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 Pollination:
The transfer of pollen from an anther to the ripe stigma of another flower
...


Wind-pollinated
flower
Grass, maize
Small, green without
showy petals, reduced
scent and nectar

Flowers occur singly
or in clusters

Usually small and in
clusters

Adaptations of the
anther and pollen
(size, quantity,
rough/smooth,
sticky/dry)
Adaptations of the
stigma

Large amount of
pollen which are
smooth, dry and light
Large and sticky

Insect-pollinated
flower
Erythrina sp
Bightly coloured (blue,
purple, red, white,
yellow); Pleasant or
unpleasant smells
depending on
pollinating agent being
attracted (e
...

butterflies vs flies);
Flowers may have
special markings to
show the way to the
nectaries
Single large flowers
mainly, sometimes
small flowers grouped
to form a large showy
structure
Sticky or rough

Bird-pollinated flower

Sticky stigma

Sticky stigma

Aloe sp
No odour, long tubed
flowers, bright red
and yellow flowers

Usually single,
sometimes in clusters

Sticky or rough

After the pollen has settled
on the stigma , it sends out
the pollen tube down the
style with sperm cells into the
ovary
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 Seed and fruit formation:


The seed develops from the ovule and fruit from the ovary
...

Survive harsh environmental conditions while dormant
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Ensure protection of the embryo
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 Seeds as sources of food:







Wheat seeds can be crushed into flour for making bread
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Oatmeal can be formed from crushed oat plant, and rice form puffed rice from rice plant
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Regulate hormone function in women and prevent some health problems
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

Seeds of the scarce, endangered and plants that have medicinal value are collected and kept in the
seeds banks
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The dominant generation form the larger part of the plants’ life cycle
...

They form from cells that have undergone meiosis
...
g
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1 Why do wind pollinated flowers not have showy petals?
(2)
1
...
3 Why is the pollen of insect and bird-pollinated flowers sticky and rough?
(2)
1
...
5 What is the significance of the odour given off by some flowers?
(2)
1
...
7 Why are bird-pollinated flowers generally long-tubed?
(2)
(14)
In the table below indicate by a tick ( ) whether each of the characteristics listed in the
first column applies to the moss only, the flowering plant only or to both the moss and the
flowering plant
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(28)
Characteristic
Spores formed by meiosis
Fertilization doubles the chromosome number
Double fertilization occurs
Two types of spores are produced
Single fertilization occurs
Archegonia and antheridia are present
Adult plant is haploid
Adult plant is diploid
No true roots, stems and leaves
Produces seeds
True roots, stems and leaves
Dependent on water for fertilization
Alternation of generations
Flowers present

Moss only

Flowering
plant only

Moss and
Flowering
plant
















Flowers as reproductive structures
1
...

3
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Define pollination
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Explain ONE advantage of cross pollination over self pollination?
In a flower, name the part that…
4
...
2
Attracts pollinating agents
4
...
4
Holds up the anther for pollination
4
...
6
Allows for growth of pollen tube to the ovary
4
...
8
Contains the ovum
_____

(2)
(2)
(4)

(8)

1
...
The tree
produces about 200 flower buds at the end of each branch
...
On any one night in the flowering season, about 40
flowers open per branch
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In an investigation into the pollination of the flowers, the following observations
were made:

Time
17:00
17:30

05:30

State of flowers
Closed
Flowers begin to open and nectar
production begins
Flowers fully open
Very large amounts of nectar
produced
Anthers widely spaced and little
nectar produced
Very little nectar produced

06:30
11:30

No more pollen
Flowers wither and die

19:30
21:30
00:30

Animals visiting the flowers
None
Honey bees feed on the nectar
First bats visit the flowers
Many bats visit the flowers
Fewer bats visit the flowers
Bats stop visiting flowers
honeybees collect pollen
Birds feed on remaining nectar
None

1
...
how many hours do the flowers live after they open?
1
...
Which are the first animals to visit the flowers?
1
...
State why the bats stop visiting the flowers
...
4
...

1
...
Explain the advantage to the plant of having only a small number of
flowers open each evening

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