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Government Islamia College, Gujranwala
BS-Chemistry 1st Semester

ZOOLOGY

Zoology Invertebrates Animals (ZOOL-101)
Professor Imran

Animal Taxonomy, Phylogeny & Organization
Important short questions:
Taxonomy VS Systematics
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The width of the branches indicates
the number of recognized genera for a given time period
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The hypothetical
lineage is called a cladogram
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New data in the form of newly
investigated characters of old data are used to test the hypothesis the cladogram
describe
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Definition: Nomenclature is the assignment of a distinctive name to each species
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Thus, the scientific name of humans is written as
Homo sapiens
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For example, a housefly (Musca domestica), although obviously unique, shares
certain characteristics with other flies having a single pair of wings
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Further, all true flies
share certain characteristics with bees, butter, flies, and beetles
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They are all insects
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That is, mitochondria are
transmitted from parent to offspring through the egg cytoplasm and can be used to
trace maternal lineages
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What are molecular clocks?
The molecular clocks used to determine rates of evolutionary change have provided
important information that helps fill in time gaps in the fossil record
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Describe five kingdom classification
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Whittaker described a system of classification that distinguished
between kingdoms according to cellular organization and mode of nutrition
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They are distinguished from all other
organisms by being prokaryotic
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This kingdom
includes Amoeba, Paramecium, and many others
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Plants have walled cells and
are usually non-motile
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They also have walled cells and are
usually non-motile
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Fungi digest
organic matter extracellularly and absorb the breakdown products
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Their cells lack walls and they are usually motile
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Role of ribosomal RNA in evolution
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It is an ancient molecule, and it is present and retains its function in virtually all
organisms
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This slowness of
change, called evolutionary conservation, indicates that the protein-producing
machinery of a cell can tolerate little change and still retain its vital function
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Distantly related organisms are expected to
have ribosomal RNAs that are less similar, but the differences are small enough that
the relationships to some ancestral molecule are still apparent
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Define Cephalization?
Bilateral animals move primarily in one direction, one end of the animal is continually
encountering the environment
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These
developments result in the formation of a distinct head and are called cephalization
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Posterior is opposite anterior; it is
the animal’s tail end
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As with other
comparative studies, however, embryologists must sort homologous developmental

sequences from analogous developmental sequences
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Differentiate ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
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 It is the outermost germ layer
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Endoderm: It develops into the inner lining of the digestive tract and respiratory
system
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 It is responsible for the formation of the gut and its associated organs
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 It is located between the ectoderm and endoderm
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Differentiate between coelomate, acoelomate and pseudocoelomate
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Coelomate:
Criteria
Body cavity
Origin of mesoderm
Organ placement

Coelomate
True coelom
Forms from mesoderm
Organs are suspended in the
coelom

2
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Pseudocoelomate:
Criteria
Body cavity
Origin of mesoderm
Organ placement

Pseudocoelomate
Pseudocoelom
Forms from mesoderm and
endoderm
Organs are in
pseudocoelom

What is Cambrian explosion?
The Cambrian Explosion was a relatively short period of time, about 20 million
years, in the early Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago, when an explosion
of complex animal life forms appeared in the fossil record
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What is trochophore larvae and dipleurula?
Trochophore larvae
Definition: Many protostomes have a top-shaped larva, called a trochophore larva
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Dipelurula:
Definition: Some protostomes possess a kidney-bean-shaped larva called a
dipleurula
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Define biradial and pentaradial symmetry?
Biradial symmetry: It is a type of radial symmetry found in some animals, where the
body can be divided into two mirror image halves along two planes that intersect at
right angle
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Pentaradial symmetry: It is a type of radial symmetry found in some animals, where
the body can be divided into five or more identical parts radiating from a central point
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Difference between evolutionary and phylogenetic systematics
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It uses a combination of anatomical, morphological, and genetic data to construct a
hierarchical classification system based on evolutionary relationships between groups
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It uses molecular and genetic data, as well as morphological and anatomical data, to
construct a cladogram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different
groups of organisms
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Homolog: These are traits or characteristics that are similar between two or more
species due to shared ancestry
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For example: the pentadactyl limb structure, which consists of five digits, is a
homologous trait found in many tetrapod vertebrates, including humans, dogs, bird
and whales
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These similarities are often seen in functional
or ecological features
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Define monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic group?

Monophyletic
A group that includes an
ancestor and all of its
descendants

Polyphyletic
A group that does not
include the common
ancestor of its members

Paraphyletic
A group that includes an
ancestor and some, but
not all, of its descendants

Reflects true evolutionary Does not reflect true
Reflects evolutionary
relationships based on
evolutionary relationships relationships but excludes
shared ancestry
because members have
some descendants
different ancestors
Members share a
common ancestor and all
derived traits

Members share some
derived traits but not a
common ancestor

Members share a
common ancestor but not
all derived traits

Mammals (including
humans)

Reptiles (excluding birds)

Fish (excluding tetrapods)

What is body cavity? Give advantages
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Body cavities are advantageous because they
1 Provide more room for organ development
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3 Provide an area for storage
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5 Provide a vehicle for eliminating wastes and reproductive products from the
body
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Domain and lineage?
Definition: Studies of ribosomal RNA have led systematists to the conclusions that all
life shares a common ancestor and that there are three major evolutionary lineages
each of these lineages is called a domain
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Archaea are a group of prokaryotic microorganisms that are known for their ability to
survive in extreme environments
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Eukarya are organisms that have cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelle

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