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Title: Amino Acids: Structure and Functions
Description: Amino Acids: Structure and Functions for B.Sc and M.Sc level in Botany, Biochemistry, Chemistry and Zoology.
Description: Amino Acids: Structure and Functions for B.Sc and M.Sc level in Botany, Biochemistry, Chemistry and Zoology.
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AMINO ACID
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
NEH UNIVERSITY
CONTENTS
1
...
PROPERTIES:
3
...
STRUCTURE:
5
...
CONCLUSION:
7
...
➔ The amino (-NH2) group is basic, whereas the carboxyl (-COOH)
group is acidic [1–6, 7]
...
➔ All amino acid have trivial names
...
, NH2CH2COOH is better
known as glycine rather then a-amino acetic acid or 2-ethanoic acid
...
➔ They are joined together with peptides bonds to form proteins
...
GENERAL FORMULA
Where,
COOH→ Carboxyl Group (Acidic)
...
C→ α-Carbon atom
...
R→ Side chains
...
➔ The side chains can be simple as hydrogen atom or methyl group or a
more complex structure
...
➔ The first carbon is a part of a carboxyl group
...
➔ The α-carbon atom of most amino acid is joined by covalent bond of
four different groups
...
General Structure
Glycine Structure
Condt…
...
➔ Those amino acids having —NH2 group
to the right is designated as D-forms
and those having —NH2 to the left is
designated as L-forms
...
PROPERTIES
Physical Properties:
➔ Amino acid are soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and
dissolve with difficulty in methanol, ethanol and propanol
...
➔ All amino acid have high melting point greater than 200°C
➔ On heating to high temperature, they decomposed
...
Condt…
...
The carboxyl group loses a
proton, giving a carboxylate
ion, and the amino group is
protonated to an ammonium
ion
...
Condt…
...
There must be an
intermediate pH where the amino acid is evenly balanced between the
two forms, as the dipolar zwitterion with a net charge of zero
...
Chemical Properties:
Chemical reactions of amino acids due to carboxyl and amino groups
...
◆ Amino acids are reacted with an alcohol to form Ester
...
Aspartic acid + NH3→ Asparagine
Glutamic acid + NH3→Glutamine
Condt…
...
➔ Due to Amino and Carboxyl group:
◆ Reaction with Ninhydrin:
● On reaction with ninhydrin molecule, amino acids gives
color
...
CLASSIFICATION
➔ Amino acid are mainly classified into two types:
◆ Proteinogenic amino acids
...
➔ Proteinogenic amino acids are further classified into different types on
the basis of the following:
◆ Based on requirements (nutrition)
...
◆ Based on their metabolite
...
➔ Based on requirements (nutrition):
◆ Essential amino acids
...
(5)
◆ Semi-essential amino acids
...
(2)
➔ Based on polarity:
◆ Non-polar amino acids
...
➔ Based on their metabolite:
◆ Purely Glycogenic amino acids
...
◆ Glycogenic and Ketogenic amino acids
...
➔ Based on the composition of the side chains or R - group
◆ Aliphatic side chains
...
◆ Hydroxyl-containing side chains
...
◆ Acidic side chains
...
◆ Amide side chains
...
STRUCTURE
➔ More than 300 amino acids discovered so far but only 20+2 amino
acids are incorporated into proteins and are called proteinogenic
amino acid
...
➔ Selenocysteine is incorporated when the mRNA being translated
includes a SECIS element, which causes the UGA codon to encode
selenocysteine instead of a stop codon
...
➔ Selenocysteine contains selenium rather than the
sulfur of cysteine
...
➔ Pyrrolysine is found in a few proteins in several methanogenic
(methane-producing) archae and in one known bacterium; it plays a
role in methane biosynthesis
...
This UAG codon is followed by a PYLIS
downstream sequence
...
➔ Aside from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, many
non-proteinogenic amino acids are known
...
Eg
...
➔ Some non-proteinogenic amino acids are not found in proteins
...
Glycine
Alanine
Symbol: G Abbreviation: Gly
Symbol: A Abbreviation: Ala
Functional Group: None
Functional Group: Alkyl group
●
●
●
Simple, Non-essential amino
acid
...
Non-Polar amino acid
...
Aliphatic side chains
...
Valine
Leucine
Symbol: V Abbreviation: Gly
Symbol: L Abbreviation: Leu
Functional Group: Alkyl group
Functional Group: Alkyl group
●
●
●
Simple, essential amino acid
...
Non-Polar amino acid
...
Branched aliphatic side chains
...
Isoleucine
Methionine
Symbol: I Abbreviation: Ile
Symbol: M Abbreviation: Met
Functional Group: Alkyl group
Functional Group: Sulfide
●
●
●
●
Simple
Essential amino acid
...
Non-Polar amino acid
...
Aliphatic side chains
Non-Polar amino acid
...
Proline
Tryptophan
Symbol: P Abbreviation: Pro
Symbol: W Abbreviation: Trp
Functional Group: Pyrroline
Functional Group: Indole
●
●
●
●
Conditionally amino acid
...
Polar amino acid, Heterocyclic
...
●
●
●
●
Essential amino acid
...
Non-Polar amino acid
...
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Symbol: F Abbreviation: Phe
Symbol: Y Abbreviation: Tyr
Functional Group: Aromatic group
Functional Group: Phenolic—OH group
●
●
●
Essential amino acid
...
Having benzene ring in the side
chain
...
Aliphatic and Polar with no charge
amino acid
...
Threonine
Serine
Symbol: T Abbreviation: Thr
Symbol: S Abbreviation: Ser
Functional Group: Hydroxyl group
Functional Group: Hydroxyl group
● Essential amino acid
...
● Containing hydroxyl group in
the side chains
...
● Polar with no charge on R-group
...
Asparagine
Glutamine
Symbol: N Abbreviation: Asn
Symbol: Q Abbreviation: Gln
Functional Group: Amide
Functional Group: Amide
●
●
●
Non-essential amino acid
...
Containing non-basic nitrogen in
the side chain
...
Polar with no charge on R-group
...
Cysteine
Histidine
Symbol: C Abbreviation: Cys
Symbol: H Abbreviation: His
Functional Group: Thiol
Functional Group: Imidazole ring
●
●
●
Conditionally amino acid
...
Containing sulfur in the side
chains
...
Polar with positive charge on
R-group
...
Lysine
Arginine
Symbol: K Abbreviation: Lys
Symbol: R Abbreviation: Arg
Functional Group: Amino group
Functional Group: Guanidino group
● Essential amino acid
...
● Basic amino acid
...
Polar with positive charge on
R-group
...
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Symbol: D Abbreviation: Asp
Symbol: E Abbreviation: Glu
Functional Group: Carboxylic acid
Functional Group: Carboxylic acid
...
Polar with negative charge on
R-group
...
●
●
●
Non-essential amino acid
...
Acidic amino acid
...
➔ Help to form the structure of muscles
...
➔ The carbon skeletons are used as a fuel source in the citric acid cycle,
used for gluconeogenesis, or used in fatty acid synthesis
...
➔ Serine is used in synthesizing the alcohol sphingosine of
sphingolipids
...
Condt…
...
➔ Serine is used in synthesizing the alcohol sphingosine of
sphingolipids
...
➔ The methyl group of methionine may be transferred to various
substances during transmethylation
...
➔ Leucine:
◆ It Increases the physical performance or strength in the short
term
...
◆ Lowering blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes
...
◆ Prevents muscle in debilitated individuals
...
➔ Methionine:
◆ Methionine is used to prevent and cure a variety of ailments,
including depression, inflammation, liver illness, and muscle
discomfort
...
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
➔ Phenylalanine:
◆ Depression, Parkinson's illness, multiple sclerosis, pain,
acupuncture, anesthesia, and osteoarthritis are all treated with
phenylalanine
...
➔ Tryptophan:
◆ Tryptophan has been used to treat anxiety and depression
...
◆ It prevents fatty build-up in the liver
...
◆ It prevents fatty build-up in the liver
...
◆ It inhibits viruses
...
SEMI-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
➔ Histidine:
◆ Haemoglobin has a high percentage of histidine
...
◆ It can reduce blood pressure
...
➔ Arginine:
◆ It boosts nitric oxide production for better blood pressure and
blood flow
...
NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
➔ Glycine:
◆ Glycine is used to treat schizophrenia, stroke, sleep issues, BPH,
metabolic syndrome, and a few uncommon inherited metabolic
illnesses
...
➔ Asparagine:
◆ It is necessary for brain development and function
...
◆ It's occasionally used to treat stress and exhaustion
...
➔ Glutamic acid:
◆ It improves brain clarity, mental alertness, and mood
...
It keeps
ammonia level in check
...
◆ Tyrosine is a supplement that helps with mental performance,
alertness, and memory
...
◆ It could also help with muscle development and injury healing
...
➔ Glutamine:
◆ It is used to keep blood sugar levels under control and consistent
...
➔ Cysteine:
◆ It stimulates collagen production and makes the antioxidant
glutathione
...
It is necessary to take them in
the diet because their deficiency results in decreased formation of protein
or protein are not formed as a result protein deficiency may occur
...
REFERENCE
➔ Voet, D
...
G
...
Biochemistry (4th ed
...
➔ Nelson, D
...
and Cox, M
...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (6th
ed
...
➔ Rastogi, V
...
and Aneja, K
...
2017
...
), 47
...
(2022)
...
8
...
➔ Jr
...
G
...
Organic Chemistry (8th ed
...
1153-1160
Title: Amino Acids: Structure and Functions
Description: Amino Acids: Structure and Functions for B.Sc and M.Sc level in Botany, Biochemistry, Chemistry and Zoology.
Description: Amino Acids: Structure and Functions for B.Sc and M.Sc level in Botany, Biochemistry, Chemistry and Zoology.