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The Chemistry Series: Special Materials and Nanoparticles
Alana Monet-Telfer
Nano-Particles and New Materials
Nano-particles
What are Nano-Particles?
Nano-particles are atoms that are 1-100, meters long and congregate together in small clusters as
well as having its own multiple dimensions of orders, for example, orders such as 100nm or less
...
There are different types of Nano such as:
 Nanosecond: The second of a billionth of a second
...

 Nanometer: The billionth of a meter
...
5nm wide and an ant can have hundreds of nanometres
...
These ones are:
 Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology can be explained in many different ways by many
different scientists, but the true meaning of nanotechnology can that a product can be
creates, which is a normal/causal product with a purpose to benefit all factors of people’s lives
and their societies, for example, products that can be put into the nanotechnology category
are products such as computers, memory chips, motors, anti graffiti-coatings, safety
packaging and cleaning products
...



Nanochemistry: As for Nanochemistry, scientists, in Nano-industries, look into the structure
of Nano particles and manufacture their simple structures, using standard size tools called
nanoscales technology, in order to find their special properties and use them in products,
which improves it and makes it better, for example, nanotubes have the property of being
good electric conductors, which is useful in electric circuits, nanospheres properties can be
used to hold strong drug molecules like a jail cell, this particle can be used to treat tumour
cancers by carrying the drug to the tumour, without affecting other parts of the body, before
the drug is released on the tumour
...


What are the Two Different Consumer Products that use Nano-Particles?
The two products I shall explain, that uses Nano particles, are scratch-proof glasses and self cleaning
windows:

1



Scratch Resistant Proof Products: There are many scratch proof products, for example,
scratch proof cars, windows, flooring, helmets, watches, and mobile phones, plastic as well as
paint, which are scratch resistant so that the product is protected from damage such as
dropping or accidentally scrapping
...

To create these scratch resistant proof product coatings, the Nano particles that are normally
used are silica non-aggregated nanopowder, Diamond-like carbon, Polycrystalline diamond,
Aluminium Oxide, Alumina Particles, Siloxane, Pyrogenic silica and Aluminium silicate, therefore,
all these particles help create good scratch resistant coatings for certain types of products, for
example, Aluminium silicate was found by engineers to be good for protecting polymer coatings
from scratching, Non-aggregated silica powder is used for scratch resistant skis and snow boards,
Aluminium Oxide is used for electronic coatings, wood coatings and laminates so they don’t
scratch either, Diamond like coating can be used for coating metals, ceramic glass and plastic,
Siloxane encapsulated Nano particles, containing inorganic and organic components, have been
made to create a new range of scratch resistant paints and Alumina Nano particles, followed by
special polymeric additives, have helped make a remarkable enhancing coating performance
...
A company called Activ glass uses special Nano particles to create a glass
which is resistant against dirt, water and even fog
...
At the end of their experiment, they created a breakthrough,
because with all these different surfaces, each surface had its own unique property, for
example, one surface with this fibre on was water-repellent, another surface was anti-fogged,
and another surface would attract water while the forth surface repelled oil and dirt
...

The way these Nano particle fibres are used for self cleaning windows is that the glass itself, made
from the particles, goes though to cleaning stages
...
The second part of the cleaning is called Hydrophilic cleaning, where raindrops from the
atmosphere hit the glass, which causes the fibres to spread the water evenly, the water takes the dirt
of the window, like a drain pipe, before leaving the window spot clean with no streaks left behind
...

 Kevlar:
Kevlar is a fabric made by the combining of para-phenylenediamine and
terephthaloyl chloride which was designed by DuPont industries back in the 1960s and has
been used in many applications for fifteen years
...

It was originally used as a steel replacement in tires, but, there are many types of Kevlar
fabrics which are used for different products, for example, a woven Kevlar fabric called Kevlar
29 is similar to actual glass, therefore, it is used in the creation of bullet-proof vests as well as
lighter weighted windows, Kevlar 49 is a fabric that is lightweight and can withstand a great
amount of force due to the amide groups hydrogen bonds, between the polymer chains,
acting like glue which holds the separated polymer chains together, therefore, this fabric can

be used for boats and sea vehicles to make them lightweight as well as protection for plans
against small arm fires and even Kevlar fabric itself is used for car tyres and bicycle tires
which reduces puncture rates in the tyres, create wind surfing sails that can withstand intense
air forces and can be created into Kevlar cables for supporting sonar facilities
...
These fabrics have many beneficial properties due to
their structures, for example, these Kevlar structures contain aramid rings which give the material
thermal stability, heat resistance and ability to not melt, therefore, the Kevlar fabric, containing these
rings, are used in fire-fighter equipment, while Kevlar’s para-structure of long, bonded polymer
monomer molecule chains, gives its high tensile strength and endurance at a low weight, therefore, its
para-structure is beneficial for the protection of shelters against big projectiles such as tornados or
missiles
...

Piezoelectric Devices: Piezoelectric devices are applications that use their piezoelectric materials to
harvest their own wasted operational energy from any electric application, transform it into ambient
vibrations that are around the home or work
...
These piezoelectric materials, which are
mainly Ziconate-titanate, Berlinite, Cane Sugar quartz, Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline and Bone as
well as the man made piezoelectric material Barium Titanate and Lead Ziconate Titanate fibres, from
150-250mums in diameter, produce voltages when it’s applied with a comprehensive force, also, the
material itself is coated with carbon nanotubes film, which causes the cantilever to bend back and
fourth, absorbing and heat from its atmosphere, therefore, this causes the material to generate power
as long as the source of power is available
...
When this electric field is reversed, the outer electric field is able to stretch
or compress the piezoelectric material which is useful with applications that have sound, generation of
high voltages, electric frequency generation, microbalances and optical assemblies
...
The reason these materials are normally used in these
devices is because they are mainly small, light, more stable in frequency, suffer less charge over a
certain period of time and are very good electrical conductors
...
Such methods are:
 Spin and Dip Application Method: This method, which is normally used to create scratch
poof glasses and mobile phone cases, is done by a chemically protected liquid coating, being
dripped onto the centre of the scratch proof product, therefore, once this coating has been





dripped on the centre of the product; the product is then rotated at high end speeds
...
The dipping application method is done; by the product being dipped
into the coating, and left under controlled conditions
...
Sometimes,
Aluminium Oxide, or Diamond-like coating, is added to the scratch resistant products in order
to improve its scratch and wear resistance
...
In thermal curving, the coated products are placed in an oven, under controlled
thermal conditions, in order to improve the resistance product, harden the liquid coating on
the product, which makes it more scratch resistant
...

These particles are also given thermal and mechanical stability; as well as have its hardness,
durability, and non flammability, plus UV resistance improved
...
There are two different processes of attaining the desired nanoparticles and
these are the Flame Spray Pryolysis method and the Flame Spray Hydrolysis Method
...
Such materials that used in this method are
aluminium Chloride powder, Hydrogen Chloride and Aluminium Oxide
...
Therefore, this results with the creation of a fine
spray
...
The liquid will become evaporated, gas phase’s reaction occurs,
and finally the condensation of the vapour, creates small Nano-sized particles; which are
stored in a separate chamber
...
These nano-particles are used to create solid oxide fuel cells, as well as be
used in UV resistant glasses, catalyst converters, and in chemical and mechanical polishing
...
Polyaniline fibres are not only used for selfcleaning windows, but are also used as a good source of UV resistant protection
...

 Kevlar Process One: The polyamide structures, like Kevlar, have huge molecules that
are made of many identical parts which are joined together in extended chains
...
Once the condensation reaction
happens, the structure makes tiny straight rods that are packed closely together, they are
bonded by hydrogen bonds which act like a glue
...




Kevlar Process Two: In the second process, the basic aramid product is spun and
turned into fibres by the process called wet-spinning
...
Finally, the fibres are then
cut and woven into a tough mat to create the super strong material called Kevlar
...
There are 20 processes to which they
shall be explained about here:
 Mixing and Milling: The Material fibres, with certain particles sizes are mixed with
additives and solvents, for example, the material fibres could be mixed with additives
such as Berlinite, Barium Titanate or Tourmaline fibres in order for the material to
produce more voltages, which are all accurately weighed, before going into the process of
milling
...

 Tape Casting and Stripping: The suspension, which are the mixed material fibres, are
then tape casted in carrier foil before being left to dry, as the foil dries, the fried tape is
then thickens
...

 Tape Cutting and Build Up: The tape, that was stripped, is then cut into square pieces
...
The end product of this building would be
a green ceramic block
...
Before printing the carrier-block is placed inside a
hydraulic presser which makes each new ceramic layer pressed gently against the other
ceramic layers underneath them
...
This printer has its own printing plate, made out of organic paste
mixed with platinum particles
...

 Edge Trimming and Lamination: Once the build up is done and repeated, the edges of
the ceramic block are trimmed so it will move easily into the lamination process
...
Once the layers are filmily and surely laminated,
they are brought in and are made to have contact with each other
...

 Dicing and Firing: Once the blocks are laminated correctly, the block is then individually
diced out of the green ceramic blocks, however, in this process; the dicing must be
extremely accurate to the pattern of the internal electrodes
...




Sintering and Termination: To create the sold polycrystalline structured material, the
fired parts are heated (Sintering) to a temperature above 1000°c, and therefore, sintering
is achieved in a protective surrounding in order to avoid the risk of led loss from the
components
...

In the termination process external electrodes are applied for the connection of both external and
internal electrodes joining together inside of the component, finally, the components is carefully
cleaned and applied with a layer of silver or gold
...
In order to provide this
fried electrode, the electrode needs a tire temperature between 600°c-800°c which depends on which
material is being used at that particular time
...

 Lapping and Polarisation: After the end product is created, it is then lapped in which
the surface of it is roughened
...

To create the Piezoelectric effect in the material, dipoles in the grains of the material, bust
be aligned, therefore, this is done by a method called the poling method, in which, a high
electrical field is applied to the external electrodes at the temperatures of 100°c-150°c in
ten minutes
...
Once final inspections are done, the components are then stacked together using a
special type of glue which is measured for height, stroke, or capacitance depending on
the applications they are used in
...
Finally,
the material is shipped off to other companies or industries that ordered those materials
...
Such benefits are:
 Nanotechnology can create Better and useful types of products: These nanotechology
products can be made in nanofactorties using a very simple method
...



Nanotechnology products are made Stronger, Lighter and more Efficient:
Nanotechology products, especially diamond nanotechnology products, are built with 10 times
more strength in them than steel, as well as 100 times stronger than aluminium or plastic
...
Therefore, it makes the process of
nanotechology product making faster, easier and cheaper
...
)




Nanotechnology products can be produced in Advance
...

For example, with the use of nanotechology, manufacturing technologies can be reduced
...
Nanotechology has been known to improve the environment
by improving housing, plumbing, agriculture, land, water, pollution and materials
...
Ethylene
glycol; a therapeutic drug, has been attached to nanoparticles which deliver therapeutic relief
to caner tumours and not be killed by the phagocytes, but instead are allowed to travel the
blood stream until they find the tumours
...

Tumours can also be treated by bucky-balls are used to trap radicals and stop inflammation in
an individual that is suffering from an allergic reaction
...
Nanoshells can be used as a concentration light to destroy cancer
cells, nanoparticles can be used to stimulate the immune response to fight respiratory
pathogens
...




Nanotechology can help with Water Purification: Scientists have used nanomaterial’s that
are in nanotechology, to purify drinking water
...
9% of
drinking water that is in sand, soil and grass, without changing its original flavour
...
Since these materials could
never have been reshaped without the method, with this technique, even metals can be
changed and distorted
...




Nanotechnology can Assemble New Materials: Nanotechnology is the only system that
has the unique ability of easily reassembling molecules, under processing, to create new
components from original ones
...




Nanotechnology can help with Food Packaging: Nanotechnology is being used to extend
the shelf life of food as well as prevent gas and moisture from touching food using invisible
edible nanopaper
...
This smart packaging contains nano-sensors and anti-microbial activators which
will detect food spoilage and send anti microbes to extend food shelf life
...
To check the welfare of the food, scientists plan to put unseen
nano-sensors, embedded into food nano products, to track food from the factory to the super
market as well as a bar code
...
Scientists are also creating interactive foods which can change flavour
and colour, followed by nanocapsules that enhance food flavours or colours
...
For
example, when these nanosensors and nanodispensers sense a deficiency in the plant, the
nanosensors will detect this and nanodispensers will then release fertilisers, nutrients or
water
...
Such disadvantages are:
 Job Losses: If nanotechnology replaces the distribution of natural substances that farmers
and factory workers depend on, it can cause these people to lose their jobs due to the
shortage of natural substances
...




Creation of Atomic weapons can be made easily: Since nanotechnology has the ability to
make stronger, lighter and more efficient products, this can also mean that dangerous atomic
weapons can be made and be more accessible to the wrong hands
...




Nanoparticle Poisoning: The nanoparticles that are used for nanotechnology are so small
that it can be inhaled by humans and cause mass toxic health problems
...
Nanoparticles
may settle on the lungs or brain and cause increased stress response and inflammation as
well as the breakdown of organic matter used in water treatment
...
Unfortunately, the nanoparticles would cause a defect in the biological process of
animals, therefore, causing mesothelima and changing the force of nature permanently
...
With nanotechnology manufacturing being so
expensive, it causes the finished nano products to be expensive too
...
If a seriously ill individual needed that nanotechnology treatment, and couldn’t
afford it due to the price of it being high, it would mean instant death for them
...

New kinds of Waste Products:
The waste that is created from the creation of
nanotechnology products can affect the environment just as badly as manmade wastes
...




Increased Nano Toxicity in Food: With all this nana packaging and smart food being made,
the nanoparticles used in their manufacturing can cause toxicity levels in humans
...




Breach of Privacy: With nano-sensors being embedded into nano food products to track its
travel locations, it can breach privacy by letting unknown individuals having free tacking
access to food that are in people’s homes
...
Therefore, it is possible that if these
food packing products are created, it will cause a great breach of privacy for many people
...
For example, a thin layer of titanium
oxide nanoparticles is used in self-cleaning fabrics which eat away the stains on clothes; also,
nanoparticles are used in soaps to increase its efficiency
...
9% of
bacteria for 30 days
...
Nanotec is being created as an all purpose
cleaning product capable of being sprayed on surfaces and leaves a defence which dirt and
bacteria can’t get on
...



Manufacture Industry: With new materials needed for nanotechology such as nanotubes,
nanoparticles, and aerogels, it will benefit the manufacture since the products created would
be more durable, stronger and lighter
...




Food Industry: There are nano foods, called smart foods being made that can be
personalised by individuals using nanocapsules, For example, food can have its colour
changed, flavour changed, concentrations changed, texture changed and nutrients increased
using nanocapsules
...
For example, this smart food can create calcium
molecules which can be used for individuals suffering from osteoporosis
...
For example,
there are nanotechology improving sunscreens which use titanium oxide with a coating of
silica to block the suns UV rays
...




Medical Industry: Nano technology, in this area, has been seen as a great advantage
because of the way drugs can be made using nanotechology
...

Nanotechology is even being used in new but complex health treatment areas, for example,
these areas can be bone repair, tissue regeneration and strengthened immunity
...
The small devices used in nanotechnology have helped to
replace abnormal or diseased cells with normal cells to stop the chances of diseases affecting
a individual
...




Fashion Industry: Nanotechnology is even used in the fashion industry and the properties of
these nanoparticles used are helping to create better, durable and long lasting clothes
...
One can prevent cold and flu, while the other destroys harmful gases and protects
the wearer from smog and air pollution
...
For example, the upper portion of the gold dress
was dipped in negative silver nanoparticles which stuck to the positive cotton
...
The denim jacket however has palladium
nanoparticles embedded into its soft tweed cotton fibres which has now made it an anti-smog
jacket
...
In nanotextiles,
there have been many particles used in clothing materials to give beneficial properties
needed by the fashion empire
...
Other nano material particles that are being used in the fashion industry are
silver nanoparticles
...
Carbon
nano-tubes can improve toughness, flexibility and strength and nanotechnology has even
created clothing that can detect and respond to temperature changes, therefore, the clothing
would be described as having its own intelligence
...
chm
...
ac
...
chm
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(Electronic manufactures, 2009, Piezoelectric devices, http://www
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Books
(Brian, Gale, Goodfellow, Hocking, Kitchin, Llewellyn, Matthews, Musa, Rhodes, 2010, BETEC
Level 2 Applied Science, Pearson Education Limited)



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