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BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER
MiCRONUTRIENTS
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD INDUSTRY
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macronutrients - consumed by people in
large quantities and provide most of our
energy and building blocks for growth

amino acids - building blocks needed for creating
new cells and tissue
carbohydrates - used by cell to create energy
lipids are needed for a number of important roles
including absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K the
maintenance of a healthy immune system storage
of energy insulation of organs regulation of the
body temperature and brain development
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micronutrients - needed by body in very
small quantities usually less than 100mg per
day
MACRONUTRIENTS

macronutrients - nutrients that needs your body in
large amounts which include fat, carbohydrates,
and proteins
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they contain the components of food that
your body needs to maintain its system and
structure

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carbohydrates - requires in order to ensure
proper metabolism, growth, and
development
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(biofortified crop)

cassava - important staple crop/food in
sub-Saharan Africa

BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER
legumes - plants that have a symbiotic relationship
with soil bacteria that love in nodules along the
plant root
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enzymes - protein-based substances that cause or
speed up chemical reactions in living organism
- Lysozyme is a enzyme preparation
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canning - placing foods in jars and heating
them to a temperature that destroys
microorganisms
French Emperor Napoleon - offered a large
financial reward (12, 000 francs) to anyone who
could develop a way to preserve food so that troops
in the field could receive enough food delivered
over long distances
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Nicolas Appert - won the award by
preserving peas in a way that would keep
them indefinitely
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“Father of Food Science”

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He described his invention as a way of
“conserving all kinds of food substances in
containers”

rennin - what cause milk to coagulate in the
stomach of a young calf
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ECOLOGY L2
Ecology - branch of science that studies
environment or ecosystem
Ecosystem - interactions between living and non
living things
Agriculture - important tool in the sustainability of
environment
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Sustainable environment - significant role
to play in growing worldwide population

Indicator species - oldest method of biological
detection
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determining the presence or absence of
certain species which is used to warn us
about pollutants in the environment
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Biosensors - are devices that combine biological
and electronic system to detect or measure small
amounts of specific substances, including
environmental pollutants
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Pregnancy test (pt)
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Broad spectrum biosensor are sensitive
to a wide range of compounds
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Bios - meaning life
Remedium -meaning fix or cure
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- the process of adding electron acceptors,
electron donors or nutrients to stimulate
naturally occurring microbial populations in
the contaminated area
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Bacteria is known as “Nations Chef
Recyclers”

over 1,300 now have complete genome
sequences
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Oleophilic - meaning that they are attracted to oil
and can be found in areas that naturally contain oil
or where oil is present
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Marinobacter
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Pseudomonas
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PHYTOREMEDIATION
It is the process of plants or trees absorbing or
immobilizing pollutants
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Phytoremediation refers to the use of plants and
associated soil microbes to reduce the
concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in
the environment
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There are more than 9,000 known,
culturable species of bacteria that inhabit
our environment,

ADVANTAGES OF PHYTO AND BIOREMEDIATION

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Low cost
The ability to harness natural processes
Reduction of environmental stress
The use of attractive plants

LIMITATIONS OF PHYTO AND BIOREMEDIATION
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Time
Inapplicability to certain contamination
situations
Public concerns

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Refugia is a population of organisms that
can survive through a period of unfavorable
conditions
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It is made from oilseeds such as soybean
and canola oil

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
GREEN REVOLUTION
Modern high-yield farming, which began as the
Green Revolution in the 1960s, was a significant
environmental triumph
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Integrated Farm Management - aims to reduce
applications of chemicals by optimizing the
combination and timing of all farm management
activities
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Develop an alternative method of pest
control
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CONSUMERS' CONCERN ABOUT BIOTECH
Factors to consider when buying/choosing a
product?
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Frankenfood - a term that has been coined
to describe food from GMOs
- Think that GMOs food are monsters
and don’t know the process of how
food is modified
FOOD ISSUES

BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER
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Crossbreeding plants has been a
traditional method of improving food
sources quality
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Other food has been genetically
altered crossbreeding
Traditional breeding process can
take 10 years or more to cross
plants and select a good variety
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S
Department of Agriculture (USDA) and
the environmental protection agency inspect
bioengineered crops produced in the United
States for safety
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A crossbreeding program may have many
genes altered that we know nothing about,
while gene splicing allows scientist to place
a specific gene on a chromosome,
controlling a specific desired characteristic
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If a new protein created through
genetics is similar to a known
allergen, it can be tested for any
allergic reaction that it might cause
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Gene splicing involves modifying the genome of
an organism by identifying and removing a gene
from the genome of one organism and introducing it
into the genome of another organism to result in a
desired characteristic
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They found virtually no distinction between
the risks posed by genetically engineered
plants and the crossbred plants that we
currently consume
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The agency’s efforts support the
USDA in its duties to protect the nations
food, agriculture and natural resources
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The FDA has reviewed all the
bioengineered foods that have been
put on the market and has no found
any reason to believe that they pose
a threat to the health of consumers
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Breeders evaluations range from a
plants characteristics to its disease
resistance
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➢ Labeling products could easily solve the
fear of the unknown
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

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The Department of Health and Human
Services National Institutes of Health has
created guidelines for the use of genetically
engineered substances in laboratories
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In addition, the APHIS makes the
determination whether a plant is safe
among other existing plants in the
environment and whether it is as safe as
plants produced by traditional methods
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S
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Because we coexist with these organisms it is also
believed that any environmental harm we cause will
eventually affect the human population as well
through outlets such as the food chain, water
sources, and even the air that we breathe
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➢ BT has been used in crops such as
corn, potatoes, and cotton
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➢ When those resistant insects mate
with one another and reproduce, the
number of toxin-resistant insects
grows and the fear is that the Bt
toxins will become ineffective as
pest control
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A super weed is one that is difficult to kill by
current means and could possibly take over
agricultural crops
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The EPA also inspects the safety of
herbicides and pesticides placed in
the environment by looking at their
effectiveness, their safety to
humans, the role that a substance
will play in the environment, and the
possible effects it could have on
other species that will contact

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