piecrust
...
Sometimes the engine stopped during a long interval, and then before her and
behind, and gathering close about her on all sides, were so many of these illfavoured
obstacles that she was fairly hemmed in; the centre of a floating island; and was
constrained to pause until they parted, somewhere, as dark clouds will do before the
wind, and opened by degrees a channel out
...
It was moored to the bank, and on its side was painted
'Coffee House;' that being, I suppose, the floating paradise to which the people fly for
shelter when they lose their houses for a month or two beneath the hideous waters of the
Mississippi
...
Leaving it for the company of its sparkling neighbour, was like the
transition from pain to ease, or the awakening from a horrible vision to cheerful realities
...
Next day we went on in the Ben Franklin, a beautiful mail steamboat, and reached
Cincinnati shortly after midnight
...
We rested but one day at Cincinnati, and then resumed our journey to Sandusky
...
Our place of destination in the first instance is Columbus
...
We start at eight o'clock in the morning, in a great mailcoach, whose huge cheeks are so
very ruddy and plethoric, that it appears to be troubled with a tendency of blood to the
head
...
But,
wonderful to add, it is very clean and bright, being nearly new; and rattles through the
streets of Cincinnati gaily
...
Sometimes we pass a field where the strong bristling stalks of
Indian corn look like a crop of walkingsticks, and sometimes an enclosure where the
green wheat is springing up among a labyrinth of stumps; the primitive wormfence is
universal, and an ugly thing it is; but the farms are neatly kept, and, save for these
differences, one might be travelling just now in Kent
...
The coachman
dismounts and fills his bucket, and holds it to the horses' heads
...
Sometimes, when we have changed our team, there is a
difficulty in starting again, arising out of the prevalent mode of breaking a young horse:
which is to catch him, harness him against his will, and put him in a stagecoach without
further notice: but we get on somehow or other, after a great many kicks and a violent
struggle; and jog on as before again
...
The landlord of the inn is usually among them, and
seems, of all the party, to be the least connected with the business of the house
...
The frequent change of coachmen works no change or variety in the coachman's
character
...
If he be capable of smartness of any
kind, moral or physical, he has a faculty of concealing it which is truly marvellous
...
He points out nothing on the road, and seldom looks
at anything: being, to all appearance, thoroughly weary of it and of existence generally
...
The coach follows because it is attached to them and goes on wheels: not because you
are in it
...
He always chews and always spits, and never encumbers himself with a pocket
handkerchief
...
Whenever the coach stops, and you can hear the voices of the inside passengers; or
whenever any bystander addresses them, or any one among them; or they address each
other; you will hear one phrase repeated over and over and over again to the most
extraordinary extent
...
Thus:
The time is one o'clock at noon
...
The coach drives up to the door of an inn
...
Among them,
is a stout gentleman in a brown hat, swinging himself to and fro in a rockingchair on the
pavement
...
(To the stout gentleman in the rockingchair
...
(Still swinging; speaking very slowly; and without any emotion
whatever
...
STRAW HAT
...
BROWN HAT
...
STRAW HAT
...
BROWN HAT
...
STRAW HAT
...
A pause
...
STRAW HAT
...
Yes, sir
...
How did the verdict go, sir?
BROWN HAT
...
STRAW HAT
...
) Yes, sir?
BROWN HAT
...
) Yes, sir
...
(Musingly, as each gazes down the street
...
Another pause
...
BROWN HAT
...
STRAW HAT
...
) Yes, sir
...
(Looking at his watch
...
STRAW HAT
...
) Yes, sir!
BROWN HAT
...
) Yes, sir
...
(Among themselves
...
COACHMAN
...
) No it an't
...
(To the coachman
...
We were a pretty tall time
coming that last fifteen mile
...
The coachman making no reply, and plainly declining to enter into any controversy on a
subject so far removed from his sympathies and feelings, another passenger says, 'Yes,
sir;' and the gentleman in the straw hat in acknowledgment of his courtesy, says 'Yes,
sir,' to him, in return
...
'
STRAW HAT
...
Pretty loud smell of varnish, sir?
BROWN HAT
...
ALL THE OTHER INSIDE PASSENGERS
...
BROWN HAT
...
) Yes, sir
...
We dine
soon afterwards with the boarders in the house, and have nothing to drink but tea and
coffee
...
This preposterous
forcing of unpleasant drinks down the reluctant throats of travellers is not at all
uncommon in America, but I never discovered that the scruples of such wincing
landlords induced them to preserve any unusually nice balance between the quality of
their fare, and their scale of charges: on the contrary, I rather suspected them of
diminishing the one and exalting the other, by way of recompense for the loss of their
profit on the sale of spirituous liquors
...
Dinner over, we get into another vehicle which is ready at the door (for the coach has
been changed in the interval), and resume our journey; which continues through the
same kind of country until evening, when we come to the town where we are to stop for
tea and supper; and having delivered the mail bags at the Postoffice, ride through the
usual wide street, lined with the usual stores and houses (the drapers always having hung
up at their door, by way of sign, a piece of bright red cloth), to the hotel where this meal
is prepared
...
But there is a buxom hostess at the head of the table, and
opposite, a simple Welsh schoolmaster with his wife and child; who came here, on a
speculation of greater promise than performance, to teach the classics: and they are
sufficient subjects of interest until the meal is over, and another coach is ready
...
Sangrado
...
He came outside just now, and told me how that the uncle of a certain
young lady who had been spirited away and married by a certain captain, lived in these
parts; and how this uncle was so valiant and ferocious that he shouldn't wonder if he
were to follow the said captain to England, 'and shoot him down in the street wherever
he found him;' in the feasibility of which strong measure I, being for the moment rather
prone to contradiction, from feeling half asleep and very tired, declined to acquiesce:
assuring him that if the uncle did resort to it, or gratified any other little whim of the like
nature, he would find himself one morning prematurely throttled at the Old Bailey: and
that he would do well to make his will before he went, as he would certainly want it
before he had been in Britain very long
...
It sheds its light upon a
miserable waste of sodden grass, and dull trees, and squalid huts, whose aspect is forlorn
and grievous in the last degree
...
But it was purchased years ago, and as the owner cannot be discovered, the State
has been unable to reclaim it
...
We reached Columbus shortly before seven o'clock, and stayed there, to refresh, that day
and night: having excellent apartments in a very large unfinished hotel called the Neill
House, which were richly fitted with the polished wood of the black walnut, and opened
on a handsome portico and stone verandah, like rooms in some Italian mansion
...
It is the seat of the
State legislature of Ohio, and lays claim, in consequence, to some consideration and
importance
...
This extra was an ordinary fourhorse stagecoach, such as I have
described, changing horses and drivers, as the stagecoach would, but was exclusively
our own for the journey
...
It was well for us, that we were in this humour, for the road we went over that day, was
certainly enough to have shaken tempers that were not resolutely at Set Fair, down to
some inches below Stormy
...
Now,
one side was down deep in the mire, and we were holding on to the other
...
It can't be done
...
A great portion of the way was over what is called a corduroy road, which is made by
throwing trunks of trees into a marsh, and leaving them to settle there
...
It would be impossible to
experience a similar set of sensations, in any other circumstances, unless perhaps in
attempting to go up to the top of St
...
Never, never once, that day,
was the coach in any position, attitude, or kind of motion to which we are accustomed in
coaches
...
Still, it was a fine day, and the temperature was delicious, and though we had left
Summer behind us in the west, and were fast leaving Spring, we were moving towards
Niagara and home
...
As night came on, the track grew narrower and narrower, until at last it so lost itself
among the trees, that the driver seemed to find his way by instinct
...
Nor was there any
reason to dread the least danger from furious driving, inasmuch as over that broken
ground the horses had enough to do to walk; as to shying, there was no room for that;
and a herd of wild elephants could not have run away in such a wood, with such a coach
at their heels
...
These stumps of trees are a curious feature in American travelling
...
Now, there is a Grecian urn erected in the centre of a lonely field;
now there is a woman weeping at a tomb; now a very commonplace old gentleman in a
white waistcoat, with a thumb thrust into each armhole of his coat; now a student poring
on a book; now a crouching negro; now, a horse, a dog, a cannon, an armed man; a
hunchback throwing off his cloak and stepping forth into the light
...
It soon became too dark, however, even for this amusement, and the trees were so close
together that their dry branches rattled against the coach on either side, and obliged us all
to keep our heads within
...
At length, between ten and eleven o'clock at night, a few feeble lights appeared in the
distance, and Upper Sandusky, an Indian village, where we were to stay till morning, lay
before us
...
The bed
chamber to which my wife and I were shown, was a large, low, ghostly room; with a
quantity of withered branches on the hearth, and two doors without any fastening,
opposite to each other, both opening on the black night and wild country, and so
contrived, that one of them always blew the other open: a novelty in domestic
architecture, which I do not remember to have seen before, and which I was somewhat
disconcerted to have forced on my attention after getting into bed, as I had a
considerable sum in gold for our travelling expenses, in my dressingcase
...
My Boston friend climbed up to bed, somewhere in the roof, where another guest was
already snoring hugely
...
This was not a very politic step, as it turned out; for the pigs scenting him, and looking
upon the coach as a kind of pie with some manner of meat inside, grunted round it so
hideously, that he was afraid to come out again, and lay there shivering, till morning
...
The precaution, however, is quite inefficacious, for the
Indians never fail to procure liquor of a worse kind, at a dearer price, from travelling
pedlars
...
Among the company at
breakfast was a mild old gentleman, who had been for many years employed by the
United States Government in conducting negotiations with the Indians, and who had just
concluded a treaty with these people by which they bound themselves, in consideration
of a certain annual sum, to remove next year to some land provided for them, west of the
Mississippi, and a little way beyond St
...
He gave me a moving account of their
strong attachment to the familiar scenes of their infancy, and in particular to the burial
places of their kindred; and of their great reluctance to leave them
...
The question whether this tribe should go or stay, had been discussed among
them a day or two before, in a hut erected for the purpose, the logs of which still lay
upon the ground before the inn
...
The moment the result
was known, the minority (a large one) cheerfully yielded to the rest, and withdrew all
kind of opposition
...
They were so
like the meaner sort of gipsies, that if I could have seen any of them in England, I should
have concluded, as a matter of course, that they belonged to that wandering and restless
people
...
At two o'clock we took the railroad; the travelling on which was very slow,
its construction being indifferent, and the ground wet and marshy; and arrived at
Sandusky in time to dine that evening
...
The town, which was sluggish and
uninteresting enough, was something like the back of an English wateringplace, out of
the season
...
' When I say that he constantly walked in and out of the room
with his hat on; and stopped to converse in the same freeandeasy state; and lay down on
our sofa, and pulled his newspaper out of his pocket, and read it at his ease; I merely
mention these traits as characteristic of the country: not at all as being matter of
complaint, or as having been disagreeable to me
...
As little inclination had I to find fault
with a funny old lady who was an upper domestic in this establishment, and who, when
she came to wait upon us at any meal, sat herself down comfortably in the most
convenient chair, and producing a large pin to pick her teeth with, remained performing
that ceremony, and steadfastly regarding us meanwhile with much gravity and
composure (now and then pressing us to eat a little more), until it was time to clear
away
...
We were taking an early dinner at this house, on the day after our arrival, which was
Sunday, when a steamboat came in sight, and presently touched at the wharf
...
She was a large vessel of five hundred tons, and handsomely fitted up, though with high
pressure engines; which always conveyed that kind of feeling to me, which I should be
likely to experience, I think, if I had lodgings on the firstfloor of a powdermill
...
The
captain coming up to have a little conversation, and to introduce a friend, seated himself
astride of one of these barrels, like a Bacchus of private life; and pulling a great clasp
knife out of his pocket, began to 'whittle' it as he talked, by paring thin slices off the
edges
...
After calling at one or two flat places, with low dams stretching out into the lake,
whereon were stumpy lighthouses, like windmills without sails, the whole looking like a
Dutch vignette, we came at midnight to Cleveland, where we lay all night, and until nine
o'clock next morning
...
Webster did his duty in the
approaching negotiations, and sent the English Lord home again in double quick time,
they should, within two years, sing 'Yankee Doodle in Hyde Park, and Hail Columbia in
the scarlet courts of Westminster!' I found it a pretty town, and had the satisfaction of
beholding the outside of the office of the journal from which I have just quoted
...
There was a gentleman on board, to whom, as I unintentionally learned through the thin
partition which divided our stateroom from the cabin in which he and his wife
conversed together, I was unwittingly the occasion of very great uneasiness
...
First of all I heard him say: and the most ludicrous part of the business
was, that he said it in my very ear, and could not have communicated more directly with
me, if he had leaned upon my shoulder, and whispered me: 'Boz is on board still, my
dear
...
I thought he had done with me after this, but I was deceived; for a long interval having
elapsed, during which I imagine him to have been turning restlessly from side to side,
and trying to go to sleep; he broke out again, with 'I suppose THAT Boz will be writing
a book byandby, and putting all our names in it!' at which imaginary consequence of
being on board a boat with Boz, he groaned, and became silent
...
Between
five and six next morning, we arrived at Buffalo, where we breakfasted; and being too
near the Great Falls to wait patiently anywhere else, we set off by the train, the same
morning at nine o'clock, to Niagara
...
Whenever the train halted, I listened for the roar; and was
constantly straining my eyes in the direction where I knew the Falls must be, from
seeing the river rolling on towards them; every moment expecting to behold the spray
...
That was all
...
The bank is very steep, and was slippery with rain, and halfmelted ice
...
We were at the foot of the American Fall
...
When we were seated in the little ferryboat, and were crossing the swollen river
immediately before both cataracts, I began to feel what it was: but I was in a manner
stunned, and unable to comprehend the vastness of the scene
...
Then, when I felt how near to my Creator I was standing, the first effect, and the
enduring one instant and lasting of the tremendous spectacle, was Peace
...
Niagara was at once stamped upon my heart, an
Image of Beauty; to remain there, changeless and indelible, until its pulses cease to beat,
for ever
...
I never
crossed the river again; for I knew there were people on the other shore, and in such a
place it is natural to shun strange company
...
I think in every quiet season now, still do those waters roll and leap, and roar and
tumble, all day long; still are the rainbows spanning them, a hundred feet below
...
Still, when the day is
gloomy, do they fall like snow, or seem to crumble away like the front of a great chalk
cliff, or roll down the rock like dense white smoke
...
CHAPTER XV IN CANADA; TORONTO; KINGSTON;
MONTREAL; QUEBEC; ST
...
IN THE UNITED STATES
AGAIN; LEBANON; THE SHAKER VILLAGE; WEST POINT
I wish to abstain from instituting any comparison, or drawing any parallel whatever,
between the social features of the United States and those of the British Possessions in
Canada
...
But before I leave Niagara, I must advert to one disgusting circumstance which can
hardly have escaped the observation of any decent traveller who has visited the Falls
...
On the
wall of the room in which a great many of these volumes are preserved, the following
request is posted: 'Visitors will please not copy nor extract the remarks and poetical
effusions from the registers and albums kept here
...
Curious, however, after reading this
announcement, to see what kind of morsels were so carefully preserved, I turned a few
leaves, and found them scrawled all over with the vilest and the filthiest ribaldry that
ever human hogs delighted in
...
But that these should be hoarded up for the delight of their
fellowswine, and kept in a public place where any eyes may see them, is a disgrace to
the English language in which they are written (though I hope few of these entries have
been made by Englishmen), and a reproach to the English side, on which they are
preserved
...
Some of them are
large detached houses on the plain above the Falls, which were originally designed for
hotels; and in the evening time, when the women and children were leaning over the
balconies watching the men as they played at ball and other games upon the grass before
the door, they often presented a little picture of cheerfulness and animation which made
it quite a pleasure to pass that way
...
But it very rarely happens that the men who do desert, are happy or
contented afterwards; and many instances have been known in which they have
confessed their grievous disappointment, and their earnest desire to return to their old
service if they could but be assured of pardon, or lenient treatment
...
Several men
were drowned in the attempt to swim across, not long ago; and one, who had the
madness to trust himself upon a table as a raft, was swept down to the whirlpool, where
his mangled body eddied round and round some days
...
At no time during our stay there, was the wind at all
high or boisterous, but we never heard them, three miles off, even at the very quiet time
of sunset, though we often tried
...
It is approached by a road that takes its winding way among the heights by
which the town is sheltered; and seen from this point is extremely beautiful and
picturesque
...
Some vagabond, supposed to be a fellow
of the name of Lett, who is now, or who lately was, in prison as a felon, blew up this
monument two years ago, and it is now a melancholy ruin, with a long fragment of iron
railing hanging dejectedly from its top, and waving to and fro like a wild ivy branch or
broken vine stem
...
Firstly, because
it is beneath the dignity of England to allow a memorial raised in honour of one of her
defenders, to remain in this condition, on the very spot where he died
...
I was standing on the wharf at this place, watching the passengers embarking in a
steamboat which preceded that whose coming we awaited, and participating in the
anxiety with which a sergeant's wife was collecting her few goods together keeping one
distracted eye hard upon the porters, who were hurrying them on board, and the other on
a hoopless washingtub for which, as being the most utterly worthless of all her
movables, she seemed to entertain particular affection when three or four soldiers with
a recruit came up and went on board
...
He carried a small bundle over his shoulder, slung at the end of a walking
stick, and had a short pipe in his mouth
...
The soldiers rather laughed at this blade than with him: seeming to say, as they stood
straightening their canes in their hands, and looking coolly at him over their glazed
stocks, 'Go on, my boy, while you may! you'll know better byandby:' when suddenly
the novice, who had been backing towards the gangway in his noisy merriment, fell
overboard before their eyes, and splashed heavily down into the river between the vessel
and the dock
...
Almost before the man was down, their professional manner, their stiffness and
constraint, were gone, and they were filled with the most violent energy
...
But the moment they set him
upright and found that he was none the worse, they were soldiers again, looking over
their glazed stocks more composedly than ever
...
Our steamboat came up directly this had left the wharf, and soon bore us to the mouth of
the Niagara; where the stars and stripes of America flutter on one side and the Union
Jack of England on the other: and so narrow is the space between them that the sentinels
in either fort can often hear the watchword of the other country given
...
The country round this town being very flat, is bare of scenic interest; but the town itself
is full of life and motion, bustle, business, and improvement
...
Many of them
have a display of goods in their windows, such as may be seen in thriving county towns
in England; and there are some which would do no discredit to the metropolis itself
...
In the College of Upper
Canada, which is one of the public establishments of the city, a sound education in every
department of polite learning can be had, at a very moderate expense: the annual charge
for the instruction of each pupil, not exceeding nine pounds sterling
...
The first stone of a new college had been laid but a few days before, by the Governor
General
...
The town is well adapted for
wholesome exercise at all seasons, for the footways in the thoroughfares which lie
beyond the principal street, are planked like floors, and kept in very good and clean
repair
...
It is not long since guns were
discharged from a window in this town at the successful candidates in an election, and
the coachman of one of them was actually shot in the body, though not dangerously
wounded
...
Of all the colours in the rainbow, there is but one which could be so
employed: I need not say that flag was orange
...
By eight o'clock next morning, the
traveller is at the end of his journey, which is performed by steamboat upon Lake
Ontario, calling at Port Hope and Coburg, the latter a cheerful, thriving little town
...
We had no fewer
than one thousand and eighty barrels on board, between Coburg and Kingston
...
Indeed, it may be said of Kingston, that one half of it appears to be burnt down, and the
other half not to be built up
...
There is an admirable jail here, well and wisely governed, and excellently regulated, in
every respect
...
The female prisoners were occupied in needlework
...
She
acted as bearer of secret despatches for the selfstyled Patriots on Navy Island, during the
Canadian Insurrection: sometimes dressing as a girl, and carrying them in her stays;
sometimes attiring herself as a boy, and secreting them in the lining of her hat
...
Setting forth on one of her patriotic missions, she appropriated to
herself the first horse she could lay her hands on; and this offence had brought her
where I saw her
...
There is a bombproof fort here of great strength, which occupies a bold position, and is
capable, doubtless, of doing good service; though the town is much too close upon the
frontier to be long held, I should imagine, for its present purpose in troubled times
...
We left Kingston for Montreal on the tenth of May, at halfpast nine in the morning, and
proceeded in a steamboat down the St
...
The beauty of this noble stream
at almost any point, but especially in the commencement of this journey when it winds
its way among the thousand Islands, can hardly be imagined
...
In the afternoon we shot down some rapids where the river boiled and bubbled strangely,
and where the force and headlong violence of the current were tremendous
...
The number
and length of those PORTAGES, over which the roads are bad, and the travelling slow,
render the way between the towns of Montreal and Kingston, somewhat tedious
...
Lawrence shone
vividly
...
It was nearly ten
o'clock when we reached the wharf where the next steamboat lay; and went on board,
and to bed
...
The morning was ushered in by
a violent thunderstorm, and was very wet, but gradually improved and brightened up
...
I saw many of these rafts afterwards,
but never one so large
...
Lawrence, is floated down in this manner
...
At eight we landed again, and travelled by a stagecoach for four hours through a
pleasant and wellcultivated country, perfectly French in every respect: in the
appearance of the cottages; the air, language, and dress of the peasantry; the signboards
on the shops and taverns: and the Virgin's shrines, and crosses, by the wayside
...
There were Catholic Priests and Sisters of Charity
in the village streets; and images of the Saviour at the corners of crossroads, and in
other public places
...
There, we left the river, and went on by land
...
Lawrence, and is backed by some
bold heights, about which there are charming rides and drives
...
They display a great variety of very good shops; and
both in the town and suburbs there are many excellent private dwellings
...
There is a very large Catholic cathedral here, recently erected with two tall spires, of
which one is yet unfinished
...
The Government House is very superior to that at Kingston, and the town
is full of life and bustle
...
All the rides in the vicinity were made doubly
interesting by the bursting out of spring, which is here so rapid, that it is but a day's leap
from barren winter, to the blooming youth of summer
...
We made this
excursion during our stay in Montreal (which exceeded a fortnight), and were charmed
by its interest and beauty
...
It is a place not to be forgotten or mixed up in the mind with other places, or altered for a
moment in the crowd of scenes a traveller can recall
...
The dangerous precipice along whose rocky front, Wolfe and his
brave companions climbed to glory; the Plains of Abraham, where he received his mortal
wound; the fortress so chivalrously defended by Montcalm; and his soldier's grave, dug
for him while yet alive, by the bursting of a shell; are not the least among them, or
among the gallant incidents of history
...
The city is rich in public institutions and in Catholic churches and charities, but it is
mainly in the prospect from the site of the Old Government House, and from the Citadel,
that its surpassing beauty lies
...
Lawrence sparkling and flashing in the sunlight; and the tiny ships
below the rock from which you gaze, whose distant rigging looks like spiders' webs
against the light, while casks and barrels on their decks dwindle into toys, and busy
mariners become so many puppets; all this, framed by a sunken window in the fortress
and looked at from the shadowed room within, forms one of the brightest and most
enchanting pictures that the eye can rest upon
...
If it be an entertaining lounge (as I very
often found it) to take a morning stroll upon the quay at Montreal, and see them grouped
in hundreds on the public wharfs about their chests and boxes, it is matter of deep
interest to be their fellowpassenger on one of these steamboats, and mingling with the
concourse, see and hear them unobserved
...
They were nearly all English; from Gloucestershire the greater part; and had had a long
winterpassage out; but it was wonderful to see how clean the children had been kept,
and how untiring in their love and selfdenial all the poor parents were
...
In many a noble mansion lives a man, the best of husbands and of fathers, whose
private worth in both capacities is justly lauded to the skies
...
Strip from his fair young wife her silken dress and jewels, unbind
her braided hair, stamp early wrinkles on her brow, pinch her pale cheek with care and
much privation, array her faded form in coarsely patched attire, let there be nothing but
his love to set her forth or deck her out, and you shall put it to the proof indeed
...
In lieu of the endearments of childhood
in its sweetest aspect, heap upon him all its pains and wants, its sicknesses and ills, its
fretfulness, caprice, and querulous endurance: let its prattle be, not of engaging infant
fancies, but of cold, and thirst, and hunger: and if his fatherly affection outlive all this,
and he be patient, watchful, tender; careful of his children's lives, and mindful always of
their joys and sorrows; then send him back to Parliament, and Pulpit, and to Quarter
Sessions, and when he hears fine talk of the depravity of those who live from hand to
mouth, and labour hard to do it, let him speak up, as one who knows, and tell those
holders forth that they, by parallel with such a class, should be High Angels in their
daily lives, and lay but humble siege to Heaven at last
...
* * * * * *
We left Montreal for New York again, on the thirtieth of May, crossing to La Prairie, on
the opposite shore of the St
...
John's, which is on the brink of Lake Champlain
...
But Canada has held, and always will retain, a foremost place in my remembrance
...
Advancing quietly; old differences settling
down, and being fast forgotten; public feeling and private enterprise alike in a sound and
wholesome state; nothing of flush or fever in its system, but health and vigour throbbing
in its steady pulse: it is full of hope and promise
...
The steamboats on the lakes, in their conveniences,
cleanliness, and safety; in the gentlemanly character and bearing of their captains; and in
the politeness and perfect comfort of their social regulations; are unsurpassed even by
the famous Scotch vessels, deservedly so much esteemed at home
...
There is one American boat the vessel which carried us on Lake Champlain, from St
...
This steamboat, which is called the Burlington, is a perfectly
exquisite achievement of neatness, elegance, and order
...
Captain Sherman, her commander, to whose
ingenuity and excellent taste these results are solely attributable, has bravely and
worthily distinguished himself on more than one trying occasion: not least among them,
in having the moral courage to carry British troops, at a time (during the Canadian
rebellion) when no other conveyance was open to them
...
By means of this floating palace we were soon in the United States again, and called that
evening at Burlington; a pretty town, where we lay an hour or so
...
Its width is so contracted at one point, indeed, that they are obliged to warp
round by means of a rope
...
At seven we started for New
York on board a great North River steamboat, which was so crowded with passengers
that the upper deck was like the box lobby of a theatre between the pieces, and the lower
one like Tottenham Court Road on a Saturday night
...
Tarrying here, only that day and night, to recruit after our late fatigues, we started off
once more upon our last journey in America
...
To this end, we went up the North River again, as far as the town of Hudson, and there
hired an extra to carry us to Lebanon, thirty miles distant: and of course another and a
different Lebanon from that village where I slept on the night of the Prairie trip
...
At one point, as we ascended a steep hill, athwart whose
base a railroad, yet constructing, took its course, we came upon an Irish colony
...
The best were poor protection from the weather the worst
let in the wind and rain through wide breaches in the roofs of sodden grass, and in the
walls of mud; some had neither door nor window; some had nearly fallen down, and
were imperfectly propped up by stakes and poles; all were ruinous and filthy
...
Between nine and ten o'clock at night, we arrived at Lebanon which is renowned for its
warm baths, and for a great hotel, well adapted, I have no doubt, to the gregarious taste
of those seekers after health or pleasure who repair here, but inexpressibly comfortless
to me
...
There need be baths somewhere
in the neighbourhood, for the other washing arrangements were on as limited a scale as I
ever saw, even in America: indeed, these bedrooms were so very bare of even such
common luxuries as chairs, that I should say they were not provided with enough of
anything, but that I bethink myself of our having been most bountifully bitten all night
...
That done,
we went to visit our place of destination, which was some two miles off, and the way to
which was soon indicated by a fingerpost, whereon was painted, 'To the Shaker
Village
...
Presently we came to the beginning
of the village, and alighting at the door of a house where the Shaker manufactures are
sold, and which is the headquarters of the elders, requested permission to see the Shaker
worship
...
Ranged against the wall were six or eight
stiff, highbacked chairs, and they partook so strongly of the general grimness that one
would much rather have sat on the floor than incurred the smallest obligation to any of
them
...
Being informed of our desire, he produced a newspaper wherein the body of
elders, whereof he was a member, had advertised but a few days before, that in
consequence of certain unseemly interruptions which their worship had received from
strangers, their chapel was closed to the public for the space of one year
...
We
accordingly repaired to a store in the same house and on the opposite side of the
passage, where the stock was presided over by something alive in a russet case, which
the elder said was a woman; and which I suppose WAS a woman, though I should not
have suspected it
...
As there
was no getting into this place, and nothing was to be done but walk up and down, and
look at it and the other buildings in the village (which were chiefly of wood, painted a
dark red like English barns, and composed of many stories like English factories), I have
nothing to communicate to the reader, beyond the scanty results I gleaned the while our
purchases were making,
These people are called Shakers from their peculiar form of adoration, which consists of
a dance, performed by the men and women of all ages, who arrange themselves for that
purpose in opposite parties: the men first divesting themselves of their hats and coats,
which they gravely hang against the wall before they begin; and tying a ribbon round
their shirtsleeves, as though they were going to be bled
...
The effect is said to be unspeakably
absurd: and if I may judge from a print of this ceremony which I have in my possession;
and which I am informed by those who have visited the chapel, is perfectly accurate; it
must be infinitely grotesque
...
She lives, it is said, in strict seclusion, in certain
rooms above the chapel, and is never shown to profane eyes
...
All the possessions and revenues of the settlement are thrown into a common stock,
which is managed by the elders
...
Nor is this at Lebanon
the only Shaker settlement: there are, I think, at least, three others
...
'Shaker seeds,' 'Shaker herbs,' and 'Shaker distilled waters,' are commonly announced for
sale in the shops of towns and cities
...
Consequently, Shaker beasts seldom fail to find a ready
market
...
There is no
union of the sexes, and every Shaker, male and female, is devoted to a life of celibacy
...
But that they take as
proselytes, persons so young that they cannot know their own minds, and cannot possess
much strength of resolution in this or any other respect, I can assert from my own
observation of the extreme juvenility of certain youthful Shakers whom I saw at work
among the party on the road
...
In all matters they hold their own course quietly, live in their gloomy, silent
commonwealth, and show little desire to interfere with other people
...
I so
abhor, and from my soul detest that bad spirit, no matter by what class or sect it may be
entertained, which would strip life of its healthful graces, rob youth of its innocent
pleasures, pluck from maturity and age their pleasant ornaments, and make existence but
a narrow path towards the grave: that odious spirit which, if it could have had full scope
and sway upon the earth, must have blasted and made barren the imaginations of the
greatest men, and left them, in their power of raising up enduring images before their
fellowcreatures yet unborn, no better than the beasts: that, in these very broadbrimmed
hats and very sombre coats in stiffnecked, solemnvisaged piety, in short, no matter
what its garb, whether it have cropped hair as in a Shaker village, or long nails as in a
Hindoo temple I recognise the worst among the enemies of Heaven and Earth, who
turn the water at the marriage feasts of this poor world, not into wine, but gall
...
Leaving the Shaker village with a hearty dislike of the old Shakers, and a hearty pity for
the young ones: tempered by the strong probability of their running away as they grow
older and wiser, which they not uncommonly do: we returned to Lebanon, and so to
Hudson, by the way we had come upon the previous day
...
In this beautiful place: the fairest among the fair and lovely Highlands of the North
River: shut in by deep green heights and ruined forts, and looking down upon the distant
town of Newburgh, along a glittering path of sunlit water, with here and there a skiff,
whose white sail often bends on some new tack as sudden flaws of wind come down
upon her from the gullies in the hills: hemmed in, besides, all round with memories of
Washington, and events of the revolutionary war: is the Military School of America
...
The course of education is severe, but well devised, and manly
...
The term of study at
this institution, which the State requires from all cadets, is four years; but, whether it be
from the rigid nature of the discipline, or the national impatience of restraint, or both
causes combined, not more than half the number who begin their studies here, ever
remain to finish them
...
Commissions in the service are distributed on the same principle
...
The beauty and freshness of this calm retreat, in the very dawn and greenness of summer
it was then the beginning of June were exquisite indeed
...
CHAPTER XVI THE PASSAGE HOME
I NEVER had so much interest before, and very likely I shall never have so much
interest again, in the state of the wind, as on the longlookedfor morning of Tuesday the
Seventh of June
...
The pilot had not been slow to take advantage of this favourable weather, and the ship
which yesterday had been in such a crowded dock that she might have retired from trade
for good and all, for any chance she seemed to have of going to sea, was now full sixteen
miles away
...
In the after cabin we were only fifteen passengers in all, and the greater part were from
Canada, where some of us had known each other
...
We breakfasted at eight, lunched at twelve, dined at three, and took our tea at halfpast
seven
...
By way of beguiling the
tediousness of these banquets, a select association was formed at the lower end of the
table, below the mast, to whose distinguished president modesty forbids me to make any
further allusion, which, being a very hilarious and jovial institution, was (prejudice apart)
in high favour with the rest of the community, and particularly with a black steward,
who lived for three weeks in a broad grin at the marvellous humour of these incorporated
worthies
...
In all weathers, fair or foul, calm or windy, we were every one on deck,
walking up and down in pairs, lying in the boats, leaning over the side, or chatting in a
lazy group together
...
M
...
When all these means of entertainment failed, a sail would heave in sight: looming,
perhaps, the very spirit of a ship, in the misty distance, or passing us so close that
through our glasses we could see the people on her decks, and easily make out her name,
and whither she was bound
...
For some days we
had a dead calm, or very light winds, during which the crew amused themselves with
fishing, and hooked an unlucky dolphin, who expired, in all his rainbow colours, on the
deck: an event of such importance in our barren calendar, that afterwards we dated from
the dolphin, and made the day on which he died, an era
...
While these tokens lasted, a double look
out was kept, and many dismal tales were whispered after dark, of ships that had struck
upon the ice and gone down in the night; but the wind obliging us to hold a southward
course, we saw none of them, and the weather soon grew bright and warm again
...
It was very edifying to see these
unbelievers shake their heads and frown, and hear them hold forth strongly upon
navigation: not that they knew anything about it, but that they always mistrusted the
captain in calm weather, or when the wind was adverse
...
It even became an occupation in the calm, to wonder when the wind WOULD spring up
in the favourable quarter, where, it was clearly shown by all the rules and precedents, it
ought to have sprung up long ago
...
Many gloomy looks would be cast upward through the cabin skylights
at the flapping sails while dinner was in progress; and some, growing bold in ruefulness,
predicted that we should land about the middle of July
...
The latter character carried it hollow at this
period of the voyage, and triumphed over the Sanguine One at every meal, by inquiring
where he supposed the Great Western (which left New York a week after us) was NOW:
and where he supposed the 'Cunard' steampacket was NOW: and what he thought of
sailing vessels, as compared with steamships NOW: and so beset his life with pestilent
attacks of that kind, that he too was obliged to affect despondency, for very peace and
quietude
...
We carried in the steerage nearly a hundred passengers: a little world
of poverty: and as we came to know individuals among them by sight, from looking
down upon the deck where they took the air in the daytime, and cooked their food, and
very often ate it too, we became curious to know their histories, and with what
expectations they had gone out to America, and on what errands they were going home,
and what their circumstances were
...
Some of
them had been in America but three days, some but three months, and some had gone out
in the last voyage of that very ship in which they were now returning home
...
The whole system of shipping and conveying these unfortunate persons, is one that
stands in need of thorough revision
...
All that could be done for these poor people by the great
compassion and humanity of the captain and officers was done, but they require much
more
...
It is bound, too, in common humanity, to declare that no man shall be
taken on board without his stock of provisions being previously inspected by some
proper officer, and pronounced moderately sufficient for his support upon the voyage
...
Above all it is the duty of any
Government, be it monarchy or republic, to interpose and put an end to that system by
which a firm of traders in emigrants purchase of the owners the whole 'tweendecks of a
ship, and send on board as many wretched people as they can lay hold of, on any terms
they can get, without the smallest reference to the conveniences of the steerage, the
number of berths, the slightest separation of the sexes, or anything but their own
immediate profit
...
The history of every family we had on board was pretty much the same
...
Enterprise was dull; labourers were not
wanted; jobs of work were to be got, but the payment was not
...
One of them was carrying an open letter from a young
English artisan, who had been in New York a fortnight, to a friend near Manchester,
whom he strongly urged to follow him
...
'This is the country, Jem,' said the writer
...
There is no
despotism here; that's the great thing
...
You have only to choose a trade, Jem, and be it
...
AT PRESENT I HAVEN'T QUITE MADE UP MY
MIND WHETHER TO BE A CARPENTER OR A TAILOR
...
This was
an English sailor, a smart, thoroughbuilt, English manofwar'sman from his hat to his
shoes, who was serving in the American navy, and having got leave of absence was on
his way home to see his friends
...
' Accordingly, they took his
money, but he no sooner came aboard, than he stowed his kit in the forecastle, arranged
to mess with the crew, and the very first time the hands were turned up, went aloft like a
cat, before anybody
...
For my own pleasure, mind you!'
At length and at last, the promised wind came up in right good earnest, and away we
went before it, with every stitch of canvas set, slashing through the water nobly
...
As she plunged into a foaming valley, how I loved to see the
green waves, bordered deep with white, come rushing on astern, to buoy her upward at
their pleasure, and curl about her as she stooped again, but always own her for their
haughty mistress still! On, on we flew, with changing lights upon the water, being now
in the blessed region of fleecy skies; a bright sun lighting us by day, and a bright moon
by night; the vane pointing directly homeward, alike the truthful index to the favouring
wind and to our cheerful hearts; until at sunrise, one fair Monday morning the twenty
seventh of June, I shall not easily forget the day there lay before us, old Cape Clear,
God bless it, showing, in the mist of early morning, like a cloud: the brightest and most
welcome cloud, to us, that ever hid the face of Heaven's fallen sister Home
...
There, as elsewhere,
the return of day is inseparable from some sense of renewed hope and gladness; but the
light shining on the dreary waste of water, and showing it in all its vast extent of
loneliness, presents a solemn spectacle, which even night, veiling it in darkness and
uncertainty, does not surpass
...
I recollect when I was a very young child
having a fancy that the reflection of the moon in water was a path to Heaven, trodden by
the spirits of good people on their way to God; and this old feeling often came over me
again, when I watched it on a tranquil night at sea
...
And how merry we all were, and how loyal to the George
Washington, and how full of mutual congratulations, and how venturesome in predicting
the exact hour at which we should arrive at Liverpool, may be easily imagined and
readily understood
...
The friendly breeze freshened again next day, and on we went once more before it
gallantly: descrying now and then an English ship going homeward under shortened
sail, while we, with every inch of canvas crowded on, dashed gaily past, and left her far
behind
...
Still we swept onward like a
phantom ship, and many an eager eye glanced up to where the Lookout on the mast kept
watch for Holyhead
...
Whenever it came back, the eyes of all on board, brightened
and sparkled like itself: and there we all stood, watching this revolving light upon the
rock at Holyhead, and praising it for its brightness and its friendly warning, and lauding
it, in short, above all other signal lights that ever were displayed, until it once more
glimmered faintly in the distance, far behind us
...
And presently, our sails being backed, she ran alongside; and the
hoarse pilot, wrapped and muffled in peacoats and shawls to the very bridge of his
weatherploughedup nose, stood bodily among us on the deck
...
We turned in pretty late that night, and turned out pretty early next morning
...
By eight we all sat down in one of its Hotels, to eat and
drink together for the last time
...
The country, by the railroad, seemed, as we rattled through it, like a luxuriant garden
...
CHAPTER XVI SLAVERY
THE upholders of slavery in America of the atrocities of which system, I shall not write
one word for which I have not had ample proof and warrant may be divided into three
great classes
...
The second, consists of all those owners, breeders, users, buyers and sellers of slaves,
who will, until the bloody chapter has a bloody end, own, breed, use, buy, and sell them
at all hazards: who doggedly deny the horrors of the system in the teeth of such a mass
of evidence as never was brought to bear on any other subject, and to which the
experience of every day contributes its immense amount; who would at this or any other
moment, gladly involve America in a war, civil or foreign, provided that it had for its
sole end and object the assertion of their right to perpetuate slavery, and to whip and
work and torture slaves, unquestioned by any human authority, and unassailed by any
human power; who, when they speak of Freedom, mean the Freedom to oppress their
kind, and to be savage, merciless, and cruel; and of whom every man on his own
ground, in republican America, is a more exacting, and a sterner, and a less responsible
despot than the Caliph Haroun Alraschid in his angry robe of scarlet
...
It has been sometimes urged that, in the unavailing efforts which have been made to
advance the cause of Human Freedom in the republic of America (strange cause for
history to treat of!), sufficient regard has not been had to the existence of the first class
of persons; and it has been contended that they are hardly used, in being confounded
with the second
...
Still, it is to be feared that this injustice is inseparable from the state of things with
which humanity and truth are called upon to deal
...
The ground most commonly taken by these better men among the advocates of slavery,
is this: 'It is a bad system; and for myself I would willingly get rid of it, if I could; most
willingly
...
You are deceived by the
representations of the emancipationists
...
You will say that I do not allow them to be severely treated; but I will put it to
you whether you believe that it can be a general practice to treat them inhumanly, when
it would impair their value, and would be obviously against the interests of their
masters
...
All these are roads to ruin
...
Blot out, ye friends of
slavery, from the catalogue of human passions, brutal lust, cruelty, and the abuse of
irresponsible power (of all earthly temptations the most difficult to be resisted), and
when ye have done so, and not before, we will inquire whether it be the interest of a
master to lash and maim the slaves, over whose lives and limbs he has an absolute
control!
But again: this class, together with that last one I have named, the miserable aristocracy
spawned of a false republic, lift up their voices and exclaim 'Public opinion is all
sufficient to prevent such cruelty as you denounce
...
Public opinion has
made the laws, and denied the slaves legislative protection
...
Public
opinion threatens the abolitionist with death, if he venture to the South; and drags him
with a rope about his middle, in broad unblushing noon, through the first city in the
East
...
Louis; and public opinion has to this day maintained upon the bench that
estimable judge who charged the jury, impanelled there to try his murderers, that their
most horrid deed was an act of public opinion, and being so, must not be punished by the
laws the public sentiment had made
...
Public opinion! what class of men have an immense preponderance over the rest of the
community, in their power of representing public opinion in the legislature? the slave
owners
...
Before whom do the presidential candidates bow down the most humbly, on whom do
they fawn the most fondly, and for whose tastes do they cater the most assiduously in
their servile protestations? The slaveowners always
...
'I have a great respect for the
chair,' quoth North Carolina, 'I have a great respect for the chair as an officer of the
house, and a great respect for him personally; nothing but that respect prevents me from
rushing to the table and tearing that petition which has just been presented for the
abolition of slavery in the district of Columbia, to pieces
...
' 'Let an abolitionist
come within the borders of South Carolina,' cries a third; mild Carolina's colleague; 'and
if we can catch him, we will try him, and notwithstanding the interference of all the
governments on earth, including the Federal government, we will HANG him
...
It has declared that in Washington, in that city which
takes its name from the father of American liberty, any justice of the peace may bind
with fetters any negro passing down the street and thrust him into jail: no offence on the
black man's part is necessary
...
Public opinion impowers the man of law when this is done, to
advertise the negro in the newspapers, warning his owner to come and claim him, or he
will be sold to pay the jail fees
...
No: HE IS SOLD TO
RECOMPENSE HIS JAILER
...
He has
no means of proving his freedom; has no adviser, messenger, or assistance of any sort or
kind; no investigation into his case is made, or inquiry instituted
...
This seems
incredible, even of America, but it is the law
...
'An interesting case is now on trial in the Supreme Court, arising out of the following
facts
...
While thus living, a daughter was
born to them, who grew up in the same liberty, until she married a free negro, and went
with him to reside in Pennsylvania
...
THE
OWNER SEIZED THE WOMAN AND HER CHILDREN ITS THE NIGHT, AND
CARRIED THEM TO MARYLAND
...
Woodcuts of a
runaway negro with manacled hands, crouching beneath a bluff pursuer in top boots,
who, having caught him, grasps him by the throat, agreeably diversify the pleasant text
...
' The delicate mamma, who
smiles her acquiescence in this sprightly writing as she reads the paper in her cool
piazza, quiets her youngest child who clings about her skirts, by promising the boy 'a
whip to beat the little niggers with
...
Let us try this public opinion by another test, which is important in three points of view:
first, as showing how desperately timid of the public opinion slaveowners are, in their
delicate descriptions of fugitive slaves in widely circulated newspapers; secondly, as
showing how perfectly contented the slaves are, and how very seldom they run away;
thirdly, as exhibiting their entire freedom from scar, or blemish, or any mark of cruel
infliction, as their pictures are drawn, not by lying abolitionists, but by their own
truthful masters
...
It is only
four years since the oldest among them appeared; and others of the same nature continue
to be published every day, in shoals
...
Had on a collar with one prong turned down
...
Had an iron bar on her right leg
...
Much marked with irons
...
Had on an iron band about her neck
...
Had round his neck a chain dogcollar
with "De Lampert" engraved on it
...
Has a ring of iron on his left foot
...
'
'Ran away, a negro boy named James
...
'
'Committed to jail, a man who calls his name John
...
'
'Detained at the police jail, the negro wench, Myra
...
'
'Ran away, a negro woman and two children
...
I tried to make the letter M
...
'
'One hundred dollars reward, for a negro fellow, Pompey, 40 years old
...
'
'Committed to jail, a negro man
...
'
'Ran away, a negro woman named Rachel
...
'
'Ran away, Sam
...
'
'Ran away, my negro man Dennis
...
'
'Ran away, my negro man named Simon
...
'
'Ran away, a negro named Arthur
...
'
'Twentyfive dollars reward for my man Isaac
...
'
'Ran away, a negro girl called Mary
...
'
'Ran away, negro Ben
...
A part of the bone came out
...
'
'Detained at the jail, a mulatto, named Tom
...
'
'Ran away, a negro man named Ned
...
Has a scar on the back of his neck, nearly half round, done by a knife
...
Says his name is Josiah
...
The rim of his right ear has been bit or cut off
...
He has a scar on the corner of his mouth,
two cuts on and under his arm, and the letter E on his arm
...
Has a scar on one of his arms from the bite of a dog
...
'
'Ran away, Anthony
...
'
'Fifty dollars reward for the negro Jim Blake
...
'
'Ran away, a negro woman named Maria
...
Some scars on her back
...
Has a cut on the left arm, a scar on the left
shoulder, and two upper teeth missing
...
To make them wear iron collars by day and night,
and to worry them with dogs, are practices almost too ordinary to deserve mention
...
Has holes in his ears, a scar on the right side of his
forehead, has been shot in the hind part of his legs, and is marked on the back with the
whip
...
He is much marked with
shot in his right thigh
...
'
'Brought to jail, John
...
'
'Taken up, a negro man
...
'
'Ran away, a black girl, named Mary
...
'
'Ran away, my Mulatto woman, Judy
...
'
'Ran away, my negro man, Levi
...
'
'Ran away, a negro man, NAMED WASHINGTON
...
'
'Twentyfive dollars reward for my man John
...
'
'Twentyfive dollars reward for the negro slave, Sally
...
'
'Ran away, Joe Dennis
...
'
'Ran away, negro boy, Jack
...
'
'Ran away, a negro man, named Ivory
...
'
While upon the subject of ears, I may observe that a distinguished abolitionist in New
York once received a negro's ear, which had been cut off close to the head, in a general
post letter
...
'
I could enlarge this catalogue with broken arms, and broken legs, and gashed flesh, and
missing teeth, and lacerated backs, and bites of dogs, and brands of redhot irons
innumerable: but as my readers will be sufficiently sickened and repelled already, I will
turn to another branch of the subject
...
But it may be worth while
to inquire how the slaveowners, and the class of society to which great numbers of them
belong, defer to public opinion in their conduct, not to their slaves but to each other;
how they are accustomed to restrain their passions; what their bearing is among
themselves; whether they are fierce or gentle; whether their social customs be brutal,
sanguinary, and violent, or bear the impress of civilisation and refinement
...
The italics in these
extracts, as in the foregoing, are my own
...
'HORRIBLE TRAGEDY
...
Charles C
...
Arndt, Member of the Council for Brown county, was shot dead ON THE
FLOOR OF THE COUNCIL CHAMBER, by James R
...
THE AFFAIR grew out of a nomination for Sheriff of Grant county
...
E
...
Baker was nominated and supported by Mr
...
This nomination was opposed by
Vinyard, who wanted the appointment to vest in his own brother
...
A
...
After the adjournment, Mr
...
stepped up to Vinyard, and requested him
to retract, which he refused to do, repeating the offensive words
...
Arndt then made a
blow at Vinyard, who stepped back a pace, drew a pistol, and shot him dead
...
'
'THE WISCONSIN TRAGEDY
...
C
...
Arndt, in the Legislative Hall of the Territory
...
We
have seen the account of the expulsion of James R
...
Arndt in the presence of his aged father, who was on a visit to see his
son, little dreaming that he was to witness his murder, JUDGE DUNN HAS
DISCHARGED VINYARD ON BAIL
...
Vinyard was within arm's length of Mr
...
Vinyard might at pleasure, being so near, have only wounded him,
but he chose to kill him
...
By a letter in a St
...
A Mr
...
Ross; a
brotherinlaw of the latter provided himself with one of Colt's revolving pistols, met
Mr
...
in the street, AND DISCHARGED THE CONTENTS OF FIVE OF THE
BARRELS AT HIM: EACH SHOT TAKING EFFECT
...
B
...
'
'TERRIBLE DEATH OF ROBERT POTTER
...
, we learn the frightful death of Colonel
Robert Potter
...
He sprang from
his couch, seized his gun, and, in his nightclothes, rushed from the house
...
Rose told him THAT HE INTENDED TO ACT A
GENEROUS PART, and give him a chance for his life
...
Potter started at
the word of command, and before a gun was fired he had reached the lake
...
Rose was close behind
him, and formed his men on the bank ready to shoot him as he rose
...
'We understand THAT A SEVERE RENCONTRE CAME OFF a few days since in the
Seneca Nation, between Mr
...
James Gillespie, of the mercantile firm of Thomas G
...
, of Maysville, Benton, County Ark, in which the latter was slain with a
bowieknife
...
It is said
that Major Gillespie brought on the attack with a cane
...
Loose then stabbed
Gillespie with one of those neverfailing weapons, a bowieknife
...
is much regretted, as he was a liberalminded and energetic man
...
Loose gave the first blow
...
'
'FOUL DEED
...
Baggs, late Governor of this
State, at Independence, on the night of the 6th inst
...
'Since the above was written, we received a note from the clerk of the Thames, giving
the following particulars
...
Baggs was shot by some villain on Friday, 6th inst
...
His son, a boy,
hearing a report, ran into the room, and found the Governor sitting in his chair, with his
jaw fallen down, and his head leaning back; on discovering the injury done to his father,
he gave the alarm
...
Three buck shots of a heavy load, took effect; one going through his
mouth, one into the brain, and another probably in or near the brain; all going into the
back part of the neck and head
...
'A man was suspected, and the Sheriff most probably has possession of him by this time
...
'
'RENCONTRE
...
From the Bee (New Orleans) of yesterday, we learn the following particulars
...
Major C
...
P
...
Some angry words then passed with one of the proprietors, and a
challenge followed; the friends of both parties tried to arrange the affair, but failed to do
so
...
P
...
"Are you Mr
...
"
'"Then I have to tell you that you are a " (applying an appropriate epithet)
...
"
'"But I have said I would break my cane on your shoulders
...
"
'At these words, Major Gally, having a cane in his hands, struck Mr
...
'Fears are entertained that the wound will be mortal
...
ARPIN HAS GIVEN SECURITY FOR HIS APPEARANCE AT THE CRIMINAL
COURT TO ANSWER THE CHARGE
...
'On the 27th ult
...
On the 2nd instant, there was an affray
at Carthage between A
...
Sharkey and George Goff, in which the latter was shot, and
thought mortally wounded
...
'An encounter took place in Sparta, a few days since, between the barkeeper of an hotel,
and a man named Bury
...
He
was not dead at the last accounts, but slight hopes were entertained of his recovery
...
'The clerk of the steamboat TRIBUNE informs us that another duel was fought on
Tuesday last, by Mr
...
Fall, the editor of the
Vicksburg Sentinel
...
Fall fired two pistols without effect
...
Robbins' first shot took effect in
Fall's thigh, who fell, and was unable to continue the combat
...
'An UNFORTUNATE AFFRAY occurred in Clarke county (MO
...
, which originated in settling the partnership concerns of Messrs
...
M'Kane, because of his attempting
to take possession of seven barrels of whiskey, the property of M'Kane, which had been
knocked off to M'Allister at a sheriff's sale at one dollar per barrel
...
'THIS UNFORTUNATE AFFRAY caused considerable excitement in the
neighbourhood, as both the parties were men with large families depending upon them
and stood well in the community
...
'AFFAIR OF HONOUR
...
They were attended by young gentlemen
of the same age
...
They took one fire, without any damage being sustained
by either party, except the ball of Thurston's gun passing through the crown of Hine's
hat
...
'
If the reader will picture to himself the kind of Board of Honour which amicably
adjusted the difference between these two little boys, who in any other part of the world
would have been amicably adjusted on two porters' backs and soundly flogged with
birchen rods, he will be possessed, no doubt, with as strong a sense of its ludicrous
character, as that which sets me laughing whenever its image rises up before me
...
On one theme, which is commonly before our eyes, and in respect of which our national
character is changing fast, let the plain Truth be spoken, and let us not, like dastards, beat
about the bush by hinting at the Spaniard and the fierce Italian
...
These are the weapons of Freedom
...
'
CHAPTER XVIII CONCLUDING REMARKS
THERE are many passages in this book, where I have been at some pains to resist the
temptation of troubling my readers with my own deductions and conclusions: preferring
that they should judge for themselves, from such premises as I have laid before them
...
But I may be pardoned, if on such a theme as the general character of the American
people, and the general character of their social system, as presented to a stranger's eyes,
I desire to express my own opinions in a few words, before I bring these volumes to a
close
...
Cultivation and
refinement seem but to enhance their warmth of heart and ardent enthusiasm; and it is
the possession of these latter qualities in a most remarkable degree, which renders an
educated American one of the most endearing and most generous of friends
...
These qualities are natural, I implicitly believe, to the whole people
...
It is an essential part of every national character to pique itself mightily upon its faults,
and to deduce tokens of its virtue or its wisdom from their very exaggeration
...
Yet the American citizen plumes himself upon this
spirit, even when he is sufficiently dispassionate to perceive the ruin it works; and will
often adduce it, in spite of his own reason, as an instance of the great sagacity and
acuteness of the people, and their superior shrewdness and independence
...
By repelling worthy men from your legislative assemblies, it has bred up a class of
candidates for the suffrage, who, in their very act, disgrace your Institutions and your
people's choice
...
Any man who attains a high place
among you, from the President downwards, may date his downfall from that moment; for
any printed lie that any notorious villain pens, although it militate directly against the
character and conduct of a life, appeals at once to your distrust, and is believed
...
Is this well, think you, or likely to elevate the
character of the governors or the governed, among you?'
The answer is invariably the same: 'There's freedom of opinion here, you know
...
That's how our people
come to be suspicious
...
The merits of a broken speculation, or a
bankruptcy, or of a successful scoundrel, are not gauged by its or his observance of the
golden rule, 'Do as you would be done by,' but are considered with reference to their
smartness
...
The
following dialogue I have held a hundred times: 'Is it not a very disgraceful
circumstance that such a man as Soandso should be acquiring a large property by the
most infamous and odious means, and notwithstanding all the crimes of which he has
been guilty, should be tolerated and abetted by your Citizens? He is a public nuisance, is
he not?' 'Yes, sir
...
' 'He has been kicked, and cuffed, and
caned?' 'Yes, sir
...
'
'In the name of wonder, then, what is his merit?' 'Well, sir, he is a smart man
...
The love of trade is assigned as a
reason for that comfortless custom, so very prevalent in country towns, of married
persons living in hotels, having no fireside of their own, and seldom meeting from early
morning until late at night, but at the hasty public meals
...
These three characteristics are strongly presented at every turn, full in the stranger's
view
...
Schools may be erected, East, West, North, and South; pupils be taught, and masters
reared, by scores upon scores of thousands; colleges may thrive, churches may be
crammed, temperance may be diffused, and advancing knowledge in all other forms
walk through the land with giant strides: but while the newspaper press of America is
in, or near, its present abject state, high moral improvement in that country is hopeless
...
Among the herd of journals which are published in the States, there are some, the reader
scarcely need be told, of character and credit
...
But the name of these is Few, and of the others Legion; and the
influence of the good, is powerless to counteract the moral poison of the bad
...
It is sometimes contended
I will not say strangely, for it is natural to seek excuses for such a disgrace that their
influence is not so great as a visitor would suppose
...
When any man, of any grade of desert in intellect or character, can climb to any public
distinction, no matter what, in America, without first grovelling down upon the earth,
and bending the knee before this monster of depravity; when any private excellence is
safe from its attacks; when any social confidence is left unbroken by it, or any tie of
social decency and honour is held in the least regard; when any man in that free country
has freedom of opinion, and presumes to think for himself, and speak for himself,
without humble reference to a censorship which, for its rampant ignorance and base
dishonesty, he utterly loathes and despises in his heart; when those who most acutely feel
its infamy and the reproach it casts upon the nation, and who most denounce it to each
other, dare to set their heels upon, and crush it openly, in the sight of all men: then, I
will believe that its influence is lessening, and men are returning to their manly senses
...
To those who are accustomed to the leading English journals, or to the respectable
journals of the Continent of Europe; to those who are accustomed to anything else in
print and paper; it would be impossible, without an amount of extract for which I have
neither space nor inclination, to convey an adequate idea of this frightful engine in
America
...
(1)
It would be well, there can be no doubt, for the American people as a whole, if they
loved the Real less, and the Ideal somewhat more
...
But here, I think the general
remonstrance, 'we are a new country,' which is so often advanced as an excuse for
defects which are quite unjustifiable, as being, of right, only the slow growth of an old
one, may be very reasonably urged: and I yet hope to hear of there being some other
national amusement in the United States, besides newspaper politics
...
In shrewdness of remark, and a certain castiron
quaintness, the Yankees, or people of New England, unquestionably take the lead; as
they do in most other evidences of intelligence
...
Such defects as are perceptible in the national
manners, seem, to me, to be referable, in a great degree, to this cause: which has
generated a dull, sullen persistence in coarse usages, and rejected the graces of life as
undeserving of attention
...
I cannot hold with other writers on these subjects that the prevalence of various forms of
dissent in America, is in any way attributable to the nonexistence there of an established
church: indeed, I think the temper of the people, if it admitted of such an Institution
being founded amongst them, would lead them to desert it, as a matter of course, merely
because it WAS established
...
Dissenters resort thither in great numbers, as other people do, simply because it is a land
of resort; and great settlements of them are founded, because ground can be purchased,
and towns and villages reared, where there were none of the human creation before
...
Joseph
Smith, the apostle of Mormonism, or to his benighted disciples; I have beheld religious
scenes myself in some of our populous towns which can hardly be surpassed by an
American campmeeting; and I am not aware that any instance of superstitious imposture
on the one hand, and superstitious credulity on the other, has had its origin in the United
States, which we cannot more than parallel by the precedents of Mrs
...
Thorn of Canterbury: which latter case arose,
some time after the dark ages had passed away
...
This characteristic, when it was tinctured with no foolish pride, and stopped
short of no honest service, never offended me; and I very seldom, if ever, experienced its
rude or unbecoming display
...
I wanted a pair of boots at a certain town, for I had none to travel in, but those with the
memorable cork soles, which were much too hot for the fiery decks of a steamboat
...
He very kindly
returned for answer, that he would 'look round' at six o'clock that evening
...
I complied, but looked with some
curiosity at his hat, which was still upon his head
...
Then, he sat himself down on a chair opposite to
me; rested an arm on each knee; and, leaning forward very much, took from the ground,
by a great effort, the specimen of metropolitan workmanship which I had just pulled off:
whistling, pleasantly, as he did so
...
'You an't
partickler, about this scoop in the heel, I suppose then?' says he: 'we don't foller that,
here
...
He looked at himself in the glass again; went
closer to it to dash a grain or two of dust out of the corner of his eye; and settled his
cravat
...
'Nearly ready, sir?' I inquired
...
' I kept as steady as I could, both in foot and
face; and having by this time got the dust out, and found his pencilcase, he measured
me, and made the necessary notes
...
'And this,' he said, at last, 'is an
English boot, is it? This is a London boot, eh?' 'That, sir,' I replied, 'is a London boot
...
When he had been
gone about a minute, the door reopened, and his hat and his head reappeared
...
' 'Good afternoon, sir,' said
I: and that was the end of the interview
...
In so vast a country, where there are thousands of millions of acres of
land yet unsettled and uncleared, and on every rood of which, vegetable decomposition
is annually taking place; where there are so many great rivers, and such opposite
varieties of climate; there cannot fail to be a great amount of sickness at certain seasons
...
Greater means of personal cleanliness, are indispensable to this end; the custom of
hastily swallowing large quantities of animal food, three times aday, and rushing back
to sedentary pursuits after each meal, must be changed; the gentler sex must go more
wisely clad, and take more healthful exercise; and in the latter clause, the males must be
included also
...
There is no local Legislature in America which may not study Mr
...
* * * * * *
I HAVE now arrived at the close of this book
...
It is enough for me, to know, that what I have set down in these pages, cannot cost me a
single friend on the other side of the Atlantic, who is, in anything, deserving of the name
...
I have made no reference to my reception, nor have I suffered it to influence me in what
I have written; for, in either case, I should have offered but a sorry acknowledgment,
compared with that I bear within my breast, towards those partial readers of my former
books, across the Water, who met me with an open hand, and not with one that closed
upon an iron muzzle
...
Also, to declare how astounded I have been by the amazing changes I
have seen around me on every side, changes moral, changes physical, changes in the
amount of land subdued and peopled, changes in the rise of vast new cities, changes in
the growth of older cities almost out of recognition, changes in the graces and amenities
of life, changes in the Press, without whose advancement no advancement can take
place anywhere
...
And this brings me to a point on which I
have, ever since I landed in the United States last November, observed a strict silence,
though sometimes tempted to break it, but in reference to which I will, with your good
leave, take you into my confidence now
...
Indeed, I have, now and again, been more surprised by printed news that I have read of
myself, than by any printed news that I have ever read in my present state of existence
...
But what I have intended, what I have resolved upon (and this is the
confidence I seek to place in you) is, on my return to England, in my own person, in my
own journal, to bear, for the behoof of my countrymen, such testimony to the gigantic
changes in this country as I have hinted at tonight
...
This testimony, so long as I live, and so long
as my descendants have any legal right in my books, I shall cause to be republished, as
an appendix to every copy of those two books of mine in which I have referred to
America
...
'
I said these words with the greatest earnestness that I could lay upon them, and I repeat
them in print here with equal earnestness
...
CHARLES DICKENS
...
Footnotes:
(1) NOTE TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION
...
He will find some specimens there, by no means remarkable
to any man who has been in America, but sufficiently striking to one who has not
Title: American notes
Description: AMERICAN NOTES FOR GENERAL CIRCULATION by Charles Dickens
Description: AMERICAN NOTES FOR GENERAL CIRCULATION by Charles Dickens