Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Final Study Guide Chapters 8-15
While not completely conclusive, the following are terms or
concepts that you should acquaint yourself with before taking the
final

Divergent thinkers (Ch
...
The definition traditionally referred to an
exceptionally high score on an intelligence test, but it has been broadened to include exceptional
abilities in other areas as well
...
L
...
Because of the limitations of standardized tests (see Chapter 9),
many children were not identified as gifted because of the cultural bias of the tests, resulting in
low numbers of minorities participating in gifted programs
...
Some have to do with precocity, early development in areas such as language, music,
or mathematical ability
...
He and colleagues have devised a widely used set of scales to
assess giftedness in several domains
...
, 2013)
...
It is associated with
giftedness and contrasted with convergent thinking, the ability to arrive at a single answer
...
Assessment of every child’s learning level helps meet
the child’s needs through curriculum planning
...
They may draw realistically,
use sophisticated techniques such as three-dimensional drawing, or show an early awareness of
artistic form, using a rich graphic vocabulary
...
All of these are rare according to Golomb (2014)
...
11)

stage in drawing development before the child has attained the small-muscle coordination and
cognitive abilities to draw recognizable symbols
...
The
child experiments with drawing through the scribbling and the preschematic stages to develop
these symbols
...
These attempts are
nonrepresentational
...
” Children at this stage are able to think
of a favorite, but they lack the fine muscle skills and cognitive ability to physically represent
their thoughts
...
” To the viewer, as well as the artist, it is a blob
...
8) :

One of the characteristics commonly used to describe young children is “short attention span
...
(Is it any wonder that families do not fully cooperate
with “Television Turn-Off Day”?) From the preceding adult and children’s examples, there are
many variables that determine the length of attention span
...

The Time Sample is an efficient recording method that tracks children’s choices, their playmates, and the
time they spend in one area
...

It may be a mixed-age group or homogeneous-age group
...
That
assumption is based on developmentally appropriate practice for young children from birth through eight
years old (Copple & Bredekamp, 2009)
...
(p
...
(p
...
(p
...
(p
...
A segment of the free-choice time is
selected
...
The learning centers or choices are listed down the left margin
...
The recorder
looks at each area and writes down the names of the children who are in each area at that
moment
...
That does not refer to the absence of arguments, but to the
social stage of working together for a common goal, as described in Chapter 4
...
All the areas are scanned, and names of the children in each area are written
down
...
They may be in transition or perhaps wandering around and not involved in
play
...


When the next five-minute period begins, the process is repeated
...
If

the child left and returned, the name is rewritten
...
Every five minutes
the process is repeated
...


Rating Scale (Chapter 10): method of measuring a specific behavior, skill or attribute
along a continuum

A Rating Scale lists specific descriptions of criteria in a horizontal line from the least to most,
early developing to later developing, simple to complex, with several choices in between (Figure
10-1)
...
The Rating Scale shown
here contains seven sequential milestones, or quality points, in learning to read
...
The Rating Scale visually portrays the
stages of development of a skill and can even include notations at the in-between stages
...
A mandala (Figure 11 - 7A) is a combination of a cross inside a circle
...
In Hinduism and Buddhism, it is regarded as the symbol of the
cosmos
...
These extended meanings raise the mandala’s
significance
...


Creative expression: using an art to express emotion
Unit blocks (Chapter 11): 5
...
5 inches long, 2
...
275 inches thick), with halves, double, quadruples,
columns, ramps, and curves - celebrated their 100th birthday in 2013, having been designed by
Caroline Pratt in 1913
...
, 2014)
...
When stacked

progressively smaller there were no leftover pieces
...


Child study (Chapter 15)

A comprehensive narrative of the child is called a child study or case study
...
It can also be sent with the family as the child moves to another program
or as a report to a referral agency, upon the written request of the family
...
This referencing is much like the way an
author references information from another source
...
The reader may then draw a different conclusion from that source
...


Block play (Chapter 11): can and should be an integral part of every early childhood
classroom to promote spatial literacy
...
The unit blocks promote children’s
understanding of mathematical relationships and are counted, measured, and described by
attributes of shape, number, size, and order
...
Blocks provide
opportunities for using language skills (as children talk about the structures) and social skills (as
they work cooperatively, sharing ideas about what they are constructing)
...
Spatial literacy is the term used to describe thinking about how items are
arranged in relation to one another in a space
...
Spatial development is important in
mathematical concepts such as geometry
...

Construction materials are open-ended, used in different ways by each child
...
Blocks are varied in type, but all provide this kind of experience
...


Sensorimotor stage (Chapter 8): In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age)
during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor
activities
...
Vision in a newborn is at the legally blind level (Jardine, 2006; Flavell,
2002) because of the inability to focus or fixate
...
That is just what is needed to look at a human face at close distance
...
Hearing is at a near-adult level
at birth
...
As we read in the
last chapter, the infant has been found able to discriminate between “pa” and “ba” sounds at an
early age as well
...
Those perceptions, along with taste and smell, are
present at birth, though at rudimentary levels
...
In
this way, they have a healthy start on the road to cognitive development
...
Even the unborn child hears the
muffled mother’s voice and the rhythm of her heartbeat
...
Between two and three years of age, children begin to notice and “read’
print all around them: McDonald’s signs, stop signs, a print advertisement for their favorite
cereal box or television show
...
This is
contextualized literacy, words and phrases that can be read because they are defined by their
context, shape, color, and position
...
Besides an environment full of print, children look to role models
...
They often imitate those actions by picking up papers and babbling or pretending
to read
...

Health and Nutrition
The most relevant lesson to all is health science - the human body, its workings, and healthy
practices
...

Standardized test (Chapter 9): scores are measured against the norm group that has taken the test
...
The word standardized means to apply the same measure in
the same way to determine an individual result compared to an expected response
...
A standardized test is an
assessment by a trained examiner so that the test is given the same to all children and all children
evaluated or scored by the same criteria (Feeney & Freeman, 2014)
...
It has a
quantitative scoring system
...
The norm group’s average scores then become the scores against which later test-takers
are compared
...

Children’s work, done in a home or classroom setting as the child plays and goes through the
natural routines of the day, provides information that would take paragraphs to convey
...
These
works can be collected over time to show changes in development (McAfee & Leong, 2011)
...


Self-portraits (Chapter 11): An image of the artist, made by the artist

Disadvantages of formal program assessments
● Usually has a cost involved
● Is time-consuming
● Erroneous messages are given that are really not that helpful if the instrument does not fit
the program
● Necessitate follow-up so that assessment is like seeing a smudge on your face and not
washing it off
● May have circumstances, such as economic or leadership, pose barriers to the
implementation of evaluation findings
High stakes test (Chapter 9): on the basis of the test, decisions are made that affect the child, the
teacher or the school
Many federal and state laws mandate such testing
...
L
...
P
...
99 457 (1986) includes infants and toddlers and their families in comprehensive early-intervention
services
...
This was accomplished through a screening, an initial step in identifying those children
who had a high probability of developmental delay
...
The diagnosis will
determine the type of intervention needed to provide services for the child in the least restrictive
environment
...

Tests are misused when they are the sole factor in decisions to place a child in special education
or to label them as an individual with a handicapping condition
...
22)
...
Readiness - coming to school “ready to learn” - had become the impetus
for programs for young children starting at an increasingly earlier age
...


Standardized tests, some developed as screening tools for developmental delays, have been
misused as assessments to determine that readiness for Kindergarten entrance
...
12)
Children play in different ways at different ages and stages (Figure 12–4)
...
Piaget saw that the
differences in the way children played at various stages were due to the difference in their
thinking—for example, the child moving beyond exploring with the senses to representational
thought, where one thing symbolizes another (Piaget, 1951)
...
He saw how culture, customs, and rituals
become part of the play
...


Infancy
...

As the adult opens and closes his mouth and slowly
sticks out his tongue, the infant imitates the action
...
This has been documented
to occur in the early days of the infant’s life, setting the
stage for responding to another human and turn taking
...
” The repetition of
these adult-child interactions is building the foundation
for the later plots of sociodramatic play with peers
...

Between 6 and 18 months, the child is exploring the
physical world by playing with objects
...


● Repetition with objects—Manipulations are

repeated with the objects in every conceivable
way
...


● Repetition without objects—The functions she
has learned are played out in her imagination
without the object
...
She puts her fist to her mouth
and makes sucking movements and sounds,
pretending to suck the bottle
...
She picks up anything
she can handle and puts it to her mouth and

pretend (or actually) sucks it like a bottle
...


Older Toddlers
...
These rules restrict
behavior, such as to avoid dangerous situations and not
to tear up books or take toys from others
...
An
adult may be offering milk from a cup, so the pretend
bottle routine is a symbolic way to cope
...
The child is making
the rules
...
The actions become more
decentered
...
More language and muscle skills are
used to participate in shared-meaning play with others,
but self-control is a problem
...


Preschoolers
...
Each player

has a role related to the theme, but acts independently
...
There are four types of
roles common to dramatic play:

● functional—performing a common function such
as feeding a baby or driving a car

● relational—representing a family member,
friend, or pet

● stereotypic—highly predictable based on an

occupation such as police officer or construction
worker

● fictional—taken from a story or media superhero
(Garvey, 1977)

Taking roles helps children understand and feel
powerful
...
They are only able to do this because of
expanded vocabulary, experiences with models, and
objects that they can mentally transform into props
...


Most children are becoming less egocentric and more
empathetic
...
They are in Erikson’s Initiative Stage, taking
control and leadership of their own play, not dependent
on specific props or adult leadership
...

However, now roles are assigned and imaginary
experiences shared through explanations outside the
role
...
” This often meets with a
counterproposal from the victim, “No, you be the guy
on fire and I’ll come with the hose
...


Young School-Agers
...
The
child has a growing contact with reality, feelings of
industry, and pride in motor and intellectual skills
...
Interactions with other children are growing

more competitive
...
Their investigations may
be focused on collections of whatever the fad is this
week, though Barbie and sports cards have sustained
their favor
...
The dramatic
play of the earlier stages has prepared the child for these
activities

Culture and child abuse (Chapter 13)
Children of families of many cultures are participating in educational experiences
...
Child-rearing has distinctive differences among various cultures
concerning obedience, punishment, dependency, and eye contact
...
It is shocking to read child
abuse statistics and think about the hurt each statistic represents, but the professional staff are the
children’s protectors
...
Waiting time should be eliminated and children warned that the end of that phase of
the day is coming
...

Theory of multiple intelligences (Chapter 8): Gardner’s theory that each person has several
distinct forms of intelligence
...
He criticizes schools that only measure and value
some while ignoring others
...
Linguistic intelligence - remembering what one hears and reads
2
...
Spatial intelligence - recreating what one sees, imagines, visualizes, or creates
4
...
Musical intelligence - innate musical talent
6
...
Intrapersonal intelligence - comfortable with self, works best alone, and pursues one’s
own interests
8
...
Too often, the only
communications they receive about their child relates misbehaviors, failure to perform to
expectations, or commands for the child or family to take remedial action
...
Observation gives descriptive accounts of the child’s
behavior and skills from the point of view of achievement rather than deficit - what she can or
has done, rather than cannot or will not
...

The paintings in the child’s Portfolio previously were scribbles, and then they became pages
filled with lines and deliberate designs
...
The family realizes that the teacher knows and observes their child’s work from a
different point of view
...
Some children with extremely short attention spans, difficulty concentrating, and
high distractibility have been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
or Attention Deficit DIsorder (ADD) without hyperactivity
...
It is the
nature of young children to be impulsive and easily distracted, especially when the classroom
does not provide outlets for their energy or appropriate learning opportunities
...
Is it the environment, the curriculum, or the child? Diagnosis
begins with gathering information regarding physical, mental, and social-emotional development
from families, medical professionals, and teachers
...

Children with ADHD are twice as likely to be boys
...
Occasionally, children with ADHD have accompanying
disorders such as learning disabilities and behavior disorders that challenge teachers who have
these children in a group
...
Researchers are still looking for the causes
...
Most children with this disorder respond favorably
to a stimulant that paradoxically increases attention and decreases impulsivity and activity, along
with child and family counseling
...
The treatment is individualized
and most often consists of medication and behavior management, and symptoms used decrease
in the teen-age years but never disappear
...
It also will compare the child in question to his peers
...


Babies brain development

(Ch
...
Well-child visits give the health-care provider information on changes in
height, weight, reflexes, and attainment of normal milestones of development
...
Some standard assessments are vision,
hearing, and exposure to lead
...

In an early childhood setting, babies’ awake hours are filled with play, exploration,
movement, and expressing feelings (precursors to language development)
...
Once the infant has coordinated her
small muscle skills, observe and record how she handles toys, food, and art materials
as they are introduced and used
...
The Checklist records milestones in physical development, while other methods
are more useful in describing the creeping, crawling, walking, grasping, clutching,
letting go, and rolling, stacking, throwing
...

Using the Developmental Assessment Checklist, the adult can see what the child has
accomplished and continue to give her practice to refine that skill
...
She will be sitting up soon, so she can be propped in a
sitting position several times a day for short periods to give her a new view
...




---