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Title: Ceramic Pigments
Description: CERAMIC PIGMENTS ARE COMPLEX MIXTURES of oxygen-containing materials that have been calcined at high temperatures to form specific crystalline phases [1]. In most cases, oxide raw materials are carefully mixed and then calcined in either batch kilns or continuous calciners [2]. After calcination, they are ground to the necessary fineness in mills. Micronizes and/or jet mills are used to break agglomerates. The final production step involves careful control of the color tone by adjustment with toners.
Description: CERAMIC PIGMENTS ARE COMPLEX MIXTURES of oxygen-containing materials that have been calcined at high temperatures to form specific crystalline phases [1]. In most cases, oxide raw materials are carefully mixed and then calcined in either batch kilns or continuous calciners [2]. After calcination, they are ground to the necessary fineness in mills. Micronizes and/or jet mills are used to break agglomerates. The final production step involves careful control of the color tone by adjustment with toners.
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MNL17-EB/Jun
...
Eppler 1
of oxygen-containing materials that have been calcined at high temperatures to
form specific crystalline phases [1]
...
After calcination, they
are ground to the necessary fineness in mills
...
The final
production step involves careful control of the color tone by
adjustment with toners
...
This results in excellent weathering and light fastness
properties
...
They are nonmigrating and nonbleeding in
nature and do not interact with polymer systems [3]
...
In addition, some are relatively high in
cost
...
Some of these pigments are difficult to disperse
...
A final concern is the inherent hardness of these pigments
...
When using ceramic pigments, processing
system components designed for use with abrasive materials
should be considered
...
C E R A M I C PIGMENTS ARE C O M P L E X MIXTURES
CERAMIC P I G M E N T S U S E D IN ORGANIC
PAINTS
The major criterion used in selecting ceramic pigments for
organic paints is hardness
...
Property attributes of the pigments are given in Table 2
...
Nickel-doped ruffle, which is often called Sun Yellow, is
produced from a mixture of various amounts of titanium (IV)
oxide, nickel (II) oxide, and antimony (V) oxide by high1Eppler Associates, 400 Cedar Lane, Cheshire, CT 06410
...
The result is formation of a crystalline matrix of rutile that has the basic chemical formula
(Ti,Ni,Sb)O2
...
Chrome-doped rutile is prepared from a mixture of varying
amounts of titanium (IV) oxide, chrome (III) oxide, and antimony (V) oxide by high-temperature calcination [1]
...
The orange-yellow pigment is used for
coloring the same systems as nickel-doped ruffle
...
The resulting crystalline ruffle matrix has the basic chemical
formula (Ti,Mn,Sb)O2
...
Spinel brown pigments are an example of the 2-4 inverse
spinels [4]
...
The resulting crystalline matrix of spinel is brown in color
and has the basic chemical formula Fe2TiO4
...
Modifiers used for substitution include Al203, CoO, Cr203,
Fe203, MnO, and ZnO
...
Titanate green and blue-green pigments are also produced
by high-temperature calcination of mixtures of titanium (IV)
oxide, cobalt (II) oxide, nickel (II) oxide, and zinc (II) oxide to
form a crystalline matrix of inverse spinel [1 ]
...
The pigments are used for coloring the same systems as the spinel
brown pigments
...
The basic cobalt blue
pigment (CAS 68186-86-7) has the chemical structure
CoAl204
...
The chemical structure of the resultant material
(CAS 68186-87-8) is (Co,Zn)Al204
...
It has the chemical formula Co(Al,Cr)204
...
astm
...
Pigment
Powder Color
Ceramic Pigment
Nickel-doped rutile
Chrome-doped rutile
Color Index/Name
Yellow
Orange-yellow
or maple
Brown
Brown
Green
Manganese-doped futile
Spinel brown
Titanate greens and
bluegreens
Cobalt blue
Cobalt-zinc blue
Blue (basic)
Blue (lighter
than basic)
Blue-green
Purple
Purple
Jet black
Jet black
Cobalt chromite blue
Cobalt phosphate violet
Manganophosphate violet
Ceramic black
Ceramic black
CAS Number
77788/Pigment Yellow 53
77310/Pigment Brown 24
71077-18-4
68186-90-3
77899/Pigment Yellow 164
77543/Pigment Black 12
77377/Pigment Green 50
68412-38-4
68187-02-0
68186-85-6
77346/Pigment Blue 28
77347/Pigment Blue 72
68186-86-7
68186-87-8
77343/Pigment
77360/Pigment
-
...
Ceramic
Pigment
Heat
Stability
Weathering
Properties
Light
Fastness
Acid/
Alkali
Resistance
Hydrolytically
Stable
Nonmigrating/
Bleed
Nickel-doped
rutile
Chrome-doped
rutile
Manganese-doped
rutile
Spinel brown
Titanate greens
and bluegreens
Cobalt blue-basic
Cobalt zinc blue
Cobalt chromite
blue
Cobalt phosphate
violet
Manganophosphate
violet
Ceramic Jet black
Ceramic Jet
black--stronger
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Yes
Yes
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Yes
Yes
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Yes
Yes
High
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Yes
Yes
High
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
High
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
No
Yes
High
Excellent
Excellent
...
used to color the s a m e systems as the rutiles, the c o b a l t blues
are used in c e r a m i c glazes
...
It has the f o r m u l a Co3(PO4) 2
...
M a n g a n o p h o s p h a t e violet is p r o d u c e d by a
p r e c i p i t a t i o n process from a m m o n i u m salts of m a n g a n e s e
(IID a n d p h o s p h o r u s (V) [3]
...
It is used for inks a n d other applications w h e r e h e a t stability is of less i m p o r t a n c e
...
The basic jet b l a c k has
the f o r m u l a CuCr204
...
The p r o d u c t has the c h e m i c a l
f o r m u l a (Co,Fe)(Fe,Cr)204
...
Like m o s t pigments, c e r a m i c p i g m e n t s are m a n u f a c t u r e d
to have a suitable particle size for i n c o r p o r a t i o n into the
coating, b u t w h e n a p a i n t m a n u f a c t u r e r receives t h e m in bags
of dry material, the particles generally have a b s o r b e d moisture [5]
...
Hence, in the dispersing process, these
layers m u s t be d e s t r o y e d a n d the p r i m a r y particles d i s p e r s e d
in the paint
...
Discussion of this topic will be
found elsewhere in this m a n u a l
...
Most c e r a m i c p i g m e n t
m a n u f a c t u r e r s t o d a y offer a line of easily d i s p e r s e d pigments
...
Adding the d i s p e r s a n t to the p i g m e n t itself p r o m o t e s optim u m contact b e t w e e n the d i s p e r s a n t a n d the pigment
...
216
PAINT AND COATING TESTING MANUAL
T E S T I N G OF CERAMIC P I G M E N T S
Ceramic pigments are usually tested for two important
properties--particle size and tinting strength
...
Hence, handbook values for
the crystal are usually adequate for most purposes
...
The measurement and reporting of particlesize distribution of pigments in paints is contained in ASTM
Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments (D 1366) [6]
...
The recent laser dispersion and electric sensing zone techniques are
not yet dealt with in this standard
...
Determination of the concentration of coarse particles that
may cause defects in a coating is covered by ASTM Test
Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments, Pastes, and Paints
(D 185) [6]
...
Higher loadings are possible for pseudo-spherical
particles than is possible with plate-like particles
...
Tinting strength is the other important characteristic that
needs to be evaluated
...
It is never acceptable to imply
application color from the color of a dry pigment
...
REFERENCES
[1] DCMA Classification and Chemical Description of the Mixed Metal
Oxide Inorganic Colored Pigments, 2nd ed
...
[2] Eppler, R
...
, "Ceramic Colorants," in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Industrial Chemistry, Vol
...
[3] Product literature from Shepherd Color Company, Cincinnati,
OH
...
and Roy, R
...
[5] Calbo, L
...
, Ed
...
, New York, 1987, especially pp
...
[6] ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Part 6
...
[7] ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Part 15
...
Title: Ceramic Pigments
Description: CERAMIC PIGMENTS ARE COMPLEX MIXTURES of oxygen-containing materials that have been calcined at high temperatures to form specific crystalline phases [1]. In most cases, oxide raw materials are carefully mixed and then calcined in either batch kilns or continuous calciners [2]. After calcination, they are ground to the necessary fineness in mills. Micronizes and/or jet mills are used to break agglomerates. The final production step involves careful control of the color tone by adjustment with toners.
Description: CERAMIC PIGMENTS ARE COMPLEX MIXTURES of oxygen-containing materials that have been calcined at high temperatures to form specific crystalline phases [1]. In most cases, oxide raw materials are carefully mixed and then calcined in either batch kilns or continuous calciners [2]. After calcination, they are ground to the necessary fineness in mills. Micronizes and/or jet mills are used to break agglomerates. The final production step involves careful control of the color tone by adjustment with toners.