Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Globalisation of sport:
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Process that involves sport as worldwide business
international sport has massive investment involved as well as the rep of countries and
international companies
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g
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g
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● Many spectators travel abroad to watch/spectate
● Availability/affordability of air travel has made this more accessible= greater exposure to
sport
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Media coverage:
● TV companies now use sport commercially and through sponsorship
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● Commercial boost from TV came in the 1990s with the development of satellite TV
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● Media show women still have less of a profile in sport
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g
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g
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g, football at 12 2 4 8 rather than 6
● Olympic events scheduled at unsuitable times due to demand of TV companies who are
televising it across different time zones

Factors Leading to Commercialisation
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Growing public interest + spectatorship - growth in spectatorship attracts money to sport
More media interest - events televised so sponsors more interested
Professionalisation - sporting professionals likely to attract sponsorship from commercial
organisation
Advertising - sports present opportunities to sell goods + used as billboard to promote sport +
business
Sponsorship - leads to increased publicity + sales for sponsor in exchange for
equipment/financial support

Impacts on individual sports:
● + sports promote themselves, attracting more participants/spectator
● + money can be put into facilities + development
● - less popular sports attract less sponsorship so left behind
● - female/disabled events miss out on commercial investment

Impacts on society:
● + sponsorship supports ideal that everyone has equal chance by supporting competitions
● - reflects societal bias with some people more marketable than others
Impacts on performers:
● + can recieve kit + equipment from companies to promote products
● + commercial organisations can find athletes accomodation +travel
● + can spend more time training + competing instead of working
● - additional pressure to keep sponsors (can lead to deviance)
● - could provide distraction by taking away time for promotion
● - could lose control over career if sponsors demand they enter specific tournaments
Impacts on spectators:
● + commercially supported event can provide more exciting spectacle with more entertainment
● + giant screens + replays provide more info
● + more competitions increase accessibility for more spectators
● - advertisement can take priorities over sporting action
● - advertisement may spoil enjoyment
● - spectators may not agree with ethics of companies e
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alcohol/betting
● - increases cost
Ethics and deviance
● Deviance - unacceptable behaviour within a culture that differs from social and legal norm
● Blood doping - process of removing + re-injecting blood to increase red blood count to
increase haemoglobin + therefore O2 transport
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Examples:
○ anabolic steroids - allow athletes to train harder for longer to increase strength +
aggression
○ beta blockers - control HR + keep keep athletes calm
○ stimulants - increase alertness e
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amphetamine

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Legal supplements advantages + disadvantages:
○ + dietary supplements build muscle, increase stamina + control weight
○ + ergogenic aids increase strength, performance + recovery
○ + staying hydrated through water + energy drinks improves performance
○ - some supplements aren't as seen + could be contaminated or contain banned
substances
○ - possible negative health impacts of creatine supplements
○ - high sugar content in energy drinks so obesity + tooth decay
○ - not in spirit of fair play

Reasons for doping:
● pressure to succeed from coaches/politics e
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Russia
● high monetary rewards
● if you can't beat them join them attitude
Consequences of taking drugs:
● society seen as corrupt with win at all costs attitude
● concept of fair play challenged
● sports become tainted + struggle for sponsorship e
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cycling

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dangers to health + wellbeing

Strategies to stop use of doping:
● WADA provides list of banned substances + funds research
● testing carried out in + out of competition
● drug education provided for athletes + coaches
● creating culture of it being wrong
● more rigorous punishment - WADA doubled ban in 2015

Violence in sport
Causes of violence:
● overwhelming desire to win
● physicality of sport e
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rugby
● frustration over escorts
● alcohol or drugs
● rivalries
● media increasing tensions
● perception of unfairness
Implications of violence in sport:
● reflection of society - spectators relish violence in sport e
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rugby
● playing strategies encouraging violence should be punished
● rule changes should be adopted to make violence less likely
● performers should be aware they're role models + responsible for their actions
Strategies to prevent violence:
● education of performers encouraging awareness of emotions + stress levels
● punishments - fines bans + docking points
● encouraging coaches to promote assertion instead of aggression
● law enforcement for spectators (banning orders) using sponsorship methods e
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CCTV

MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN SPORT
Areas of technology that can be used to improve performance
● Equipment - tennis rackets/cricket helmets
● Clothing - lycra shorts/lightweight protection
● Footwear - running shoes/football blades
● Surfaces - all-weather/artificial pitches
● Facilities - sport-specific venues/climate control,
● Cameras - photo-finish/action replay
● Computers - storage of information/match analysis
● Software - technique analysis/dartfish
Advantages of technology for spectators
● Increased experience at home through use of more cameras/player cam
● Wider range of sports accessible/visible through technology - glass walls in squash

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All-weather surfaces – improved skill, truer bounce, multiple fixtures
Improved camera technology - Hawkeye
On-screen information/interaction - shots on target

Advantages of technology on performers
● Increased knowledge of diet, eg carbo-loading
● Supplementation eg creatine
● Faster rehabilitation eg O2 tents, hypobaric chambers, ice baths
● Improved testing to provide feedback on effectiveness of training programmes
● Improved analysis of performance, eg match analysis, GPS data
● Advances in stress management techniques
● Equipment designed for individual needs
● Facilities to recreate environments, eg
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Advantages
● Ensure correct decisions are made/fair competition/less controversy/players more confident in
decisions;
● Helps officials communicate with each other;
● Less pressure on official to make the final judgement/less post-match criticism;
● Timing/measurement accurate;
● Creates excitement in crowd waiting for decision/allows players to officially challenge
decisions;
Disadvantages

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Officials using technology can still be wrong/technology can’t be used for everything/officials
are an integral part of the sporting contest/over reliance on technology/lose respect of
official’s decision being final
Specific technology used must be accurate/high level of reliability
Changes the nature of the sport
Cost limits use of technology at events/not consistent for all players or spectators
Breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators if too long

Equipment developed due to modern technology to allow a wider range of people enjoy
different sports activities (General participation):
● Lightweight wheelchairs for basketball, tennis and racing
● Bicycles with pedals and steering using only the rider’s arms
● Cross-country sit skis
● Gym equipment that allows wheelchair users stay in a wheelchair while using arm exercise
machines
● Gloves with Velcro straps that help users hold onto an exercise machine
● Bowling balls with hand grips to assist bowlers with limited use of their hands
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Originally it was only for the benefit of the TV
audience as it could track the trajectory of balls in flight
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Similar technologies are now in use
to help officials make the correct calls in Tennis
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In football, goal-line technology has recently been introduced to give a clear indication to the referee
as to whether the ball has crossed the line or not

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