Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

The Geographical Journal of Nepal, Vol
...
geog@gmail
...
A series of tables have also been constructed to
depict the average levels of consumption of those energy sources at regional levels
...
The firewood energy source
is the largest and available throughout the country
...
The
consumption patterns of electricity and LPG are more or less the same for the ecological
regions; with highest in the Tarai, while the mountain being the lowest
...
The other two energy sources
- kerosene and LPG are to be imported
...
It shows that the household
proportion in consuming firewood will be decreased, signifying lessening burden on
forest resource
...
But however, increasing
projected consumption of LPG would require foreign currencies in the future
...
It is used for different purposes like cooking
food, lighting, heating, milling grains, plowing fields, transporting goods and people, irrigating
fields, cold storage or refrigeration, communication, etc
...
However, demand and consumption of energy are growing rapidly across the world due
to rising social and economic developments and want for comfort life
...
7

Energy is basically derived from natural resources
...
One view is that the stock of resources is a finite supply, which is
rapidly being depleted by large and increasing demands resulting from uncontrolled population
growth and increasing aspirations
...
On the
other hand, the technological view concedes that although the stock of resources is ultimately
finite, the bounds of possibility within these limits are so extensive that the exhaustion of
resources is not a practical problem
...

Though Nepal is one of the richest countries in terms of per capita natural resources, it is the
least energy consuming country
...

The biomass energy source includes firewood, animal dung, crop by-products and residues, etc,
which are available within the country
...
Biogas, micro-hydro, solar thermal, solar
photo voltaic, and wind energy are termed as alternate or renewable energy sources
...

Upon careful utilisation, these energies can be viable options for Nepal
...
7 per cent to the total energy
supply, whereas the share of alternate energy supply is negligible with mere 0
...
Other sources such as fossil fuels share 10 per cent and electricity shares only 1
...

In urban areas, imported fossil fuels account around 90 per cent of the total energy use
...
Records indicate that
there is a gradual shift from traditional source to commercial source in the consumption pattern
...
Commercial
energy consumption is crucial factor in the process of economic abundance and societal
development, whereas development of domestic sources of energy appears to be positive for
the developing countries (Upadhaya 1979)
...
Some districts possess varieties of favourable geographical
factors, energy resources, infrastructure, and enthusiastic entrepreneurs while others contain
only a few of them
...
Here, an attempt is made to assess the energy consumption
patterns by using Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping technique at both spatial
(district) and temporal (trend) levels
...
Micro hydro, kerosene,
bio-gas and solar home system are used for both lighting and cooking
...
Following methodological steps have been adopted for GIS
mapping of the energy consumption pattern
...


Consumption of different types of energy by households available at district level for 2001
was collected
...


ii
...

It is adopted, as the United Nations (UN) has indicated that there is a close relationship
between human well-being and energy consumption and therefore HDI is considered as a
major indicator for consumption of energy
...
742 (i
...
ASEAN HDI value)
for 2030
...
Regression has been computed for HDI paired separately with each type: (i) firewood,
(ii) electricity, (iii) kerosene, and (iv) LPG
...
The paired data outputs between HDI and each individual of four energy types at district
level have been plotted by using GIS for different years such as 2005, 2015 and 2030
...
In few cases, classification was done
manually
...
The values are computed into percentage
...
A series
of tables are also generated to support interpretation of the levels of energy consumption
...


Interpretation of energy consumption pattern is made at district, ecological regions and
development regions
...
Mean value of energy consumption at the national level is taken as reference
value
...
There are
75 districts, three ecological regions (mountain, hill and Tarai) from north to south and five
development regions (eastern, central, western, mid-western, and far-western) from east
to west
...
It also indicates that the use of commercial or traditional fuels is a distinguishable feature for its
place in the HDI ranking
...


43

The Geographical Journal of Nepal

Vol
...
Figure 1
depicts that 43 districts with over 80 per cent firewood consumption represent mostly the hill
and mountains of the eastern and the far-western regions
...
Bardiya,
Kailali and Kanchanpur have over 80 per cent of firewood consumption
...
By ecological
region, the mountain has the largest consumption of firewood with 92
...
76 per cent (Table 1)
...
32%)
...
60
21
...
42
3
...
08
32
...
75
15
...
76
38
...
95
19
...
05
31
...
22
14
...
00
24
...
79
9
...
07
46
...
44 23
...
Compared to 31
...
46
41
...
20 17
...
15
17
...
04
8
...
32
18
...
45
5
...
The average consumption pattern of electricity as depicted in Table 1 is
constantly increased from the Mountain to the Tarai region
...
94%), followed by the western development region (41
...
44 per cent (Table 2)
...
Compared to
electricity,
kerosene
consumption pattern is
reverse at district level
...
1
35
...
6
70
...
6 48
...
4
52
...
0
56
...
3 29
...
6
47
...
7
59
...
7 36
...
6
47
...
9
60
...
4 35
...
4
51
...
9
57
...
1 31
...
4
53
...
1
50
...
4 31
...
9
61
...
6
50
...
0 16
...
0
30
...
1
77
...
7 53
...
3), whereas Mid western
Far
western
23
...
3
49
...
7
67
...
8
Kathmandu, Bhaktapur,
Lalitpur and Manang have
the lowest consumption of kerosene (<20%)
...
Figure 3 also shows that 43 districts with over 60 per
cent households have used kerosene for lighting
...

LPG
Unlike other three energy Table 5: Projected consumption of firewood and LPG pattern by
ecological region
sources, LPG consumption
Ecological
LPG
Firewood
pattern is quite different
...
1
17
...
2
81
...
0 58
...
8
27
...
9
68
...
4 42
...
The Tarai
17
...
6
36
...
4
41
...
0
average consumption of Nepal
17
...
7
37
...
5
56
...
1
LPG by households is
14
...
There are seven districts comprising five of central region and two of
western region have highest with over 40 per cent LPG consumption
...
Most of the hill and mountain districts of the far- and
mid-western and eastern regions have consumed LPG with 5 per cent and below
...
4)
...
Likewise, its consumption pattern also decreases from the central region towards both
western regions and eastern region (Table 1)
...


Projected Energy Consumption Patterns
The consumptions of the four energy sources have been projected for three years, viz
...
The estimated results as shown in Fig
...
7

Table 6: Projected consumption of LPG and firewood by
households will be
development region
increased by 16 per cent
Development
LPG
Firewood
between 2005 and 2015
region
2005
2015 2030 2005 2015 2030
to 42 per cent by 2030
...
2
28
...
0
62
...
3 37
...
7
27
...
1
58
...
6 34
...
1
33
...
0
60
...
8 32
...
Mid western
7
...
1
25
...
9
73
...
1
The
projected Far western
8
...
4
26
...
4
74
...
1
consumption pattern of
electricity will be increased at 8 per cent from 2005 to 2015 and at 14
...
This
ratio will be much higher for the hill than that for the Tarai and the mountain (Table 3)
...
5 per cent
between 2005 and 2015 and by 13
...
The ratios of consumption
of LPG will be increased with higher
percentage in the mountain districts than
other two ecological regions
...

Figure 5: Trends of project consumption of
energy sources, Nepal
The increase in projected consumption of
hydro electricity and LPG means to decrease in consumption of other two energy sources, such
as firewood, and kerosene
...
Figures 6 – 17 depict
estimated consumption patterns of all four types of energy sources for the country
...
0 percent between 2005 and
2015 and then with 14
...
The decrease in consumption of
kerosene ratios will be drastic in the case of mountain districts than in other two ecological
regions
...
In terms of number of districts, there will be nine districts using kerosene with
over 60 percent in 2030, decreased from 27 districts in 2015
...
Fourteen and 33 districts
in the years 2015 and 2030 will have less than 40 percent households using firewood
...

Both techniques are found suitable to vividly depict the consumption patterns of the energy
sources
...
05 per cent, followed by kerosene and electricity with 60
...
6 per cent
respectively
...
16 per cent
...
The firewood energy source is the largest
and available throughout the country
...
Ironically, the hydro electricity based on locally
available water source, being the largest natural reserviour shares only 31
...
The other two energy sources kerosene and LPG are to be imported
...

The projected values of those energy sources are that there will be a decreasing trend of
household proportion in consuming firewood, which signifies lessening burden on forest resource
and improving HDI
...
Likewise, increasing in household
consumption of hydro electricity means rising HDI ratios, as well as increasing utilization of
locally available water resource, which significantly will help to decrease the burden of foreign
currencies that would be required for import of energy sources like kerosene
...
But however, increasing projected
consumption of LPG would require foreign currencies in the future, and internally within the
country, if roads are not constructed, the cost for transporting LPG to the remote areas would
be much higher
...


47

The Geographical Journal of Nepal

48

Vol
...
7
LPG consumption projected pattern

Fig 12 Households using firewood, 2005

Fig 15 Households using LPG, 2005

Fig 13 Households using firewood, 2015

Fig 16 Households using LPG, 2015

Fig 14 Households using firewood, 2030

Fig 17 Households using LPG, 2030

GIS Mapping Analysis of Energy Consumption Patterns in Nepal -Puspa Sharma

References
CBS (2003), Population Projection for Nepal 2001 - 2021, Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics
...
Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics
...
Kathmandu: Quest Publications
...
Kathmandu
...

Kathmandu
...
Cornel University, USA
...
London: World
Energy Council (WEC)
...
Kathmandu: Water and Energy Commission
Secretariat

---