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COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION
OF DATA

Terms
Collection of Data

Notes
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Previous Information

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Observation

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Experiment

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Interview

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Questionnaire

Previous Information

Search for relevant information from newspapers, magazines,
world wide web, etc
...


Questionnaire

Obtain the required information from the answers provided in
the set of questionnaires

Organization of Data

makes raw data into useful data

Frequency Distribution
Table

shows classes/intervals of data entries with a count of the
number of entries in each class

Frequency (of a class)

number of data entries in a class

Example of a Frequency Distribution Table:

This frequency distribution table describes the scores (shown in the first column) received by a
total of 20 students (shown in the last column)
...
The second column shows how many students got a
grade in each interval through tally marks
...


Scores

Tally Marks

Frequency

51-60

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2

61-70

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4

71-80

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6

81-90

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5

91-100

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3
20

Elements of Frequency Distribution

Elements of Frequency
Distribution

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Class Intervals

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Class Width

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Class Limit

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Class Mark

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Class Boundary

Class Intervals

intervals that cover the range of data

Class Limit

upper limits & lower limits

Class Width

●
●

difference between the upper & lower limits
Formula: (upper limit) - (lower limit) = class width

Class Mark

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average of upper & lower class limits
Formula: (upper limit + lower limit) / 2 = class mark

Class Boundary

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minimum & maximum possible values
Formulas:
(upper limit) + 0
...
5 = (minimum) class boundary

Example on How to Identify Elements of Frequency Distribution:

Class Intervals:
0-20 ; 21-40 ; 41-60 ; 61-80 ; 81-100 ; 101-120
Class Limit (for whole table):
Upper limit = 120 ; Lower limit = 0
Class Width (for whole table):
120 - 0 = 120
Class Mark (for whole table):
(120 + 0) / 2 = 60
Class Boundaries (for each class interval:
0-20 = (-0
...
5
21-40 = 20
...
5

61-80 = 60
...
5

41-60 = 40
...
5

81-100 = 80
...
5
101-120 = 100
...
5

Class Intervals:

Presentation of Data

1
...
Percentage Distribution
3
...
Bar Graph
5
...
Pictograph
7
...
Stem & Leaf Plot
9
...
scatter diagram

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way of graphical representation by using Cartesian
coordinates of two variables

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shows the relationship between two variables

Examples of Each Graph:

Histogram:

Stem and Leaf Plot:

Scatter Plot:

Example on How to Analyze and Convert Data on a Pie Chart:

This pie chart describes the 5 age groups that regularly watch a certain YouTuber’s content
...


NOTE:
Relative Frequency = 1
-

All frequencies added together should equal to 1
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-

Formula for a Single Datum: (Frequency/Total Frequency) x 100

Data into Degrees
-

All degree values added together should equal 360 degrees
...
095
11-20 = 36/200 = 0
...
29
31-40 = 46/200 = 0
...
205
- All frequencies added together equal to 1
...
5%
11-20 = (36/200) x 100= 18%
21-30 = (58/200) x 100 = 29%
31-40 = (46/200) x 100 = 23%
40< = (41/200) x 100 = 20
...

Conversion of Data into Degrees:
(Numbers below are from the “Frequencies of Each Datum” list)
>11 = 0
...
2 degrees
11-20 = 0
...
8 degrees
21-30 = 0
...
4 degrees
31-40 = 0
...
8 degrees
40< =

0
...
8 degrees

- All degree values added together are equal to 360 degrees

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