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DNA MICROARRAY

CONTENTS
■ Introduction
■ History

■ Principle
■ Steps involved in DNA microarray
...

■ Applications
■ Advantages

■ Disadvantages
■ Conclusion
■ Research

Introduction
■ DNA microarrays are solid supports, usually of glass or
silicon, upon which DNA is attached in an organised grid
fashion
...

■ There are several synonyms of DNA microarrays such as
DNA chips, gene chips, DNA arrays, gene arrays &
biochips
...

■ The use of miniaturized microarrays for gene expression
profiling was first reported in 1995, & a complete
eukaryotic genome (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on a
microarray was published in 1997
...


■ The property of complementary nucleic acid sequences to
specifically pair with each other by forming hydrogen bonds
between complementary nucleotide base pairs
...

■ Flourescently labeled target sequences bind to probe
sequence
...
DNA chip

2
...

3
...
Flourescent dyes
5
...
Scanner

• A DNA chip can be
manufactured to contain
thousands of DNA sequences
...


• The unknown DNA is inserted
into the chip & allow to
hybridise with DNA on the
chip
...
The bound DNA will be
detected by its flourescent dye &
analysed by a computer
...


■ DESIGN OF A
DNA
MICROARRAY

TYPES OF DNA CHIPS
■ There are two types of DNA chips/microarrays:

1
...
Oligonucleotide based microarray

cDNA-based chips
■ Probes are cDNA fragments, usually amplified by PCR
...

■ Samples are labelled using flourescent dyes
...


■ Flourescence at different wavelength are measured by a scanner
...


Oligonucleotide based chips
■ It is based on a method to synthesize large amounts of different oligonucleotides in
situ on a glass support using light directed,solid phase,combinatorial chemistry
developed by Affymetrix
...

■ Chips are produced by in situ synthesis techniques using phosphoramidites
...


Oligonucleotide-based chips

APPLICATIONS
■ Gene expression profiling
...

■ Diagnostics & genetic engineering
...

■ Proteomics
...


■ DNA sequencing
...


ADVANTAGES
■ Provide data for thousands of genes
...

■ Fast & easy to obtain results
...


■ Different parts of DNA can be used to study gene
expression
...

■ The production of too many results at a time requires long
time for analysis, which is quite complex in nature
...


CONCLUSION
■ DNA microarrays are one of the most effective invention ever
developed
...
Microarray
technology uses chips with attached DNA sequences as probes
for gene expression
...
The microarray chip can hold sequences from every gene
in the entire genome & the expression of every gene can be
studied simultaneously
...


Research
■ Serum microRNA microarray analysis identifies miR-4429 & miR-4689
are potentially diagnostic biomarkers for biliary atresia(rare disease of
liver & bile ducts that occur in infants)
...




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