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IGCSE PHYSICS Notes
GENERAL PHYSICS
IGCSE Physics [Syllabus 1
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The scale on the
Vernier caliper is in two different scales, the top scale is in millimeters and the
bottom scale is in 0
...
The main scale has divisions from 0-1-2-3,
and the bottom scale has divisions from 0
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The Vernier caliper also has
a zoom feature which allows you to see the millimeter readings more closely
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5 millimeters and the top bit is for
1 millimeters
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When measuring something, it is important to obtain an average
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This way, you can divide it by 1000 to get a single sheet
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This is less accurate than measuring the average
swing time for multiple swings
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2] Motion
We are going through the topic of motion which is the second part of general
physics
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We will take a look at the first section here which is to do with speed
and velocity
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If you
started at A and ended up back at A, your overall displacement would be zero,
since you have not actually moved anywhere
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What you get is actually zero divided by two
thousand seconds
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In a perfect world with no resistance, it
would just accelerate at a constant rate of 9
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However, the reality is not like that, where we have air resistance
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Eventually, the downward force of the
gravity gets cancelled out by the force of air resistance, which pushes it
upwards
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The displacement over time gives you the value of velocity which in
this particular graph you can figure it out by measuring the gradient of the
particular region you're looking at and the gradient is simply what you would
calculate as the change in y axis divided by the change in x-axis which went
from 0 to 10
...
The gradient of each particular region of this wiggly
line is going to be different because again, it's not a straight line so when you
see that the line is not straight you can tell that the object is not moving at a
constant pace
...
A runner who
accelerates with a constant acceleration gets to maximum speed and steadily
decreases to a complete stop this is what this graph suggests so let's take a
look at how that is the case now at the start here you can see that it the speed
increases steadily we know that it increases steadily at a constant rate because
it's a straight line going upwards meaning that there is a constant level of
acceleration happening there
...

The plane initially will be pulled by the surface of the Earth by gravity, and it
will start to accelerate at 9
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The acceleration
seems to be not be so constant eventually and it starts to decrease a little bit
as a result of air resistance
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IGCSE Physics [Syllabus 1
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It is defined as the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line
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For instance, imagine a heavy truck that is stationary
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The
formula for weight is: Weight (W) = Mass (m) x Gravitational pull (g)Here,
gravity on Earth is always constant at 10 meters per second per second
(m/s2)
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IGCSE Physics [Syllabus 1
...
This means that when you
divide the mass of an object by its volume, you will obtain its density
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When it comes to measuring the density of liquids, we need
to use a weighing scale and a measuring cylinder
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Then, we can measure the weight of the liquid and
calculate its density
...
To calculate density for these
shapes, we still need to obtain the mass and then use the formula for density,
which is mass divided by volume
...

An irregular solid refers to a solid where you cannot measure the sides with a
ruler to obtain its volume
...
However, it is simple to measure the mass or
weight of an irregular solid by placing it on a weighing scale
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If it is, the object will float on the

liquid
...


IGCSE Physics [Syllabus 1
...
To begin, we will hang the spring on a platform
and place a ruler alongside it in order to measure the different lengths of the
spring as we add various masses at its end
...
This is due to gravity,
which is a force that acts on mass
...
At each step, we will measure the extension
caused by adding a specific mass
...
For example, when
we added 100 grams, the spring extended by one centimeter
...

According to Hooke's Law, when we add 100 grams to a spring, it extends one
centimeter, showing proportionality
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For instance, from 500 to 600 grams, you
would expect the extension to be six centimeters, but you actually get seven
...
At this point, the spring may start to damage as the
force is not proportional to the extension anymore
...
A
typical representation of a force-extension graph shows force on the y-axis
and extension on the x-axis
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The force constant (k) is equal to the force (F) divided by the extension (x)
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The constant will be in Newton per centimeter, but here we use centimeters as
units
...
However, as long
as the weight is removed, the spring will return to normal
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Any net force acting on an object will result in acceleration since acceleration is a
vector quantity
...
The resultant force is easy to calculate
...
For instance, suppose a
car travels at a constant speed of 60 kilometers per hour
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Centripetal force is the force that causes an object to move in a circular
pattern
...
Friction is what allows you to do anything in the world
...
The air molecules
create friction against your falling body, creating an upwards force
...
If the clockwise moment is greater than the object, then the
object will turn anticlockwise
...
The center of mass of an object is the point on the object where its
overall mass can be considered to be concentrated
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The weight is distributed equally throughout
the entire object
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The stability of an object is determined by the
center of its mass and where it lies on the object
...
From this, we can determine where the mass is concentrated and where
the force of gravity will act
...
When an object is unstable and the
force of gravity exists outside of the base, the object will fall
...
To calculate
the resultant force, draw a line connecting the tail of the first force to the arrow
head of the second force
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2 centimeters
...
6] Momentum
Momentum is the product of an object's mass and its velocity
...
If you are
unfamiliar with this concept, it is recommended that you learn it as it only
takes a few hours to grasp the idea of rearranging formulas
...
For calculating the change in velocity of an object undergoing an
impulse, the formula is: impulse = final velocity - initial velocity = (mv2 mv1)If a bullet is traveling at 500 meters per second and is brought to rest, the
formula to calculate the impulse involves the velocity of the bullet: "The
velocity is positive and the force is negative 5 Newton, resulting in a negative
10 Newton-second impulse
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1 kilograms
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7] Energy, work and power
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work in an object
...
Energy
units are measured in joules (J)
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For
example, a car weighing 800 kg travels to the top of a hill of height “h” and
gains a gravitational potential energy of 40,000 joules
...
The
work done refers to the amount of energy that gets transferred to an object
...
The
concept of work is crucial when determining the meaning of power, which
refers to the rate of energy transfer
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In
this case, the speed of the water hitting the bottom is measured to be 21

meters per second
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Height of the waterfall (h) can be calculated using the formula: h =
(v^2) / (2 * g) Where v is the velocity of the water (in meters per second) and g
is the acceleration due to gravity (9
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Therefore, h = (21^2) / (2 * 9
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51 meters
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On my website, I have uploaded a plethora of notes that may aid in
your exam preparation
...


IGCSE Physics [Syllabus 1
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The unit for force is Newton
and the unit for area is meter squared
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It's important to understand that when you are
below the surface of a liquid, there is a certain amount of pressure being
exerted by the bulk of the liquid above you
...
This equilibrium point indicates that the
atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure caused by the mercury column
...
1 demonstrates an experiment used to determine atmospheric
pressure, which is the mercury barometer
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To
calculate atmospheric pressure, you can use the equation Patm = ρgh
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4 x 104 kg/m3, and if we divide that by
1000, we get 0
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Height difference is crucial in this scenario
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Even if both heights are the same, such as 10 millimeters, the result would
be normal positive 10 millimeters for air but negative 10 millimeters for gas
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Adding this with ρ
(which is 1000 multiplied by gravity) and height (0
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4 meters
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2 meters, the result would be 1
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Thus, correctly putting the sign in front of the height is

important when following this formula
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