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PART-1

Reproduction in Lower & Higher Plants
MHT-CET AND MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD

Biology
Read these Points To Score 90+

▪ Sexual Reproduction:➢ It involves fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cells
...
They produce gametes
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Androecium is the male reproductive floral whorl
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Stamens are the individual members of Androecium
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Stamen consist of (anther, connective, filament)
4
...

5
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Hence it is called as Tetrasporangiate
6
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▪ T
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of anther:

1
...

2
...

3
...

[Epidermis→ Endotheclum → Middle layer → Tapetum]

▪ Anther walls :
A
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It is the outermost common wall layer of anther
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It consists of flattened cells
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It is protective in function
B
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1
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2
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5
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Middle layer
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It is internal to Endothecium
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The cells of these layers degenerate at maturity
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Function: at maturity, after the formation of microspores and two
pollen sacs of each lobe merge to form one chamber in each lobe
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Tapetum:
1
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Function:
✓ Nutrition to sporogenous tissue and developing microspores
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▪ Structure of Pollen Grain: (Microspore)
1
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It is with a double layered wall called Sporoderm
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Outer layer is called as Exine,& inner layer is called as Intine
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Exine is made up of Sporopollenin
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Inner layer (intine) is made up of cellulose and pectin
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Exine is interrupted at one or more places called as Germ Pores
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• It is 30 minutes in rice and wheat
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▪ Development of Male Gametophyte:

1
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(occurs
inside the microspore)
2
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3
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4
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Generative cell floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell
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Generative cell divides by mitosis and form two haploid, nonmotile male gametes
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Female reproductive whorl of flower is gynoecium (Pistil)
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Individual member of gynoecium is called Carpel
(Megasporophyll)
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A flower with many, free carpels is called Apocarpous (e
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Michelia)
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A syncarpous flower is one that has many carpels fused
together (e
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Brinjal)
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Uniovulate e
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paddy, wheat and mango
2
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E
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tomato and lady's finger

▪ Structure of Anatropous Ovule:
1
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2
...

3
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4
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▪ V
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of mature ovule :
1
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It is also called as funicle or funiculus
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It supplies nutrition to the body of ovule
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Body:
1
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A
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It is the central bulk part of ovule's body
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It consists of many diploid parenchyma cells
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Chalaza:
1
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2
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C
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These are protective coverings of Nucellus
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There are two integuments
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3
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D
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Narrow opening at the terminal end of Nucellus is called
micropyle
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This end of Nucellus is called micropylar end
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Embryo Sac:
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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