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Introduction to Terminology and Body Organization Study Guide
Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Terminology and Body Organization | Study Guide
• Anatomy (dissection) is the examination of the structure of the human body
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Systemic Anatomy - the study of the body's structure through systems - this is the method followed by most
basic textbooks
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Regional Anatomy - the study of the anatomy of the body by region (head, abdomen, arm, etc
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C
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D
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A
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Predicting the body's reactions to stimuli
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How the body must maintain circumstances within a small value range in the face of an ever-changing
environment
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The organism at issue (Human Physiology – the study of a specific organism, the human) 2
2
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Although anatomy and physiology can be studied separately, they are interrelated since function always reflects
structure, i
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what the body as a whole or a single portion of the body can perform (its function) is reliant on how
it was constructed (its structure)
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They can focus on how the
whole system functions (what its general function is), or they can focus on occurrences at the molecular or
chemical level
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Each higher level integrates
the preceding level's structures
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• a) ORGAN LEVEL - An organ is indeed a structure made up of two or more tissues that are organised to
perform specified duties
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There are numerous sorts
of cells
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Cells specialise to execute
certain functions, for example, a sperm cell can swim, a muscle cell can contract, and salivary epithelium can
generate and discharge saliva
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• c) ORGANISMAL LEVEL - An organism is a live individual (organism) capable of carrying out life functions
via mutually dependent organ systems
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A human being is an example of an organism
• d) AT THIS LEVEL, atoms (the smallest building units of matter) unite to form molecules such as water, sugar,
and proteins
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• e) TISSUE LEVEL - A tissue is a collection of cells with similar structure and function
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Each tissue has its own structure and function
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The urinary system, for example, is made up of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra
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Skeleton
The skeleton is the framework of bones that make up our bodies
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Our skeletons are composed of 206 bones, which are divided into two
categories based on their location: axial (long) and appendicular (short)
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Muscles 5
Muscles are bundles of muscle fibers that contract to move skeletal muscles
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These muscles attach at specific points called attachment sites
(or insertion sites), where they insert onto bone
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3
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Sensory, motor, and autonomic are the
3 kinds of nerves
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Motor
nerves control voluntary movements, while autonomic nerves regulate involuntary processes
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Blood Vessels

Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
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Arteries supply oxygenated blood to cells and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
from them
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Capillaries allow diffusion of gases and nutrients
between the blood and surrounding tissue
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5
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It consists
of several layers of tissue, including epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and subcutaneous fat
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It contains dead cells that shed off regularly to keep the skin moist
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Hypodermis is the innermost layer of skin, and is mainly 6 composed of connective tissue
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6
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Hormones travel through the bloodstream
and act directly on target organs
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7
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Food moves through the esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and colon
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• There are three main body planes
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Frontal (coronal) - separates the body into upper and lower sections
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Sagital - splits the body into equal right and left halves; midsagital - divides the body into equal right and left
halves
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Transverse (horizontal) - separates the organ into superior and inferior halves
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The spinal cord are housed in the dorsal cavity
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Ventral Cavities - these are the cavities in the trunk
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Thoracic cavity - enclosed by the rib cage and separated from the other cavities by the diaphragm - contains
three smaller cavities; 7
• Mediastinum (1) - consists of the pericardial cavity, which houses the heart, as well as the thymus, trachea, and
oesophagus
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Abdominopelvic cavity - this is actually two cavities with no apparent dividing line
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INFERIOR (caudal) (caudal) Below; away from the head end or toward the lowest half of the body
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LATERAL Away from the body's midline; on the outside of
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PROXIMAL
Near the source of the body part or the place of connection of a limb to the trunk of the body

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