Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

CELL
A cell is the basic unit of life in biology
...

Cells can be classified into two major categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
...
They are found in bacteria and archaea
...
They are found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists
...
These structures and organelles work together to carry
out all the necessary functions of the cell
...
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
...
The cell is the basic unit of life
...
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
...
It revolutionized the field of
biology by establishing that all living organisms are made up of cells, which are the
fundamental building blocks of life
...
Today, the cell theory remains one of the central concepts in biology,
and advances in technology have allowed scientists to study cells in unprecedented detail,
leading to new insights into the complexities of life
...
The modern cell theory includes the following
concepts:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
...

All cells arise from pre-existing cells
...

Cells use energy to carry out the functions necessary for life
...

Cells are able to respond to their environment and maintain homeostasis
...
It provides a framework for understanding
the complex interactions that occur within and between cells, as well as the role of cells in
larger biological systems
...
Here are
some of its key significance:
It established that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
...

It established that the cell is the basic unit of life and organization in all living organisms
...

It provided a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of inheritance and evolution
...

It enabled the development of modern medicine and biomedical research
...

It has inspired new research areas and technological advancements
...

In summary, the cell theory has had a profound impact on our understanding of life and has
revolutionized the field of biology
...


BASIC PROPERTIES OF CELLS
Cells have several basic properties that are fundamental to their structure and function
...
The cell membrane is composed of lipids
and proteins and is selectively permeable, which means it regulates the movement of
materials in and out of the cell
...
This genetic material
contains the instructions necessary for the cell to carry out its functions and replicate itself
...
It
contains various organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, which are
involved in a range of cellular processes
...
This energy is produced
by organelles called mitochondria, which convert nutrients into ATP, the primary energy
currency of cells
...
This is essential for
growth, development, and repair of tissues and organs
...
This allows cells to adapt and survive in
a range of conditions
...


OVERVIEW OF CELL
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
...
Cells are incredibly diverse in their size, shape, and
function, but all cells share certain features in common
...
Inside the cell, the cytoplasm is a gel-like
substance that contains a variety of organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosomes, and other structures
...

Cells require energy to carry out their functions, and this energy is produced by organelles
called mitochondria, which convert nutrients into ATP
...

There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
...
Eukaryotic cells, found in all other organisms, are more
complex and have a true nucleus and a variety of membrane-bound organelles
...
They are also involved in
communication and signaling with other cells, and play important roles in the immune system
and other biological processes
...


CELL WALL

The cell wall is a rigid, protective layer that surrounds the cell membrane of some types of
cells
...

The cell wall is composed of various materials depending on the organism
...
In fungi, the cell wall is composed of chitin, a tough polysaccharide that
also provides structural support
...

The cell wall has several important functions
...
It
also helps regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell, and plays a role in
communication between cells
...
The cell wall is constantly being remodeled and rebuilt as
the cell grows and develops, and is a dynamic and essential component of the cell
...
It is
a critical component of all cells, serving several important functions
...
This arrangement
creates a barrier that is selectively permeable, allowing some molecules to pass through
while preventing others from entering or leaving the cell
...
Some proteins act as channels or transporters, allowing specific
molecules to pass through the membrane
...
Some proteins are involved in cell
signaling and communication, while others play a role in maintaining the structure and
stability of the membrane
...
It is also involved in cell-to-cell recognition and
interaction, and plays a crucial role in the immune response
...


CYTOPLASM

Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles
...

Within the cytoplasm, various organelles are suspended, including the mitochondria,
ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum
...

In addition to organelles, the cytoplasm contains various types of cytoskeletal fibers, which
provide structural support and help to maintain the shape of the cell
...

The cytoplasm is involved in many critical cellular processes, including metabolism,
respiration, and cell division
...

The cytoplasm is a complex and dynamic component of the cell, essential for the proper
functioning of all cellular processes
...
There are two main types of ER: the rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which have
different structures and functions
...
As proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes, they are
transported into the lumen, or inner space, of the RER
...
Once the
proteins are correctly folded and processed, they are packaged into vesicles and transported
to their final destination in the cell
...
The SER plays a crucial role in the
synthesis of lipids, including phospholipids, which are important components of the cell
membrane
...

The endoplasmic reticulum is an essential organelle involved in a wide range of cellular
processes, including protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification
...


GOLGI COMPLEX
The Golgi complex, also known as the Golgi apparatus, is an organelle found in eukaryotic
cells
...

The Golgi complex is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids
into vesicles for transport to their final destination within the cell or for secretion outside of
the cell
...
In addition, the Golgi complex sorts proteins and lipids into different vesicles for
transport to different parts of the cell or for secretion outside of the cell
...
The
Golgi complex modifies and sorts enzymes into vesicles that will ultimately become
lysosomes
...
It plays
a crucial role in the proper functioning of the cell

LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain a variety
of hydrolytic enzymes
...

Lysosomes are involved in the process of autophagy, which is the degradation of damaged
or unnecessary cellular components such as organelles, proteins, and lipids
...

Lysosomes are also involved in the process of phagocytosis, which is the engulfment and
degradation of foreign materials such as bacteria or cellular debris
...

The enzymes within lysosomes are active at a low pH, which is maintained by the lysosomal
membrane through the active transport of hydrogen ions into the lysosome
...

Lysosomes play an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the proper
functioning of the immune system
...


VACUOLES
Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in a
variety of functions, including storage, waste disposal, and regulation of cell turgor pressure
...


In plant cells, vacuoles are typically large and central and are involved in the storage of
water, ions, and other molecules
...
In addition, the vacuole
is involved in the degradation of macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides
...
For example, some
animal cells have contractile vacuoles that are involved in the regulation of water and ion
balance
...

Mitochondria are often described as the "powerhouses" of the cell, as they are responsible
for generating most of the energy that cells need to carry out their functions
...

Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner
membrane
...

Mitochondria also have their own DNA, separate from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell
...

In addition to their role in energy production, mitochondria are involved in other cellular
processes, such as apoptosis (programmed cell death) and calcium signaling
...


PLASTIDS
Plastids are a group of membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of photosynthetic
eukaryotic organisms, such as plants and algae
...

The most well-known type of plastid is the chloroplast, which is responsible for
photosynthesis
...

Other types of plastids include chromoplasts, which are responsible for pigment synthesis
and coloration in plant tissues, and amyloplasts, which are responsible for starch storage in
plants
...

The inner membrane is organized into a system of flattened sacs called thylakoids, which
are where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place
...


RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are small, complex cellular structures that are responsible for synthesizing
proteins
...

Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, each made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and
proteins
...

The small subunit of the ribosome binds to the mRNA, while the large subunit binds to
transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries amino acids to the ribosome
...

In addition to their role in protein synthesis, ribosomes are also involved in other important
cellular processes, such as RNA degradation and quality control
...
The location of ribosomes can influence the fate and function of the
proteins they produce
...

Ribosomes are essential organelles in all living cells that are responsible for synthesizing
the proteins necessary for a variety of important cellular processes

---