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Title: Anemia in pediatry
Description: 4th year medical student's notes on anemia in pediatrics. Notes were taken during the pediatrics clerkship's theoretical classes. all High yield information are added.
Description: 4th year medical student's notes on anemia in pediatrics. Notes were taken during the pediatrics clerkship's theoretical classes. all High yield information are added.
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Anemia
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Anemia is a lower-than-normal erythrocyte count or hemoglobin level
...
When evaluating anemia
- 1st History: Birth and after: Requires assessment of nutrition, development, degree and duration of
symptoms, history, family history
...
6 for each age
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Clinical findings:
- Change according to whether the anemia is acute or chronic
...
- Symptoms may be milder in chronic anemia: due to compensatory mechanisms
...
- Also tachycardia, cardiac dilatation, heart murmur, pain in the legs, anorexia (growth retardation), pica,
pagophagia, angular stomatitis, atrophic glossitis,
- decrease in gastric acidity, exudative enteropathy, malabsorption,
- pain in the musculoskeletal system, easy breakage of nails and hair, spoon nail,
- atrophy of tongue papillae, flat and shiny tongue, decrease in physical performance,
- increased susceptibility to infections, T lymphocyte dysfunction, Decreased leukocyte transformation,
Decreased leukocyte killing functions, decreased leukocyte myeloperoxidosis, decreased skin
hypersensitivity,
- blue sclera,
- tissue ID affects neurological and mental functions such as attention deficit, restlessness, learning
difficulties, even if there is no anemia
...
The progression of hypoxia may lead to angina attacks and myocardial infarction, and heart failure may
develop
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In hereditary or acquired stomatocytosis, stomatocytes
Sickle cells, sickle cell anemia
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Bite cells are seen in Heinz body hemolytic anemia
Peripheral presence of large numbers of nucleated erythrocytes indicates rapid bone marrow turnover
and indicates a hemolytic process
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mean reticulocyte % same as in adults, 1
...
- Increased reticulocyte usually indicates ongoing hemolysis or a non-chronic blood loss
...
Most Common Causes of Anemia in Childhood (in order)—all are microcytic & 90%of anemias
1
...
Thalassemia Carrier
3
...
Mostly IDA -- low ferritin, low serum iron, low transferrin, low transferrin saturation
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Differential diagnosis: thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease
c
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Among the erythrocyte
indices, MCH, MCHC, RBC decreased, RDW increased (>16-17)
...
Reticulocyte count is important in the evaluation of normocytic anemia
...
The reticulocyte count reflects the body's response to the decreased number of circulating
erythrocytes
...
Normocytic anemia with reticulocytosis: in hemolytic anemia or bleeding
...
A history of jaundice, splenomegaly on examination, and findings of hemolysis in lab
(increase indirect bilirubin and LDH & urinary hemoside, decrease in haptoglobulin) make
the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia
...
Hemolytic anemias can be immune or nonimmune
...
Coombs)
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Normocytic anemia with reticulocytopenia
i
...
ii
...
3- Macrocytic (megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic)
a
...
b
...
Nonmegaloblastic: liver disease, hypothyroidism; In Blackfan Diamond anemia and MDS
d
...
Title: Anemia in pediatry
Description: 4th year medical student's notes on anemia in pediatrics. Notes were taken during the pediatrics clerkship's theoretical classes. all High yield information are added.
Description: 4th year medical student's notes on anemia in pediatrics. Notes were taken during the pediatrics clerkship's theoretical classes. all High yield information are added.