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PRINCIPLE OF CHEMISTRY
Particulate Theory of Matter

Stephen Carridice

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER
Points to cover
 Explain how evidence supports the particulate
theory of Matter?- Explain the difference
between osmosis and diffusions
 Distinguish between the three states of MatterWhat are the states of Matter?
 Explain the changes between the three states of
matter in terms of energy and arrangement of
particles
...

 Osmotic pressure- what is it?


Example 1 of Osmosis: Salt and sugar used in
preservatives as evidence to support particulate
matter theory
...



PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER
Semi-permeable
membrane

Water
molecules
Less
Concentrate
d

Salt or sugar
solution
More
concentrate
d

More water is drawn in
the concentrated solution

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER
Biological aspect

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER






Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from
an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
...

Biological related( Simple diffusion): dissolved gases
(O 2, CO 2 ) in the blood stream to cells
...


PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER


Experiment : A gram of KMnO4 was added to
pure water What do you expect to happen after a
couple of minutes?

Diffusion occurs

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER


Which will dissolve faster and why?



Hint: Temperature

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER


The rate of diffusion is also affected by
temperature
...


Why ammonia diffuse faster than hydrogen
Chloride?
 Hint (density and Molecular weight)


PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER


The rate of diffusion is affected by the density of
a substance
...
For gases,
diffusion is inversely proportional to the
molecular mass
...




Question



Now,Why ammonia diffuse faster than hydrogen?

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER
Ammonia has a formula of NH3
...

 Hydrogen chloride has a formula of HCl
...
5 =
36
...



The lower the molecular mass, the faster the
rate of diffusion of the gas
...



Try these examples with explanation SO3 & H2S,
SO2 & CO2

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER








Key points:
Osmosis only occurs when a semi-permeable membrane is
present, but diffusion can happen whether or not it is
present
...

Osmosis happens when molecules move from lower to
higher concentrations, but diffusion happens when it is
reversed
...



Diffusion: KMnO4 in Water, Osmosis: Dried carrot in
water or pawpaw leaves in water
...
This is dependent on two
main factors:


The amount of energy each particle has
...


PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER
States

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement of
Particles

closely packed
arranged in an
orderly manner

Closely packed and in
a disorderly
arrangement

Far apart and
disorderly arranged
...


Strong

Very weak

Kinetic energy of
Particles

Very low
...


High
...


Move freely by sliding
over each other
...


Volume

Fixed volumes

Fixed volumes

No fixed volumes

Compressibility

Fixed shapes

No fixed shapes

No fixed shapes

Density

Very closely packed

closely packed

Loosely packed

It comes down to two main properties – shape and volume
...
Unlike gas
particle that can be compressed as particles can
afford to move closer together and fill up the
empty spaces between them – gases don’t have
fixed volumes
...

When they are placed in containers of various
shapes, the particles move into and fill the space
of the container
...
Particles in
solids, on the other hand, are in fixed positions so
they stay where they are
...



PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER
Change in state of matter
 Most substances goes from solid to liquid then to
gas as temperature increases, and vice versa
when temperature decreases
...
Ex
...
Ex water
 Sublimation- process of a solid becomes a gas
...
Ex Ice
 Melting-phase transition of a substance from a solid
to a liquid eg
...
Cooling
curves are the opposite
...

As there are two boundaries, solid/liquid and liquid/gas, each
material has two specific latent heats:





Latent heat of fusion - the amount of energy needed
to freeze or melt the material at its melting point
...


PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER


Explain the Heating Curve for Water-Energy

Vaporization

100oC

0o
C

Water heated
as a liquid
Water heated
as a solid

PARTICULATE THEORY OF MATTER


Explain the Cooling Curve for Water-Energy



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