Notesale: Turn your study into money

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BASIC OF COMPUTER ORGANISATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Computers operate based on a set of fundamental concepts, including:
Input: Computer systems receive data and instructions from various input devices
such as keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones
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Central processing unit (CPU) and other processing components
carry out this task
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Output: Once the input data is processed and the problem is solved, the output is
delivered to the user through output devices such as monitors, printers, or speakers
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Control: The computer manages and executes tasks as per user commands and
functions
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These operational concepts form the basic structure of computers and help understand
how they process and store information
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The bus is responsible for
transferring data, control signals, and addresses between different parts of the system
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It is responsible for transferring data, instructions and
addresses between these components
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The width of the address bus determines the
maximum amount of memory that can be addressed
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The width of the data bus determines the amount of data
that can be transferred in a single cycle
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These signals can include read/write signals, interrupt
signals, and clock signals
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Each of these
characteristics influences the performance, cost, and reliability of the bus
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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
Arithmetic operations are fundamental to computer organisation and are used
extensively in the processing of data
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 Addition and subtraction are usually performed using the arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) of the central processing unit (CPU)
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 Multiplication and division are more complex operations and require more
processing power
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 More advanced arithmetic operations such as binary-coded decimal (BCD)
arithmetic, logarithmic or trigonometric functions may require specialised
hardware or software functions to be executed efficiently
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They are
executed by the CPU's ALU, by combining various elementary logic operations
to achieve the desired result
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These operations
include:
Memory reads: This operation involves fetching data from a specific memory
location and transferring it to a processor register or another memory location
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Memory allocation: This operation involves reserving a specific portion of memory
for storing data
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Memory management: This operation involves managing memory resources to
ensure efficient utilization and optimal performance
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Cache operations: This operation involves moving data between the processor's
cache and main memory to improve processing speed
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ADDRESSING MODES
Addressing modes are techniques used by a CPU to interpret the address of an
operand specified in an instruction
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There are several addressing
modes used in computer organization, including:

Immediate addressing mode: In this mode, the operand's value is stored within the
instruction itself
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Direct addressing mode: Here, the address of the operand is specified directly in the
instruction
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Indirect addressing mode: This mode uses a memory pointer to specify the address
of the operand
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Register addressing mode: In this mode, the operand's value is stored in a CPU
register
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Relative addressing mode: This mode uses an offset or displacement from the
current program counter or instruction pointer to calculate the operand's address
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BASIC I/O OPERATIONS
In computer organization, Input/Output (I/O) operations refer to the process of
transferring data between the computer's central processing unit (CPU) and external
devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, and storage devices
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Examples of input operations include reading a
file from a hard drive or receiving user input from a keyboard
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Examples of output operations include displaying text
on a monitor or printing a document
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These controllers manage the transfer of data
between the CPU and the external devices
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There are several ways to perform I/O operations in computer organization, including:
Programmed I/O: This involves the CPU issuing I/O instructions to the controller to
perform the data transfer
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Interrupt-driven I/O: In this method, the CPU sends a request to the controller to
perform an I/O operation and continues with other instructions
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Direct Memory Access (DMA): This method allows the controller to access the
computer's memory directly, without the involvement of the CPU
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Overall, I/O operations are an essential component of computer organization and
allow for the exchange of data between the computer and external devices
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RISC processors have a simplified instruction set, with a limited number of basic
operations
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RISC processors also typically have a higher
clock speed and shorter instruction pipeline, further contributing to faster execution
times
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CISC processors, on the other hand, have a more complex instruction set, which
allows for more complex tasks to be executed with fewer instructions
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CISC processors also tend to
have longer instruction pipelines and lower clock speeds, which can further impact
performance
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In
general, RISC processors are well-suited for tasks that require high speed and simple
instructions, such as scientific computing and graphics processing
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It's worth noting that modern processors often incorporate features from both RISC
and CISC architectures, and the distinction between the two is becoming less clear
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As a result, the choice between RISC and CISC is becoming less
relevant for many applications, as modern processors can provide high performance
across a wide range of tasks

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