Notesale: Turn your study into money

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1st year grammar

Mr Mokhtari

Review of tenses

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Present simple vs present continuous
We use the simple present for things in general or things that happen repeatedly
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius
...
We use the simpLe for permanent situations (things that continue for a Long time):
My parents live in London
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Joe isn’t Lazy
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We use the present continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking
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Be careful
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What language are they speaking?

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A: You’re working hard today
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I always do and I’m always doing
I always do something = I do it every time:
I always go to work by car
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For exampLe: I’ve lost my keys again
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= I Lose them too often, or more
often than normaL
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The police stopped me on my way home last night
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Before that I
worked in a department store
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I heard voices coming from downstairs, so I put on my dressing-gown and went to investigate
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The action or situation started before this time, but had not finished:
I phoned at 4
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What were you doing?
2 It can be used to describe a past situation or activity
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-A fire was burning in the grate, music was playing; and from
the kitchen were coming the most delicious smells
3 IT can also express an incomplete activity in the past
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(But I didn't finish it
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(the whole film)
4 It expresses an activity that was in progress at every moment during a period of time
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They were fighting for the whole of the holiday
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It was raining when I got up
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You were sitting on the grass and reading a book
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But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
I was walking along the road when I saw Dan
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Remember: :Stative verbs do not express actions
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They commonly occur in the simple
forms of tenses
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He's tall and has brown hair
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Descriptions and Measurements
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be, appear, look, seem, look like, resemble

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sound, soundlike

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cost, measure, weigh

Possession and Relationships
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have, possess, own
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belong, owe, depend on

consist of, contain, include
Knowledge and Beliefs
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•
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believe, guess, hope, feel (think), know, think, doubt
remember, forget, recognize, notice
mean, understand, realize, suppose

agree, disagree
Emotions and Attitudes
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dislike, fear, hate, like, love, despise

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care, mind
need, prefer, want, desire, appreciate

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Senses and Sensations
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hear, see, smell, taste
ache, burn, feel, hurt, itch, sting

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous: Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
have three main uses
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It possibly goes on
into the future, as well
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Sorry 1'm late
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I've been working at the same school all that time
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You've changed
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I've been doing some exercise
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In this use, the simple emphasizes the completed action
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• Notes : Certain verbs, by definition, suggest a short action, for example, start, find, lose, begin,
stop, break, die, decide, cut
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We've decided to get married
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I've cut my finger
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I've been stopping smoking for years
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What's the matter with you?
I've been cutting wood
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I've painted the bathroom
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I'm tired because I've been working
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(There are some left
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I'm wet because I've been swimming
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Why are you red?"I've been running
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3 Indefinite past
The verb action happened at an unspecified time in the past
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We
are focusing on the experience at some time in our life
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Have you ever been flying in a plane when it's hit an air pocket?
Note
• Notice these two sentences
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(At some time in her life
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(And she's there now
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The second is an example of present result
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She’s been writing emails all morning
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We use the simple to say how much, how many or how many times (for completed
actions):
- How many pages of that book have you read?
- Amy has sent lots of emails this morning
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- I’m learning Arabic, but I haven’t learnt very much yet
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1) The Past Simple refers to finished past
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(He's dead
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(I'm alive
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I hurt my back
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)
I've hurt my back
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)
3 )It refers to definite past
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/ at 8
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/ last night
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Compare this with the indefinite adverbials found with the Present Perfect
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/before
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I haven't seen him yet
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I've never seen him
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She was crying because her dog had died
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Keith was fed up
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We can use the past perfect progressive to say that something had been happening before
something else happened:
We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily
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Instead, there are several verb forms that can refer to
future time
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will for prediction
1 The most common use of will is as an auxiliary verb to show future time
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This use is uncoloured
by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, willingness, etc
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- It will be cold and wet tomorrow, I'm afraid
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- I’ll see you later
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2 Will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a fact or evidence
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I think Labour will win the next election
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I'm sure you'll pass your exams
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Note that we don't use will in the subordinate clause
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When you're ready, we'll start the meeting
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As soon as Peter comes, we'll have lunch
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There isevidence now that something is
sure to happen
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Careful! That glass is going to fall over
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• We use going to when we have physical evidence to support our prediction
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(Look at her bump
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(It's 4-0, and there are only five minutes left
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(It's rolling to the edge of the table
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Our prediction is based on our
own personal opinion
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I'm sure you'll have a good time at the wedding
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)
I reckon Liverpool will win
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)
The glass will break if it fans
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)
• Compare the sentences
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The traffic is always bad at this time
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He left a message on my voicemail
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He'll crash it
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I'll phone you back in a minute
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We'll go out together
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"I'll get it
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When she grows up, she's going to be a ballet dancer
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Other uses of will and shall
1)Will as a prediction is an auxiliary verb that simply shows future time
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Tomorrow will be cold and windy
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The meaning
often depends on the meaning of the main verb
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(= offer)
Will you marry me? (= willingness)
Will you open the window? (= request)
My car won't start
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(= promise)
`The phone's ringing: It’ ll be for me
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It is used with I and we
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What shah we do tonight? (I'm asking for a decision
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Shall we eat out tonight? (I'm making a suggestion
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A present tense is used because there is some reality in
the present
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The event is usually in the near
future
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 What time are you meeting him?
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 Where are you having lunch?
 What are you doing tonight?
2 The Present Continuous for future is often used with verbs of movement and activity
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 We're playing tennis this afternoon
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It is not used to
refer to events that people can't control
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Not it is raining
 The sun rises at 5
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*The sun is rising
Notes
• Sometimes there is little or no difference between the Present Continuous and going to
to refer to the future
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We're going to see
• When there is a difference, the Present Continuous emphasizes an arrangement with some
reality in the present; going to expresses a person's intentions
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1'm going to ask her to marry me
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My ftight leaves at 10
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Term starts on 4 April
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2 It is used in subordinate clauses introduced by conjunctions such as if, when, before, as soon
as, unless, etc
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When I get home, I'll cook the dinner
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Future Continuous
1 The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will be in progress before and after a certain
time in the future
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00
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This time tomorrow I will be flying to New York
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This use is uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, or
willingness
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Don't worry about our guests
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We'll be going right back to the football after the break
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It is rot a very common verb form
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We use the future perfect progressive to stress the duration of the action:
By the end of the year, I will have been saving money for one year( how long)
By the end of the year, I will have saved 60000DA (How much, result)

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