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Journal of electrical engineering and electronics technology Analysis of
Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems
Article · September 2020
DOI: 10
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2020
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176

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3 authors, including:
Abraham Dandoussou

Martin Kamta

University of Buea, HTTTC Kumba

University of Ngaoundere

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Abraham Dandoussou et al
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37532/jeeet
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9(2)e
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The main targets
are the study of faults that suddenly happen on wires which
supply loads, and the survey of detrimental effect coming from
the load especially common loads used in industries
...
For signle-phase earthing fault
model, the results show the duration of the voltage sag of 90 ms
with the magnitudes of 0 kV, 30
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98 kV respectively
for Va, Vb and Vc
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3 kV and Vb=Vc= 0kV
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10 % to 44
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42% to 95
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Keywords: Power Systems, Power Disturbances, Industrial
Systems, Total harmonic distortion

Introduction
Electrical equipment is more sensitive to disturbances
that arise both on the supply power system and within the
customers’ apparatus
...
Nowadays, buses have been commonly used
in industrial plants in order to change the mode of operating
machines through the modification either of the supply voltage
waveform, current waveform, frequency power system, or the
direct and alternating currents
...
Unfortunately,
the inverters in general contribute to the degradation of the
quality of the currents and voltages in the distribution networks
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The increased concern analysis of
power disturbance has resulted in significant advances in
qualifying the distribution networks
...
Moreover
in industries common disturbances occur and disturb switching
control devices that are fired respect to voltage magnitude and
angle
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Degradation in quality of power is mainly
caused by disturbances such as voltage swell, voltage sag,
notch, transients, and harmonic distortions and so on [3]
...

There are some period where distribution network encounter
different sort of disturbance
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High
harmonic distortion can negatively impact a facility’s electric
distribution system, and lead to excessive heat in transformers,
causing early failures
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Load harmonics can cause the
overheating of the magnetic cores of transformer and motors
hence, produce skin effect
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This is load that disturbs the source
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Such happen to adjustable speed driver
and causes huge financial losses, with the consequent loss of
productivity and competitiveness
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More over natural threat as storm even raining or wind
could break down one, two or the three phases to ground such
a way that a pylon fell down or shutdown, as well as create a
large current unbalance that could blow fuses or trip breakers
and completely destroyed the network system even customer’s
apparatus
...
The system behaviour is
then unbalanced by definition, but such phenomena are usually
classified under voltage disturbances
...

Distribution line system often operated only at the primary
substation that caused limitation of information
...
All
this factors limited the use of some disturbances analysis
techniques
...

Received: 07 Aug, 2020 Accepted: 24 Aug, 2020 Published: 10 September, 2020

All articles published in Journal of Industrial Electronics and Applications are the property of SciTechnol and is
International Publisher of Science,
Technology and Medicine

protected by copyright laws
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(2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems
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Measurement and evaluation are geared
throughout the distribution and the industries
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Some suitable techniques for distribution network with
limited data were proposed in [4]
...
The brightness
principal is based on the fact that disturbance at distinct
detections presents distinct waveform on characteristics
...
A recent method of fault detection
using some disturbances was proposed in [7]
...
The weakness of this method is
the difficulty to clearly locate faulty section on the distribution
network
...
Nonlinear loads are
mostly the cause of harmonics, Fourier series analysis method
that can be used to detect, analyse waveform phenomenon
...

This paper deals with the detailed study of power disturbances
that occur firstly on distribution system network and secondly
on industries
...
Our main targets are the study of faults that
sudden happen on wires whose supply loads, also survey of
detrimental effect coming from the load especially common
loads used in industries
...

Table I
...
The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online should
be consulted for terms not defined in this clause
...
For example, in a 60 Hz system, the
harmonic order 3, also known as the “third harmonic,” is 180
Hz
...
The total
demand distortion (TDD) is the ratio of the root mean square
of the harmonic content, considering harmonic components
up to the 50th order and specifically excluding interharmonics,
expressed as a percentage of the maximum demand current
...
The total harmonic distortion (THD) is the ratio
of the root mean square of the harmonic content, considering
harmonic components up to the 50th order and specifically
excluding interharmonics, expressed as a percentage of the
fundamental
...
A great quantity of work
has been focused in the estimation of amplitude and phase of
the fundamental frequency as well as its related harmonics
...
With this tool is possible to have an estimation of the
fundamental amplitude and its harmonics with a reasonable
approximation
...
Using it as analysing take into account distorted
waveform, effective value, THD, effect of harmonic for power
and power factor are analysed and presented using Fourier
series [9][10]
...
According to IEEE 519-2014, it is defined
as a ratio of the root-mean-square of the harmonic content to
the root-mean-square value of the fundamental quantity and
expressed as a percentage of the fundamental [2][9] [10] [11]
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SOME EXAMPLES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ACCORDING TO IEEE

SI No

Disturbance

Short definition

A

Interruption

Voltage magnitude is zero

Under voltage

Voltage magnitude is below its nominal value

Over voltage

Voltage magnitude is above its nominal value

B

Voltage sag

A reduction in RMS voltage over a range of 0
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9 pu for a duration greater than 10 ms but less than 1s

C

Voltage swell

An increase in RMS voltage over a range of 1
...
8 pu for a duration greater than 10 ms but less than 1s

D

Flicker

A visual effect of frequency variation of voltage in a system

E

Voltage/Current unbalance

Deviation in magnitude of voltage/current of any one or two of the three phases

F

Ringing waves

A transient condition which decays gradually

G

Outage

Power interruption for not exceeding 60 s duration due to fault or maltripping of switchgear/system

H

Transients

Sudden rise of signal

I

Harmonics

Non sinusoidal waveforms

I
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In other words, it
is defined as a ratio of the root mean square of the harmonic
content, (considering harmonic components typically up to the
50th order) to the root-mean-square of the maximum demand
load current at the PCC and expressed as a percentage of
maximum demand load current [2][9] [10] [11]
...
Fourier Analysis

• Page 2 of 8 •

Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al
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J Electr Eng Electron Technol

Equation (2)

Distortion factor expressed in terms of THD is given by
Equation (3)

B
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The more
RMS values are calculated, the closer the disturbing event is
represented, especially the non-rectangular variations
...
The RMS voltage, related to power
calculation, make it more suitable for the characterization of the
magnitude of voltage or current disturbances
...
Distribution network is modelled
and many research are analysing them with RMS is based
on the aver-aging of previously sampled data for one cycle
...
Each of the sampled
components of one cycle of the waveform is squared individually
and then summed together
...


Here N is the number of samples per cycle, is the instantaneous
sampled voltage and K is the instant when the RMS voltage is
estimated
...

Moreover, this algorithm is called one-cycle window, meaning
that RMS values are estimated with one cycle of instantaneous
values
...
This algorithm
is called half-cycle window [12][13] [14]
...
However,
the half-cycle algorithm shows oscillations when there is a
second harmonic component in the voltage signal
...
It also shows that the half-cycle
algorithm is faster to detect the starting and ending of the events
...
Furthermore, it can be
verified that duration differences are rather small, and do not
affect the estimation of sag indices
...
According to the definition
of root mean value, the RMS voltage over one data window
typically one cycle is done by using the following discrete
integral equation [12][13] [14]
...
RMS gives a
good approximation of the fundamental frequency amplitude
profile of a waveform
...
However, its dependency of window length is
considered as a disadvantage
...

Moreover, RMS algorithm does not distinguish fundamental
frequency, harmonics or noise components
...


Equation (5)

C
...

In practical application, the data window is sliding along the
time sequence in specific sample interval
...


Where VP is the peak value of the input voltage
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• Page 3 of 8 •

Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al
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J Electr Eng Electron Technol

Equation (13)
The two signals, Vi(t) and vi’(t) are a pair of orthogonal function
...


with m(t) gives the instantaneous deviation of equation (15)
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Due to the
characteristic of orthogonal function it v01(t) and v02(t) is easy
to obtain the square of the input voltage peak value by adding
equations (9) and (10)
...
Then the output of the square root circuit is
given by equation (12)
...

when the multiplication factors of the multiplier and the square
root circuit are selected properly, the value of constant K1
can be set as 1
...
Because the detector is
based on the concept of an orthogonal function pair, it is called
orthogonal detector [17] [18]
...
Missing voltage evaluation method
The Missing Voltage can be used to see the real time variation
of the waveform from the ideal and the actual severity of the
event
...
The Missing Voltage Technique is
defined as the difference between the desired instantaneous
voltage and the actual instantaneous value
...
A PLL is a control
loop incorporating a voltage control oscillator and phase
sensitive detector in order to lock a given signal to stable
reference frequency
...


This method seems to be shown to be superior to the RMS
method for sag analysis where phase angle jumps occur
...
Since the technique requires the RMS method
to determine the amplitude of the pre-sag and sag voltages
and, respectively
...

II
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Using SimPowerSystem library of
Simulink®, this model is simulated by applying various type of
loads commonly seen in industries and faults like short circuit
fault, heavy load, normal load, non-linear load (Power converter,
efficient bulb lighting, etc
...
The electrical
power distribution model consists of a 25-kV voltage source
and 50 Hz fundamental frequency
...

When single-line to ground fault is applied to bus 1 then, voltage
sag and interruption are caused on faulty phase and voltage
swell is caused on healthy phase
...
Table 2
shows the specifications of the power distribution system used
in the simulation
...
It is assumed that a fault has occurred at
position short circuit fault, on the primary side of distribution
transformer T2, and the fault lasted for 4 cycles from t = 0:045
to 0:125 seconds
...
Single-Line diagram of the power distribution system
Table II
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(2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems
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15 Ω ; X/R = 10

Transformer N°2

50 MVA ; 11/0
...
15 Ω ; X/R = 10 Ω

Line 2

10 + j6 Ω ; 20 km

Loads

190 kW ; 130 kVAR

Figure 3
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Figure 4
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Simulink® model of the power distribution system
III
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Single-phase earthing fault model
Figure 3 shows the waveforms of the supply voltages Va, Vb
and Vc
...
08 s
...
After the perturbation, the
three voltages become normal
...
During the earthing fault period, it is clear that:
Voltage Va drops to zero, with a duration of 91 ms
...
66 kV)
and stays there
...
66
kV) to 73
...
The perturbation
leads to a voltage swell of 30
...

It is good to note that the choice of threshold may also affect
the measurement of the duration for voltage drips with a
slow recovery
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Figure 5
...
Phase to phase fault model
The voltage sag starts when the RMS voltage URMS (1/2),
drops below the threshold in at least one of the channels, and
ends when the RMS voltage recovers above the threshold
in all channels
...

During this fault, voltage of phase B, C drops with shake when
phase to phase fault happens from 0
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16 s
...

A voltage sag and swell due to a two-phase-fault between
phases B, C are presented figure 6
...
Voltages are unbalance
in phase-to-phase fault
...
The Duration is the length of time
for which the voltage remains below a threshold
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34 kV for a duration of voltage swell equal to
85 ms
...

The two voltages drop to a magnitude V b = V c = 0V when their
duration of voltage sag is 81 ms
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(2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems
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Waveforms of voltages Va, Vb and Vc for phase to
phase fault

Figure 9
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Non-linear load for harmonics

Figure 7
...
RMS values of voltages Vb and Vc for phase to phase
fault
C
...
The capacitor bank creates transients type
which is a disturbance
...

As shown in figure 9, a transient is produced in supply voltage
due to operation of a capacitor bank
...
For the simulation,
Q = 0
...
Due to this changing impedance, the
current drawn by the non-linear load is also non-linear
...
From the obtained
results shown in figure 10 and in table 3, it should be noted
that three-phase electrical power system distribution has high
capacity non-linear load such as converter for electric motor
control use to power drive in industries
...
For the universal bridge
made up of diode switched converters, the switching times are
calculated relative to the zero crossings of line-to-line voltages
at the terminal of the converter
...
The first
is the nature of harmonic-current produced by loads (non-linear
loads) and the second is the way in which harmonic currents
flow and how the resulting harmonic voltages are developed at
the end of the system
...
This FFT tool
of Powergui display the frequency spectrum of voltage Va
waveform
...
These efficient elements are displayed
with an example of the spectrum window shown in figure 10
...

The obtained figure illustrates how the actual waveform can be
approximated by summing
...
But since the simulations presented in these models differ
from others, from the source to the loads, therefore voltage
magnitude differ also
...
Harmonics
phase angles are adjusted according to the time shift principle

• Page 6 of 8 •

Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al
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J Electr Eng Electron Technol

to preserve wave shape appearance
...
FFT is also
applied to measure harmonics generated by non-linear load
...
In perspective, we would
think of further analysis by focusing on sag/swell disturbances,
their severity of individual events (single-event characteristics),
by quantifying the performance at a specific location (singlesite indices), and by quantifying the performance of the whole
system (system indices) with respect to IEEE standard 15642014
...
HARMONICS DETECTION ON PHASES A, B AND C

THD

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C

THD (%) 44
...
10

36
...
42

95
...
95

Selected signal: 10 cycles
...


0
-200
0

0
...
04

0
...
08

0
...
12

0
...
16

REFERENCES

0
...
(1994), Trends in active power line
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Fundamental (50Hz) = 252
...
44%
30

M ag (% of Fundam ental)

25
20

[2]

15
10
5
0

0

100

200

300

400
500
600
Frequency (Hz)

700

800

900

1000

Figure 10
...
When fault occurs, it causes
disturbance to the power supply and disturbances to the power
system mainly visible on distribution line
...
In order to minimize the losses and provide
high quality of services, it is crucial for utilities to analyse
disturbances as quickly as possible
...
The indigence of examine
leads to proposal of various automated analyse technics of
this disturbance
...
Knowing how disturbances behave in
the electrical network, it creates power fluctuations between
the generating units and the electrical network
...
These perturbations
affect sensitive load such that it can interrupt the whole
production, and can break down the distribution grid
...
The simulation results
indicate the efficiency and accuracy, therefore a critical analysis
is done to identify each of these disturbances
...
(2006) Signal processing of
power quality disturbances
...


[3] SHARMISTHA SARKAR
...
Master’s
thesis, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela,
Roll No- 212EE5442, June
...
L Lubkeman ; A
...
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
12(number 2) pp 801–808, April
...
Abur Z
...
(2002), Fault location using voltage
measurement
...


[6] M
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R
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Mantovani R
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F Pereira, L
...
W
...

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24 pp 441–445,
April
...
Y
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R Khalid H
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International Review of Electrical
Engineering (IREE), 5(number 7):pp 173–179, Febuary
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IEEE,
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2nd Edition: Academic
Press
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Chandrashekhar Thorat, (2012),
Characteristics analysis of voltage sag in distribution
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R Watson J
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John Wiley And Sons
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(2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON POWER DELIVERY, 22(2):1057– 1063, April
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Khokhar, A
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Mohd Zin,
(2014), Matlab/Simulink based modelling and simulation
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[14] Z
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Yang, F
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ABB Review, page 4
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Submitted for publication in
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
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C
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N
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IEEE Transactions
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PhD thesis, Aalborg University, http://
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[19] Jr
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[22] T
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Sannino, J
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1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Energetic and Automation, National
School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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scitechnol

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