Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE

madopol@yahoo
...
The statistics of

the sun and the planets are given below :
SUN
Age
Distance

:
:

About 5 Billion years
149
...


Photosphere temperature
Core temperature

:
:

5,770 K
150,000,000 K

Absolute visual magnitude : 4
...
38 days
Rotation (near the poles) : 33 days
The sun consists of 71% of Hydrogen, 26
...
5% of other elements
...


PLANETS
(1) MERCURY

Average distance
to the Sun
Diameter
Period of revolution
Period of rotation

:

It is the planet nearest to
the earth
...
6 Million Kms
...
6 Kms
...
34

sec
...
It is the
brightest of all the

Diameter
Period of revolution
Period of rotation

:
:
:

planets
...

225 days
243 days 14mts
...

12,714 Kms
...

365 days 5 hrs, 48 mts,
45
...


(4) MARS
Diameter
:
Distance from the Sun :
Period of revolution
:
Period of rotation
:
(5) JUPITER

:

Diameter
:
Distance from the Sun :
Period of revolution
:
Period of rotation
:
(6) SATURN

:

6,755
...

225
...

687 days
24 hrs 37 mts
...
663 sec
...

141,968 Kms
...
8 Million Kms
...
9 years
9 hrs 50 mts
...


Diameter
:
Distance from the Sun :
Period of revolution
:
Period of rotation
:

It was discovered by
Galileo
...

1,417
...

29
...


(7) URANUS
:
Diameter
Distance from the Sun :
Period of revolution
:
Period of rotation
:

52,096 Kms
...
8 Million Kms
...


(8) NEPTUNE

Diameter
:
Distance from the Sun :
Period of revolution
:
Period of rotation
:
(9) PLUTO

:

49,000 Kms
...

165 years
18 hrs 26 mts
...
It
is also the most distant

Diameter
:
Distance from the Sun :
Period of revolution
:
Period of rotation
:

one
...

5,865
...

248 years
6 days 9 hrs and 18 mts
...


MOON

23 hrs 56 mts
...
09 sec
...
i
...
29

days
...
Kms
...
08%)
Water Surface
: 361,149,700
(70
...

Polar circumference
: 40,008 Kms
Equatorial radius
: 6,377 Kms
...


Sq
...

Sq
...


Polar radius

: 6,357 Kms
...


Polar Diameter
Mean distance from the
: 14,95,97,900 Kms
...

45
...

Period of rotation

: 23 hrs
...
4
...


Escape Velocity from
the earth

: 11 Km per Sec
...
The Sun has a diameter

The seasons are due to the change of the Earth’s
position in the course of its revolution about the Sun,
and to the inclination of its axis
...
There are two other lines, namely, Tropic of
Cancer (23½O N) and the Tropic of Capricon (23½O S)
...
The inclination
of the Earth’s axis together with its revolution round the
Sun is the cause of the varying length of day and night in

of 864,000 miles (1,390,000 Kms) and it is 93,000,000 miles

different parts of the world
...
The Sun is a star
...
The
other stars appear small because they are so far away;
the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is 200,000 times more

and September 23 (Autumnal Equinox) the Sun is overhead at the Equator
...
At the Equator itself
days and nights are equal throughout the year
...
It is one
of nine major planets revolving round the Sun
...


distant from us than the Sun
...
It is about 240,000 miles
(386,000 Kms) from the Earth
...
The phases of the Moon are the result of its

position in relation to the Earth and the Sun
...
This explains
why we do not have a total eclipse of the Sun every time

March 21 and September 23, when the North Pole is tilted

towards the Sun, the days are longer than the nights
throughout the Northern Hemisphere and there is
continuous daylight at the North Pole
...


o

there is a new moon
...

It is slightly flattened at the poles and bulges at the
equator
...

It rotates on its axis once in every 24 hours, spinning
from west to east
...

Its orbit round the Sun is oval or ecliptical
...
For convenience, one year is
taken as 365 days and the shortfall of ¼ day each
year is made good in the Leap Year which consists of
366 days
...


Latitude and Longitude:
south of the Equator
...
The meridian
passing through Greenwich is numbered 0O
...
At the equator the degrees are 69 to 70 miles
apart (25000÷360)
...
Therefore, 1 degree passes under the Sun every

4 minutes
...


If we journeyed eastward to a place Y on longitude 180o
E, the time there would be 12 hours ahead of Greenwich
time
...

To overcome the confusion that would otherwise arise,
the International Date Line has been established
...
g
...


along 180o E or W
...
Instead of changing the time exactly
according to change in degrees at the rate of 4 minutes
per degree, certain time zones have been established
...
Thus we have the
Greenwich Mean Time (G
...
T) and the Indian Standard

away of the land is continually going on
...
Steps to combat soil erosion include (i)
terracing; (ii) contour ploughing; (iii) strip cropping (iv)
planting shelter belts of trees; and (v) plugging the gullies
by building small dams etc
...
S
...
There are five time-belts in Canada and four

in United States
...
The Lithosphere

is the name given to the outer Crust which is not more
than 10 miles thick
...


Rocks:
Sedimentary Rocks:These rocks are made up of
deposits laid down on the floor of river beds, lakes

and seas
...


and anthracite
...

When such rocks are poured out on the surface
they are known as Volcanic rocks, e
...
basalt
...
g
...

3
...


The process known as denudation or the wearing

oxygen (21%) with small proportions of carbon dioxide,
water vapour and rarer gases like argon and neon
...
We are concerned mainly
with the lower layer of troposphere
...
Troposphere extends to a distance of about
ten kilometres
...
The

upper part of stratosphere has plenty of ozone which
protects us from the fatal effects of Sun’s ultraviolet
radiation
...
It is a very cold region
...
It
includes Thermosphere and Exosphere which marks the
outer limits of the earth’s atmosphere
...
Example, slate,

pressure
...
From the high
pressure belts the air flows outwards to the regions of

gneiss, schist etc
...
Owing to the rotation of the earth, the winds

Soil:
The upper layers of rocks weather to form the soil
...
The uppermost
layer forms the top soil
...
The third layer is made up of decomposing and
much-broken rock, known as mantle- rock
...

Soils may by broadly classified as (a) Forest, (b) Grassland

and (c) Desert types
...

This has resulted in great upholds forming
Fold-

Mountains which are mainly made up of folded strata of
sedimentary rocks, e
...
the Alps, the Rockies, the Andes,
and the Himalayas
...
In
this deflection they obey Ferrel’s Law which states, “Any
moving body on the earth surface including a current of
air, tends to be deflected, the deflection being to the right
in the northern hemisphere and to the left in southern
hemisphere
...
During the day
the land becomes very much hotter than the sea, with the
result that there is marked low pressure over the land
...
Thus at night, heavy
cool air blows from the land to take the place of warm air
rising over the sea
...
This
phenomenon is to be found in south-east Asia, but is
especially marked in the subcontinent of India
...
The winds blow inwards in anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere
...
An anticyclone

is a portion of the atmosphere in which the pressure is
highest in the centre
...


The Oceans:
It is estimated that 72% of the surface of the globe
is covered with water
...


Atlantic is slightly less than half the size of the Pacific,
yet so many great rivers flow into it that it receives half
the drainage of the world
...
The average depth
of the ocean is 12,500 feet, compared with the average
height of the land which is about 2,500 feet
...


Tides:
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction the ‘pull’ of the moon on the earth, sometimes assisted
by and sometimes hindered by the Sun
...
Such high tides are called spring tides
...

Evaporation is the mean by which water is drawn off as
invisible water vapour from oceans, lakes, rivers, etc
...
When saturated air is cooled,
condensation takes place and some of the water which
form the clouds grow larger, they precipitate i
...
, fall to
the earth as rain
...
Dew is
caused by the condensation of water vapour on the cold
ground during the night
...
When
condensation takes place near the surface (and not on
the ground) the result is usually mist or fog
...
When water vapour is
condensed at a temperature below freezing point it forms
snow
...
The layer like
clouds often seen on the horizon at sunrise and sunset
are called stratus clouds
...
The heaped up
clouds, looking rather like masses of cotton wool are called

cumulus clouds
...


Temperature:
Of all climatic factors, temperature is the most

Weather and Climates:
Weather may be defined as the condition of the

important
...
Temperature decreases 1oF

atmosphere at any place at a particular time
...
This decrease

weather conditions determine the climate
...


temperature, elevation, distance from the sea, ocean
currents, atmosphere pressure and prevailing winds

combine to affect the climate of a region
...
Mount Everest, on the border of Tibet and Nepal
...
The Nile River, Egypt
...
Rio de Janeiro Harbour
...
Iguassu Falls, Argentina
...
Yosemite Valley and the Giant Sequioas of California
...
The Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona
...
The Northern Lights, especially from Northern
Canada and Alaska
...
The Pyramids of Khufu
2
...
The Temple of Artem is at Ephesus
4
...
The Mausolus at Halicarnassus
6
...
The Pharos (Lighthouse) at Alexandria

SEVEN WONDERS
OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
1
...
The Great Wall of China
3
...
The Mosque at St
...
The Stonehenge of England
6
...
The Leaning Tower of Pisa

SEVEN WONDERS OF TODAY
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

7
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

5

GEOGRAPHICAL EPITHETS-WORLD

City of Dreaming Spires
City of Eternal Springs
City of Flowers
City of Golden Gate
City of Magnificient Buildings
City of Quiet thoroughfares
City of Seven Hills

Detroit
New Zealand
River Hwang Ho
Oxford (England)
Quito (S
...
Africa)
San Francisco (USA)
Washington (USA)
Venice
Rome (Italy)

Key to Mediterranean
Land of Five Seas
Land of Lakes
Land of Golden Pagoda
Land of Kangaroo
Land of Golden Fleece

City of Skyscrapers

New York (USA)

Cockpit of Europe

Belgium
Africa
Ireland

Land of Rising Sun
Land of Setting Sun

America’s Motor City

Britain of the South
China’s Sorrow

Dark Continent
Emerald Isle
Empire City
Eternal City of Hopes
Forbidden City

New York

Garden City
Garden in the desert
Garden of England
Gate of tears
Golden City

Gibraltar of Indian
Gift of Nile
Granite City
Hanging Valleys
Hermit Kingdom

Herring Pond
Holy Land
Human Equator of the Earth
Island Continent
Island of Cloves

Island of Pearls
Islands of Sunshine
Kashmir of Europe

Rome, Italy
Lhasa (Tibet)
Chicago
Ethiopia
Kent (England)
Strait of bab-el-Mandeb
Johannesburg
Ocean Aden
Egypt
Aberdeen
Valley of Switzerland
Korea
Atlantic Ocean
Palestine
Himalayas
Australia
Zanzibar
Bahrain (Persian Gulf)
West Indies
Switzerland

Land of Lilies
Land of Maple
Land of Midnight Sun
Land of Morning Calm

Land of Thousand Elephants
Land of Thousand Lakes
Land of Thunderbolt
Land of White Elephant
Loneliest Island
Manchester of Japan

Pillars of Hercules
Play Ground of Europe

Quaker City
Queen of the Adriatic
Roof of the World
River in the Sea
Sickman of Europe
Sugar Bowl of the world
Venice of the East
Venice of the North

White City
Windy City
Workshop of Europe
World’s Loneliest Island
Yellow River

Gibraltar
South West Asia
Scotland
Myanmar
Australia
Australia
Canada
Canada
Norway
Korea
Japan
United Kingdom
Laos
Finland
Bhutan
Thailand
Tristan De Gumha
(Mid
...

India and China
France and Germany
...

India and Pakistan

Siegfried Line
17th Parallel
24th Parallel
38th Parallel
49th Parallel

Germany and France
...
S
...
and Canada

GEOGRAPHICAL
America

Sea-route to India

North Pole

Amundsen

DISOVERIES
Chiristopher Columbus
Vasco-da-Gama
Robert Peary

South Pole
Suez Canal

Designed by Ferdinand de
Lesseps

WORLD - MINERALS
Aluminium
Asbestos

Bauxite
Chromium
Coal

USA, France & India
Canada, Zimbabwe
Australia, Guinea
Zimbabwe, India
U
...
A
...
S
...

CIS, Saudi Arabia
CIS, Zaire
South Africa, South America,
Australia
CIS, Brazil

6

Ilmenite
Iron Ore
Lignite
Manganese Ore

Mercury
Mica, Monazite

Natural Gas
Nickel Ore

India
U
...
A
...
S
...
, CIS
Canada, CIS

Petroleum
Phosphate
Silver
Steel
Tin
Uranium
Zinc Ore

U
...
A
...
S
...
, CIS
Mexico, U
...
A
...
S
...
, Russia, U
...
& Germany

Malaysia, Indonesia
U
...
A
...
S
...
)
Detroit (U
...
A
...
S
...
)

Petroleum
Shipping
Ship buildings, Linen
goods
Dairy Products
Cork
Gramophone
Automobiles
Optical
and
Photographic
apparatus
Machinery, Textiles
Cigar
Films

Johannesburg (South Africa)
Kimberley (South Africa)
Leeds (England)
Los Angeles (U
...
A
...
S
...
)
Pitsburg (U
...
A
...
K
...
S
...


Chrysanthemum
Crescent
Eagle
Rose
Golden Rod

NAME OF PARLIAMENT
Afghanistan
Britain
Denmark
Germany
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Malaysia

Shora
Parliament
Folketing
Bundestag
Parliament
Majlis
Knesset
Diet
Majlis

Nepal
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Taiwan
U
...
A
...
S
...

National Flag of India
A Blind-folded woman holding a
balanced scale
...
K
...
5 m above the
river
...
98 m
high
(Toronto,
Canada)

ANIMAL
Tallest Animal
Fastest Animal at short run
Fastest Animal
Largest existing Land animal
Most Intelligent Animal
Most Cunning Animal

Largest Sea Animal

Giraffe
Cheetah
The
Peregerine
Falcon
Elephant
Chimpanzee
Fox
Blue Whale

BELL

Greatest Bell of
Moscow (Russia)

Largest Bell (World)

CANAL
Longest Canal (India)
Longest Big Ship Canal (World)
Longest Small Ship Canal

km long
...
Peter’s Church,

Vatican City (Italy)
CITY
Highly Populated City (India)

M

Oldest City (India)
Higest City (World)

(Maharashtra)
Kolkata
Wenchuan (China)

u

m

b

a

i

5,100 metres above
Longest Railway Bridge (India)
Longest Steel Arch Bridge

Sone Bridge (Bihar)
New River Gorge
Bridge, 518
...
Long Bridge,

Highest Road Bridge

Highest River Bridge

7009 m (Metairie,
Louisiana, USA)
Bailey Bridge built
by the Indian Army,
30 m long at an
altitude of 5600 m
(Khardungia,
Ladakh)
Royal Gorge, 321 m
above sea level on
the river Arkansas,

Big Ben (London)
CONTINENT
Largest Continent
Asia
Smallest Continent
Australia
Biggest Clock (World)

CORRIDOR
Largest Corridor (World)

Rameswaram Temple

COUNTRY
China followed by
India
Russia
India

Largest in Population

Largest in Area
Largest Electorate
CREATURE
Largest Creature

268 m long, Colorado
...
It can
grow upto a weight
of 150 tonnes
...

Wular Lake

Largest Lake (India)

LIBRARY
Largest Library (World)

LIGHT HOUSE
Largest Light House (World)
Bishop

Gol Gumbaz
'Astrodome'
in
Housten,
Texas
(USA)
outside
and inside
metres
...
It is operated

by

Indian

Corporation
...
Andes (South
America) (8,800 km)
Highest Peak (World)
Everest Nepal
Highest Peak (India)
Godwin Austen
Highest Mountain Range
Himalayas
Highest Peak (South India)
Anaimudi (2,720 m)
Anaimalai
Biggest Mosque (India)
Largest Mosque

GATEWAY
Buland Darwaza

Highest Gateway (India)

GULF
Largest Gulf

Taj Mahal (Agra)

MINES

MOSQUE, CATHEDRAL, TEMPLE

Assam

Largest Forest (India)

Rock

(England)

diameter 216 metres

Longest Epic

United States Library

of
Congress
(Washington)
The Lenin State
Library (MoscowRussia)

DOME
Largest and Biggest (India)
Largest Dome (World)

Superior (31,200
Lake Baikal (Siberia)

DESERT
Largest Desert (World)
Coldest Desert
Largest Desert (India)

Caspian Sea
sq
...
The
World's largest delta
is that created by the
Ganges and Brahma
putra in Bangladesh
and West Bengal,
India
...

miles
...
76
acres
...


9
Largest Cathedral

POEM

Diocese of New York

11,240 sq
...

Largest Temple

Longest Poem of the World

Angkor Vat
...
6 ha

area, built for Lord
Vishnu by Khmer
King Suryavarman-II
during 1113-50 A
...

(Cambodia)
MUSEUM
Indian
Museum
(Kolkata)
American Museum
of Natural History,
New York city
...


Largest Museum (India)
Largest Museum (World)

OCEAN
Deepest, Largest & Biggest

The Pacific Ocean

POPULATION
Largest Country in

China

Population (World)
Largest State in

Uttar Pradesh (India)

Population (India)
Densiest State in Population
Smallest State in Population
Smallest Union Territory

West Bengal (India)
Sikkim (India)
Lakshadweep (India)

in Population
RAILWAYS

Vatican Palace, Rome

Longest Railway (Asia)
Fastest Train (World)
Longest Railway Station (India)
Longest Railway Platform

Heaviest Rain Fall (World)

Largest River (India)

Barmer (Rajasthan)
Azizia (Libya) 58OC
Verkhoyansk
(Siberia) –85O
Death
Valley
(California)
Mawsynram
(Meghalaya)

ROADS
Largest Road (India)
Highest Road (World)

Grand Trunk Road
Le Narba Road Ladhak

Longest Road

Pan-American

Highway 27387 km
(North West Alaska
to Southern most
Chile)

PLATEAU
Pamir (Tibet)
Wood
Buffalo
National
Park
inAlberta, Canada
(17,560 Sq
...

SEA

PLANETS
Largest, Biggest & heaviest

Kharagpur (W
...
)
Sonepur (Bihar)

The Nile (Egypt)
Amazon (Brazil,
South America)
The Ganges (6,679
km)

Arabia

PLACE

Driest Place

French T
...
V
...

India

Himsagar Express

Longest Railway Route

(Italy)
Largest Peninsula (World)

Tran-Siberian
Railway
from

Longest Railway (World)

(India)

PALACE
Biggest Palace (World)

Mahabaratha

The Mouse-Trap
(Agatha Christie’s
Novel)
© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

Strahov Stadium
...
(USA)

Broadest Street (World)

SHIP
Queen Elizabeth
2,83,000 tons

Greatest Ship (World)

TOWER
1
...
Eiffel Tower
(Paris, France)
Leaning Tower, Pisa
(Italy)
Qutub Minar (Delhi)
88
...
5 km

of
University
Karueein founded in
AD 859, Morocco
University
of
Riyadh
...

Indira
Gandhi
National
Open
University,
New
Delhi
...
John’s
Buenos Aires
Yerevan
Canberra
Vienna
Baku
Nassau
Manama
Dhaka
Bridgetown
Brussels
Belmopan
Porto Novo
Hamilton
Thimphu

Bolivia
Bosniaherzegovina

Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina faso
Burundi
Byelorussia
Cambodia
Cameroon

Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic

Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo (Formerly French)

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

La Paz
Sarajevo
Gaborone
Brasillia
Bander Seri begawan
Sofia
Ouagadougou
Bujumbura
Minsk
Phnom-Penh
Yaounde
Ottawa
Praia
Bangui
N’ Djamena
Santiago
Beijing
Bogota
Moroni
Brazzaville

11

Costa Rica
Coted’ ivoira

Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia

Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador

Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia (or Abyssinia)
Falkland Islands

Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Germany (United)

Georgia
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong

Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland (or Eire)

Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast

Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kirghizia
Kiribati

San Jose
Abidjan
Zagrab
Havana
Nicosia
Prague (Praha)
Copenhagen
Djibouti
Roseau
Santo Domingo
Quito
Cairo
San Salvador
Malabo
Asmara
Tallinn
Addis Ababa
Stanley
Suva
Helsinki
Paris
Libreville
Banjul
Berlin
Tbilisi
Accra
Athens
St
...
P
...
R
...
Kitts-Nevis

St
...
Vincent & The Grenadines

Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tadzhikistan
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand

Kigali
San Marino
Sao Tome
Riyadh
Dakar
Victoria
Freetown
Singapore City
Honiara
Magadishu
Pretoria
Madrid
Colombo
Basseterre
Castries
Kingstown
Khartoum
Paramaribo
Mbabane
Stockholm
Berne
Damascus
Dushanbe
Taipei
Do doma
Bangkok

Timor
Togo

Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu

Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom

U
...
A
...
C
...
K
...
S
...

Vatican City
State
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Yemen Arab

Republic

Ugandan Shilling
Pound (Sterling)
Nuero Peso
Dollar
Lira
Bolivar
Dong
Rial
Dinar
Dinar

Yugoslavia

Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Zaire
Kwacha
Zimbabwean Dollar

LANDMARKS
ARCHITECTURES, MONUMENTS, BUILDINGS, TOWNS AND PLACES
Abu, Mt
...

Abu Simbal : (Egypt) famous ancient temple cut-out of

rock by Rameses II
...

Aga Khan Palace : In Pune where Mahatma Gandhi was
kept interned with his wife Kasturba Gandhi
...

Ajantha Caves : Located near Aurangabad, famous for
wonderful Buddhist cave temples richly ornamented with

sculpture and carved with paintings
...

Alexandria : City and sea-port of Egypt founded by

Alexander the Great
...

Amritsar : (Punjab) on the north-west border or India;
Golden Temple; Jallianwala Bagh tragedy onApril 13, 1919
...

Athens : The International Olympic Committee (IOC) on
September 5, 1997, awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics
to Athens, the Greek capital which was the birth place of
the Games
...

Aurangabad :One of the important towns of Maharashtra
State; tomb of Emperor Aurangzeb and of his wife
...

Auroville : It is an international township constructed in
Pondicherry with the help of UNESCO
...
Government owned
Heavy vehicles factory
...
Kumbha
Mela (religious fair of the Hindus) is held here once in

every 12 years
...
It is a place of pilgrimage for the Hindus
...

Badrinath : Himalayas; Place of pilgrimage for the Hindus
near Gangortri Glacier
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

14
Belur Math : It is monastery near Calcutta in West Bengal
founded by Swami Vivekananda
...

Bethlehem : Palestine; about 9 km South of Jeruselam;
birth-place of Jesus and Kind David; Church of Nativity
...

Fatehpur Sikri : 32 km from Agra; city built by Emperor
Akbar in 1569, now deserted
...
The area (with adjoining

Cape Comorin : also called Kanya Kumari in Tamil Nadu,

streets) houses the offices, and printing establishments
of many of the leading British newspapers and press
agencies
...

Gaya : (Bihar) the place where Lord Buddha got
enlightenment; famous for pilgrimage
...


where Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal meet the Indian

Golden Temple : in Amritsar (Punjab), sacred to the Sikhs
...
It gives a beautiful view of sun-set and sun-rise
...

Gomateswara : (Karnataka) famous for the 2000 year old
statue of Jain Sage carved out of a single stone
...

Gwalior : in Madhhya Pradesh famous for its Fort,

Buckingham Palace : In London; residence of the Royal

family of England
...
There are modern

monasteries, rest houses and museum
...


Siliguri has been renamed as Shilliguri
...
Known for Fort St
...
Thomas

Mount, Integral Coach Factory, Adyar (the headquarters

of the Theosophical Society)
...
Annamalai University is located here
...

Dakshineswar : 8 Kns from Calcutta where Vivekananda
was initiated into religious life by Sri Ramakrishna

Paramahamsa
...

Digboi : (Assam) is known for rich oil-fields
...


Hague, The : (The Netherlands) Seat of International
Court of Justice; Art galleries
...
It is in Karnataka
...
D
...
C
...

Howrah Bridge : a cantilever span bridge constructed
over the river Hooghly connecting Howrah Railway
Station with Kolkata
...
10 Downing Street is the official

Pradesh
...


Osmania University, Salarjung Museum - one of the
richest and most varied collections in Asia
...

Jaipur : capital of Rajasthan is famous for pottery,
brassware, sculpture, ivory and sandalwood work and
jewellery
...
Amber (ancient capital) Hawa Mahal
...

Jama Masjid : (Delhi) built by Shah Jehan, India’s biggest
mosque
...

Jantar Mantar : in Delhi, is an Observatory constructed

Hindu Temples constructed here between 11th and 13th

Durand Line : the line demarcating the limits of neutral

territory between Pakistan and Afghanistan
...

Eiffel Tower : In Paris (France) 300 m high and built at
a
cost of 200,000 pounds
...

Elephanta : an Island in Mumbai harbour - famous for

rock-cut temples
...

Empire State Building : (U
...
A
...


102 storeys
...
Christ was crucified here
...

Mecca : the holiest cityof the Mohammedan world in
Arabia, where the Prophet was born
...
It is a place of pilgrimage and Muslims from all
parts of the world visit the place it for Haj in every year
...
It is in
the Alps on the confines of Italy and France, longest
road tunnel in the world
...


galleries; The 20th Olympic Games (1972) were held here
...

Panna : in M
...
Panna district is known for diamond mines
...

Pearl Harbour : in Hawaii Island (USA) Naval Base;
scene of Japanese attack in World War II
...
It houses many Government
offices of the War Department of the USA
...


Jog Falls : also called Gersoppa Falls in Karnataka are
one of the highest warerfalls in the world
...

Juma Masjid, Mandu : is in Madhya Pradesh; it depicts a

synthesis of Hindu and Muslim styles in architecture
...


capital of ancient Pallavas; famous for ancient temples
...

Kanya Kumari : in Tamil Nadu, famous temple (the Virgin
Goddess) situated at Cape Comorin on the extreme
southern tip of India where the Bay of Bengal, Arabian
Sea, and the Indian Ocean meet; a picturesque spot
...

Kapilavastu :

small kingdomin the north of India;

associated with Mahatma Buddha
...
It is the centre

of the great Indian one-horned rhinos
...

Kodaikanal : is a town in Tamil Nadu famous for its

Observatory for the study of Solar Physics
...

Kovalam : is a sea-beach about 16 km from Trivandrum in
Kerala
...

Kremlin : Large fortified citadel in Moscow, now the
headquarters of Russia
...

Qutub Minar : in Delhi (88
...
It is the biggest
minaret in the world
...
D
...

Lumbini : birth place of Buddha
...
The
Nepalese Government have plans to develop the place
with the U
...
assistance as an Internatinal Tourist Resort
...

Mahabalipuram : in Tamil Nadu on the Eastern Ghats,
famous for temples and monumental architectures
...


Philadelphia : (USA) place where Americans framed
their Constitution and declared their Independence
son 4th July, 1776
...

Pokhran : The Nuclear test site in Rajasthan, 600 kms
from Jaipur
...


Pondicherry : formerly a French possession, since
taken by the India Govenement and now specified as
a Union Territory
...
‘Auroville’, an international township inmemory
of Sri Aurobindo has been built here
...
They date back to
about 300 B
...
The largest is called the Great Pyramid
which is 146 metres high and is one of the Seven
Wonders of the World
...
These Pyramids have inner
chambers and subterranean entrances built by
pharaohs as oval tombs
...

Rashtrapati Bhavan : official residence of the President
of India in New Delhi; known as Viceragal Lodge during
British reign
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

16

Red Square : It is a famous open space in Moscow
linked with the Kremlin by three gates used for
political demonstrations and processions
...

Rome : capital of Italy; on the River Tiber; one of the
most famous cities of the world also known as

Eternal City
...

Sarnath : situated 8 km outside Varanasi
...
In the ‘Deer

Park’ of Sarnath, Gautama Buddha preached his First
Semon
...

Scotland Yard : the Metropoliton Police Headquarters in
London from which the force is administered CID

headquarters
...

Varanasi : or Banares is a town in UP very sacred to the
Hindus
...

Famous for Banares Hindu University, Vishwanath
Temple, Manmandir with Jaisingh’s Observatory,
Ramnagar Fort etc
...
It includes the
Church of St
...

Victoria Falls : on the River Zambesi, Zambia-Central
Africa
...

Victoria Memorial : a magnificent building in
Calcutta having an art gallery and a well-laid out garden
attached to it
...


Karnataka during the rule of Tipu Sultan
...
Tipu Sultan died

Visakhapatnam : big harbour on the eastern coast of
India; ship building yard
...


Viswa Shanti Stupa : (World Peace Pagoda) 45 m high
stupa raised a top, the picturesque Ratnagiri hill, it is the
first stupa of its kind in India
...
The Sriharikota
Range (SHAR) comprises the Sriharikota Launch
Complex, Rocket Shed Facility, Static Test and Evaluation
Complex, Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant and

Sriharikota Common Facilities
...

Sunderbands : is a tract of forests and swamps - 264 km
long and 129 km wide fringing the delta of the Ganges
...


Tanjore : (Tamil Nadu) famous for museum, temples and

library
...

Taxila : in West Pakistan; site of excavation, old seat of
Buddhist culture and famous for ancient Taxila University
...

Thumba : near Trivandrum in Kerala State is known as

Vivekananda Rock : is situated near Kanyakumari at the
southern tip of India’s coastline
...

Wagah Border : This is a border between India and
Pakistan
...
Atal Behari
Vajpayee crossed the border to enter Pakistan by bus
as part of his peace initiative with India's neighbour on
February 20, 1999
...

Wardha : (Maharashtra State) Mahatma Gandhi lived here
for several years; centre of cotton trade
...

Wellington : in the Nilgiris hills (Tamil Nadu) is known
for Defence Services Staff College
...

White House : is the Official Residence of the President

rocket launching station
...
It is located at 600
...
C
...
This hill temple of Sri Venkateshwara is an example

Wimbledon : in London, famous for Lawn Tennis Court
...


the south
...
Admiral Nelson won the battle though he was

Zambesi : River in South East Africa
...

Zojila : a pass in the way from Srinagar (Kashmir) to Leh
and then to Yerkand in Tibet
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

17

INDIA - AT A GLANCE
India lies at the north of the equator between
8° 4' and 37° 6' north latitude and 68° 7' and 97°
25' east longitude
...

On the North, North East & North West lie the
Himalayan ranges
...

India measures 3214 km from North to South &
2933 km from east to west with a total land area of
3,287,263 sq
...
It has a land frontier of 15,200 km
& a coastline of 7516
...
Andaman & Nicobar
Islands in the Bay of Bengal & Lakshadweep in

the Arabian Sea are parts of India
...
The Northern boundary
is made up of the Sinkiang province of China,

Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan
...


Northern Mountains including the Himalayas

2
...

The Indo-Gangetic plain

3
...

5
...


Central Highlands
Peninsular plateau
East Coast
West Coast

7
...


National EMBLEM
The State Emblem of India is an adaptation from
the Sarnath Lion Capital of Asoka as preserved in the
Sarnath Museum
...

In the State Emblem adopted by the Government,

only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden
from view
...

The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted
...

National FLAG
The National Flag is a horizontal tri-colour of

deep saffron (Kesari) at the top, white in the middle
and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion
...
In the centre of white band is a wheel, in navy
blue, which represents the Charkha (Khadi Spinning
Wheel)
...
Its diameter approximates the width of the
white band
...

The design of the National Flag was adopted by

1
...

Its use and display are regulated by a code
...
The first stanza
(out of 5 stanzas) of the song, forms the National
Anthem
...


the Patkai and other ranges bordering India

National Calendar

India has Seven principal Mountain
ranges

in the North & North East
The Saka year has the normal 365 days and

3
...

5
...


the Sahayadri, which covers the Eastern

7
...


NATIONAL GAME

fringe of the West Coast plains and

Himalayas, the highest mountain - system in the
world, is also one of the world's youngest mountain

ranges
...
The days of the
Saka calendar have permanent correspondence with
the dates of the Gregorian Calendar, Chaitra 1 falling on
March 22 in a normal year and on March 21 in a Leap
Year
...
D
...
Dravidian languages form a group by
themselves, and unlike the Aryan, Austric or SinoTibetan speeches, have no relations outside the
Indian subcontinent, that is, India, Pakistan and
Bangladesh
...
The Dravidian language came into
India centuries before the Indo-Aryan
...
The first political occasion on which it was
sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National

Congress
...


(a)

Telugu, the State language of Andhra Pradesh,

(b)

Tamil, the State language of Tamil Nadu, apparently

RELIGIOUS BOOKS

Hindus

numerically the biggest of the Dravidian languages

Four Vedas, The Bhagwad Gita, The
Ramayana, The Puranas, The
Mahabharat, The Upanishads, The
Ramcharitmanas

the oldest and purest branch of the Dravidian

family
(c)

Kannada, the State language of Karnataka, another
ancient Dravidian language that has developed

Muslims

The Holy Quran

Sikhs

Guru Granth Sahib

Christians

The Bible

smallest and the youngest of the Dravidian

Parsis

Zend Avesta

family
...
The 1961 and 1971 census
had listed 1652 languages as mother tongues spoken in
India
...

They may be grouped into 6 groups as
under :

33 are spoken by people numbering over a lakh
...

The Constituent Assembly could not arrive at a

consensus in the matter
...
Hindi however was only one of the many
regional languages of India
...
Negroid

4
...
Austric

5
...
Sino-Tibetan

6
...


These languages have interacted on one another
through the centuries and have produced the major
linguistic divisions of modern India
...
Indo-Aryan, the Indic branch of the IndoEuropean family, came into India with the Aryans
...
The
important languages in this group are : Western
Punjabi, Sindhi, Eastern Punjabi, Hindi, Bihari,
Rajasthani, Gujarati, Marathi, Assamese, Bengali, Oriya,

Pahari, Kashmiri and Sanskrit
...
Although hardly spoken
now-a-days, Sanskrit has been listed a nationally

formation of linguistic provinces
...
The Constitution therefore
recognised Hindi in Devanagari script as the official
language of the Union (Art
...
345)
...
The 8th
Schedule was added to the Constitution to indicate all
regional languages statutarily recognised
...
Assamese

6
...
Sanskrit

2
...
Malayalam

12
...
Gujarati

8
...
Telugu

4
...
Oriya

14
...
Kannada

10
...
Sindhi
...
Hindi, numerically the biggest of the
Indo-Aryan family is the official language of the
Government of India
...
Official

Hindi is written in Devanagiri script
...
Tamil literature
goes back to centuries before the Christian era
...


Kannada, the official language of the State of
Karnataka, belongs to the Dravidian family
...
It has rich literary
traditions
...

It is one of the most developed languages of
India
...
Next to Hindi, it is the biggest linguistic
unit in India
...
km
...

Males
: 531,277,078
...

Literacy
: Persons 566, 714, 995 (65
...

Males
: 339,969,048 (75
...

Females
: 226,745,947 (54
...


States
Capital

: 28
...


Female-Male ratio : 933 females per 1000 males
...
4,73,246 crore (1991-96)
Per Capita GNP : Rs
...
6 (1991-92)
Life Expectancy : 61
...

Infant Mortality Rate : 80 (1990)
...
Andhra Pradesh
2
...
Assam
4
...
Chhattisgarh
6
...
Goa
8
...
Himachal Pradesh
10
...
Jharkhand
12
...
Kerala
14
...
Maharashtra
16
...
Meghalaya
18
...
Nagaland
20
...
Punjab
22
...
Sikkim
24
...
Tripura
26
...
Uttaranchal
28
...
Andaman & Nicobar Islands Port Blair
2
...
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Silvassa
Daman
4
...
Lakshadweep
Kavaratti
6
...
P)
Bhadravati
Bhopal
Bokaro
Mumbai
Nomba High

Chittaranjan
Cochin
Coimbatore

Dindigul
Durgapur (W
...
N)

Kalpakkam
Kanpur
Kollegal (Karnataka)
Kolar (Karnataka)

Lucknow
Ludhiana
Moradabad

Name of Industries

Nangal
Nepanagar (M
...
N)
Perambur (Chennai)

Pimpri (Poona)
Pinjore (Haryana)
Rana Pratap Sagar
Raniganj
Renukoot
Rupnarainpur (W
...
P)
Surat
Tarapur (Maharashtra)
Thumba (Kerala)

Tiruchirappalli
Tiruverumbur (T
...
B)
Vadodara (Gujarat)
Vandalur (Chennai)

Visakhapatnam
Worli (Mumbai)
Zaina Kot (J&K)

Fertilizers
Newsprint
Lignite
Film Manufacture
Integral Coach Factory
Pencillin Factory
Machine Tools
Atomic Power Plant
Coal Mining
Aluminium
Cables
Fertilizer
Copper, Iron ore
Paper
Match Industry
Satellite Station
Gold lace
Nuclear Power
Rocket Launching Centre
Cigar
Heavy Electricals
Paper Mills
Atomic Reactors
Thermal, Pearl fishing
Zinc Project
Rayon
Cement
Ambassador cars
Nylon filament yarn
Automobile
Ship, Submarine
Baby Food
HMT Watch Factory

MINERALS
Minerals

Places

Minerals

Places

Aluminium
Bauxite
Coal
Cobalt

Kerala
Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir
Raniganj
Rajasthan and Kerala
Khetri (Rajasthan)
Salem, Khasi Hills
Panna (Madhya Pradesh)
Kolar (Karnataka)
Tiruchy, Bikaner & Jodhpur
Tuticorin, Kota
Singhbhum (Bihar)
Neyveli (Tamil Nadu)
Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Mica

Koderma (Bihar), Nellore (Andhra
Pradesh)
Digboi, Mumbai High, Cauvery
Basin
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan),
Vedaranyam, Kovalam
Hazaribagh (Bihar)
Trivandrum (Kerala)
Nagpur, Maharashtra and Marwar
Bihar
Zawar mines (Udaipur)
Kerala sea shores & Cape Comorin

Copper

Carborundum
Diamond
Gold
Gypsum
Heavy Water
Iron ore

Lignite
Marble

Petroleum
Red stone

Salt
Tin
Thorium
Tungsten

Uranium
Zinc
Zircon

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

21

NATIONAL PARKS AND SANCTUARIES
Anna Zoological Sanctuary
Anamalai Sanctuary
Bandipur National Park

Hazaribagh National Park

Vandalur (T
...
)

Coimbatore, (T
...
)
Mysore (Karnataka)
Corbett National Park
Nainital (Uttaranchal)
Crocodile Farm
Kovalam (Chennai)
Dachigam Santuary
Srinagar (J & K)
Ghana Bird Sanctuary
Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
Ghatprabha Bird Sanctuary Belgaum (Karnataka)
Gir National Park
Junagarh (Gujarat)
Guindy Deer Sanctuary
Guindy (Chennai)
Guindy Snake Park
Guindy (Chennai)

Kanha National Park

Kaziranga Natinoal Park
Manas Tiger Sanctuary

Hazaribagh (Jharkhand)
Mandla (M
...
)
Jorhat (Assam)
Barbeta (Assam)
Nilgris
Idukki (Kerala)

Mudumalai Sanctuary
Periyar Sanctuary
Pichavaram Bird Sanctuary Chidambaram (T
...
)
Rangathitto Bird Sanctuary Mysore (Karnataka)
Ranthanbor Tiger Sanctuary Sawai (Rajasthan)
Sivpuri National Park
Sivpurai (M
...
)
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Kancheepuram

WILD ANIMALS
Black Bear
Deer (Spotted)

Elephants

Kashmir and parts of Himalayas
Many parts in India
Western Ghats, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu & Orissa

Lions and Panther

Rhinoceros
Tiger

All Over India
(Gir Forest, Gujarat)
Assam
Many Parts in India

GEOGRAPHICAL EPITHETS
Bengal’s Sorrow
Blue Mountains

City Beautiful
City of Ghats & Temples
City of Golden Temple

City of Palaces
Garden City of India
Gateway of India
Land of Five Rivers

Land of Sunrise

Damodar River
Nilgiris Hills
Chandigarh
Varanasi
Amritsar
Kolkata
&
Chandigarh
Bangalore
Mumbai
Punjab
Arunachal Pradesh

Land of Setting Sun
Manchester of India
Manchester of South India
Poorman’s Ooty
Queen of Arabian Sea
Queen of Hills

Rose Pink City
Scotland of the East
Spice Garden of India

Switzerland of India
Venice of East

Kanyakumari
Mumbai
Coimbatore
Yercaud
Cochin
Mussoorie (U
...
)
Jaipur
Meghalaya
Kerala
Jammu & Kashmir
Cochin

ASSOCIATION OF PLACES
Bardoli
Belur
Chittor
Corsica
Dandi
Fatehpur Sikri
Haldighat
Hiroshima (Japan)

Jallianwala-Bagh
Jerusalem
Kapilvastu

Lumbini
Macedonia
Mecca

Nagasaki (Japan)

Sardar Patel
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
Rana Pratap
Napoleon Bonaparte
Mahatma Gandhi
Akbar the Great
Rana Pratap
Ist Atom Bomb dropped
Massacre of Indians
Jesus Christ
Buddha
Buddha
Alexander the Great
Prophet Mohammed
IInd Atom Bomb dropped

Pearl Harbour
Pondicherry
Porbunder, Rajghat

Sabarmati
Seringapatnam
Shakti Sthal (New Delhi)

Shantivana
Shantiniketan
Talwandi
Trafalgar
Ujjain
Vijay Ghat (Delhi)
Vrindaban (U
...
)

Waterloo

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

Japan's attack during World
War II
Aurobindo Ghosh
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi
Tipu Sultan
Mrs
...
N
...
B
...
85% (1991-2001)
: 340
: 932 (per 1000 males)
: 64
...
93%
: 56
...
km

Capital

: 275,045 sq
...

: Hyderabad

No
...
86% (1991-2000)
: 275
: 978 (per 1000 males)

Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal languages
Legislature

: 61
...
85%
: 51
...

: Unicameral
...
km
...


ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Area

: 83,743 sq
...


Capital
No
...
21% (1991-2001)

: 13
Sex ratio
: 901 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 54
...
07%
Females
: 44
...
km

Wancho, Tagin Hill Miri, Mishmi, Monpa, Nocte, Alka,

Tangsa and Khampti
Legislature
: Unicameral
...
Myanmar (Burma) to the East and
the plains of Assam to the South
...


ASSAM
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
It is bounded
West by West Bengal, North by Bhutan and Arunachal
Pradesh, East by Nagaland, Manipur and Burma, South
by Meghalaya, Bangladesh, Tripura and Mizoram
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 94,163 sq
...

: Patna
: 37
: 82,878,796 (2001)
: 28
...
km
...
53%
Males
: 60
...
57%
Principal Language
: Hindi
Legislature
: Bicameral
...


CHHATTISGARH
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
06% (1991-2001)
Density per sq
...

: 154
Sex ratio
: 990 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 65
...
86%
Females
: 52
...

Location : Chhattisgarh is bounded by Southern
Jharkhand and Orissa in the East, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra in the West, Uttar Pradesh and Western
Jharkhand in the North & Andhra Pradesh in the South
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 3,702 sq
...

: Panaji
:2
: 1,343,998 (2001)
: 14
...
km
...
32%
Males
: 88
...
51%
Principal Language
: Marathi and Konkani
Legislature
: Unicameral
...


GUJARAT

Density per sq
...


Sex ratio
Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal Language
Legislature
Location : Located in Western India, Gujarat is bounded
in North by Pakistan & Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh in
the East, Maharashtra in the South-East and Arabian

Sea in the West
...
km
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: Chandigarh
: 19
: 21,082,989 (2001)
: 28
...
59%
: 79
...
31%
: Hindi
: Unicameral
...
km
...
km
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: Shimla
: 12
: 6,077,248 (2001)
: 17
...
km
...
13%
: 86
...
08%
: Hindi and Pahari
...


Sex ratio
Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal Languages
Legislature
Location : Himachal Pradesh is bounded North by Jammu
and Kashmir, South by Uttaranchal & Uttar Pradesh, Tibet

: 1,96,024 sq
...

: Gandhinagar
: 25
: 50, 596, 992 (2001)
: 22
...
97%
: 80
...
60%
: Gujarati
: Unicameral

Area
Capital
No
...


(China)in the East and Punjab in the West
...
km
...
km
...
04% (1991-2001)
: 99

Sex ratio

: 900 (per 1000 males)

Area
Capital
No
...
46%
Males
: 65
...
82%
Principal Language : Kashmiri, Dogri, Gujri, Punjabi,
Urdu, Balti, Dadri, Pahari and Ladakhi;
Legislature
: Bicameral
Location : Located in the extreme North, the State is
bounded North by China, East by Tibet (China), South
by Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and West by Pakistan
...
km
...
of Districts

: Ranchi
: 18

Population

: 26,909,428 (2001)

Growth rate
Density per sq
...


: 23
...
13%
Males
: 67
...
38%
Principal Language
: Hindi
Legislature
: Bicameral
Location : Jharkhand is bounded by West Bengal in the
East, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in the West, Bihar

Sex ratio
: 920 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 64
...
80%
Females
: 50
...

Location : Madhya Pradesh is bounded by Chhattisgarh

in North and Orissa in South
...


KARNATAKA
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
25% (1991-2001)
Density per sq
...

: 275
Sex ratio
: 964 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 67
...
29%
Females
: 57
...


KERALA

MAHARASHTRA
: 3,07,713 sq
...

: Mumbai
: 35
: 96,752,247 (2001)
: 22
...
km
...
27%
Males
: 86
...
51%
Principal Language
: Marati
Legislature
: Bicameral
Location : Located in Central India, Maharashtra is
bounded North by Madhya Pradesh East by
Chhattisgarh, South by Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and

Area
Capital
No
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 38,863 sq
...

: Thiruvananthapuram
: 14
: 31,838,619 (2001)
: 9
...
km
...
92%
Males
: 94
...
86%
Principal Language
: Malayalam
Legialature
: Unicameral
...


MADHYA PRADESH
Area

: 60,385,118 (2001)
: Bhopal
: 24
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 22,327 sq
...

: Imphal
:9
: 2,388,634 (2001)
: 30
...
km
...
87%
Males
: 77
...
70%
Principal Language
: Manipuri
Legislature
: Unicameral
Location : Located in North-East India, Manipur is
bounded North by Nagaland, East by Myanmar (Burma),
South by Mizoram and West by Assam
...
km
...
of Districts

and Gujarat
...
km
...
of Districts
Population

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

: 22,429 sq
...

: Shillong
:7
: 2,306,069 (2001)

25

Growth rate
Density per sq
...


Sex ratio
Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal Languages
Legislature

: 29
...
31%
: 66
...
41%
: Khasi, Garo & English
...


Location : A landlocked territory of lovely hills with
abounding sylvan beauty, Meghalaya (meaning “the
abode of clouds”) is bounded on the North by
Goalpara, Kamrup and Karbi-Anglong districts of
Assam State, and on the East by the districts of Cachar
and North Cachar Hills, also of the State of Assam
...


MIZORAM
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 1,55,707 sq
...

: Bhubaneswar
: 30
: 36,706,920 (2001)
: 15
...
km
...
61%
Males
: 75
...
97%
Principal Language
: Oriya
Legislature
: Unicameral
...
km
...
18% (1991-2001)
: 42
: 938 (per 1000 males)
: 88
...
69%
: 86
...

: Unicameral

Location : One of the Eastern-most States, Mizoram lies
between Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma), Tripura,

Assam and Manipur border is on the North
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

ORISSA

: 16,579 sq
...

: Kohima
:8
: 1,988,636 (2001)
: 64
...
11%
: 71
...
92%

by the Bay of Bengal, South by Andhra Pradesh & West
by Chhattisgarh
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 50,362 sq
...

: Chandigarh
: 17
: 24,289,296 (2001)
: 19
...
km
...
95%
: 75
...
55%
Females
Principal Language
: Punjabi
Legislature
: Unicameral
...


RAJASTHAN
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
33% (1991-2001)

Density per sq
...


: 165

Sex ratio

: 922 (per 1000 males)

the North, Manipur in the South, Myanmar in the East

Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal Languages

and Assam in the West
...
03%
: 76
...
34%
: Hindi and Rajasthani
: Unicameral
...
km

Sex ratio
Literacy rate
Males
Females

Principal Languages : Ao, Chang, Chakhesang, Konyak,

Sangtam, Angami, Sema & Lotha
Legislature
: Unicameral
...
Rajasthan is the largest State of

Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal Languages

the Indian union in terms of its size
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate
Density per sq
...


Sex ratio
Literacy rate
Males
Females
Principal Languages
Legislature

: 7,096 sq
...

: Gangtok
:4
: 540,493 (2001)
: 32
...
68%
: 76
...
46%
: Bhutia, Nepali, Lepcha
and Limbu
: Unicameral
...
It is

the least populated State of the Indian Union
...
km
...
19% (1991-2001)

No
...
km
...
47%
: 82
...
55%
: Tamil
: Unicameral

Location : Located in South India, Tamil Nadu is
bounded North by Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, East
by the Bay of Bengal, South by the Indian Ocean and

West by Kerala
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate
Density per sq
...


Sex ratio

Location : Tripura is bounded on the North, West and
South by Bangladesh and on the North-East by Assam

and Mizoram
...
of Districts
Population
Growth rate

: 2,38,566 sq
...

: Lucknow
: 70
: 166,052,859 (2001)
: 25
...
km
...
36%
Males
: 70
...
98%
Principal Languages
: Hindi & Urdu
...

Location : Uttar Pradesh is bounded by Uttaranchal and
Nepal in North, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in

TAMIL NADU
Area
Capital

: 73
...
47%
: 65
...


: 10,492 sq
...

: Agartala
:4
: 3,191,168 (2001)
: 15
...


UTTARANCHAL
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
20% (1991-2001)
Density per sq
...

: 159
Sex ratio
: 964 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 72
...
01%
Females
: 60
...

Location : Uttaranchal is bounded by Tibet (China)in the
North and Uttar Pradesh in the South, Nepal in the East
& Himachal Pradesh in the West
...
of Districts

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

: 88,752 sq
...

: 80,221,171 (2001)
: Kolkata
: 17
...
km
...
22%
: 77
...
22%
: Bengali
: Unicameral
...


UNION TERRITORIES
NATIONAL
CAPITAL TERRITORY- DELHI
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
31% (1991-2001)
Density per sq
...

: 9,294
Sex ratio
: 821 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 81
...
37%
Females
: 75
...

Legislature
: Unicameral
Location : Delhi lying in the Northern part of the country,
is surrounded by Haryana on all sides except the East

Bengal 1,255 km from Kolkata & 1,190 km from Chennai
...
Five

large islands grouped together are called the Great
Andamans & to the South is the Island of Little Andaman
...
The
total area is about 6,408 sq km
...
The
Nicobar Islands are situated to the South of the
Andamans, 121 km from Little Andaman
...

The islands are usually divided into three sub-groups
(southern, central and northern), the chief islands in each
being
...
There is a fine landlocked
harbour between the islands of Camotra & Nancowrie,
known as Nancowrie Harbour
...
It has become the

: 114 sq
...

: Chandigarh
: 40
...
km
...
76%
Males
: 85
...
65%
Principal Languages
: Hindi, Punjabi and
English
Legislature
: None
Location : Chandigarh is in the Foot hills of Shivalik hills

National Capital Territory in 1991
...
The city was created

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR
ISLANDS
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
94% (1991-2001)
Density per sq
...

: 43
Sex ratio
: 846 (per 1000 males)
Literacy rate
: 81
...
07%
Females
: 75
...

Legislature
: None
Location : The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group
of more than 3000 islands out of which 265 are
uninhabited
...
Chandigarh is the
capital of both Punjab & Haryana states
...


DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI
Area
Capital
Growth rate
Density per sq
...


: 491 sq
...

: Silvassa
: 59
...
03%
: 73
...
99%
: Gujarati and Hindi
...
Vapi, located 15 km away from Silvassa,

is the nearest railway station
...
It is an archipelago
consisting of 12 atolls, three reefs and five sub merged

DAMAN AND DIU
Area
Capital
No
...
km
...
km
...
Out of its 36 Islands covering an area of 32 sq
...


: Daman
:2
: 158,059 (2001)
: 55
...
09%
: 88
...
37%
: Gujarati

only 10 are inhabited
...
The two are located on the West

coast of India in the Arabian Sea
...
km
...

: 973,829 (2001)
: Pondicherry
: 20
...
49%
: 88
...
13%
: Unicameral;

Area
Population
Capital
Growth rate
No
...
km
...

: 17
...
52%
: 93
...
56%
: Malayalam & English
...

Location : The Union Territory of Pondicherry
encompasses an area of only 492 sq
...
with Pondicherry

town and its villages covering 293 sq
...
surrounded by
the South Arcot District, Karaikal town and its villages
covering 160 sq
...
surrounded by Thanjavur District,
Mahe and its villages covering 9 sq
...
surrounded by
the Kerala State and Yanam covering 30 sq
...
within the

East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh
...
Karaikal is 150 km of South of Pondicherry
...


IMPORTANT DAYS
JANUARY
12
21
26
30

National Youth Day

28

National Science Day

8
11
15
15
21
22
23

International Women’s Day
Commonwealth Day

Army Day
Republic Day
Martyrs’ Day

FEBRUARY
MARCH

1
8
17
21
24
31

MAY
May Day, Workers’ Day, International
Labour Day
World Red Cross Day
World Tele-communication Day
Anti-terrorism Day

Commonwealth Day
No-Tobacco Day

JUNE
5

World Environment Day

1
11

Doctors’ Day

JULY

World Consumers' Rights Day

World Disabled Day
World Forestry Day
World Day for Water

AUGUST

World Meteorological Day

APRIL
5
National Maritime Day
7
World Health Day
10-16 Railway Week
13
Jallianwala Day
18
World Heritage Day
22
Earth Day
23
World Book Day

World Population Day

1-7 Breast Feeding Week
6
Hiroshima Day
9
Nagasaki Day
9
Quit India Day
15 Independence Day
29 National Sports Day
SEPTEMBER
5

Teachers’ Day
© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

8 International Literacy Day
16 World Ozone Day
27 World Tourism Day
OCTOBER
1 International Day for the Elderly
2 World Vegetarian Day
2 World Animal Day
4 National Integration Day
8 Air Force Day
16 World Food Day
21 Police Commemoration Day
24 UN Day
30 World Thrift Day
31 National Integration Day
NOVEMBER
14 Children’s Day
19 Citizens Day
DECEMBER
1 World AIDS Day
4 Navy Day
7 Flag Day
10 Human Rights Day (UN)

20 Kisan’s Day

29

MULTIPURPOSE RIVER-VALLEY PROJECTS
Beas Project : It is a joint venture of the government of
Punjab; Haryana and Rajasthan
...

Beas-Sutlej Link : The Project links the Beas and the
Sutlej rivers in Punjab through 38
...

The project is shared by Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
which will benefit from its irrigation and power potential
...


Gandak Project (Bihar and UP) : This is a joint venture
of India and Nepal as per agreement signed between the
two governments on Dec
...
Bihar and UP are the
participating Indian States
...

Hirakud Project (Orissa) : is the first of a chain of three
Dams planned for harvesting the Mahanadi
...

Bhakara - Nangal Project (Himachal Pradesh) : It is the
largest multipurpose project in India and the highest
straight-gravity dam in the world (225
...

Chambal Project is a joint undertaking by the Rajasthan
and Madhya Pradesh governments
...
The project comprises construction of two other
dams : Gandhi Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh and Jawahar

Sagar (Kotah) Dam in Rajasthan
...


335 crore
...
It has been
completely built by India
...
The project costed Rs
...


Damodar Velley Project (West Bengal and Bihar) :
Principal object of this multipurpose scheme is to control
the flowing of the Damodar which is notorious for its
vagaries and destrutiveness
...
V
...
) in U
...
A
...

The foundation of the project was laid in September 1984
...


The power house will be located underground
...
It consists of a
barrage across the Ganga at Farakka
...

Especially, the object of Farakka is to use about 40,000
cusecs of water out of the water stored in the dam to

flush the Calcutta port which is getting silted up
...
The project envisages to harness Periyar
water and it has three major dams, the 160 m high Iddukki
arch dam across Periyar river, 138 m high Cheruthoni Dam

across the tributary of Cheruthoni river and 99
...

Jayakwadi Dam (Maharashtra): The 10-km long
Jayakwadi dam on the Godavari is Maharashtra’s largest
power project located near Paithan
...
The project is financed by the
Gujarat government
...
The
capacity will be 710 MW
...

Beas generting power, the dam will also serve as a check
dam for the 1,050-MW Bhara Dam to prolong its life by at

least 10 years
...
The Kosi rises in Nepal, passes through Bihar
and it joins the Ganges
...
Two are to be built across it
...
The
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was inaugurated on Aug
...

It is situated near Nadikonad village in Mriyalguda taluk
of Nalgonda district
...

2216
...
The project will be Asia’s biggest Hydroelectric project
...
It envisages construction of

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

30

seven inter-connected reservoirs by harnessing river
including 2 major rivers viz
...

Parappalar Dam : The Rs
...

Periyar Valley Scheme (Kerala) : The scheme envisages
the construction of a masonary barrage 210
...

Pong Dam : Also called the Beas Dam on the river Beas,
near Talwara in Himachal Pradesh, is the highest (132 m
high) rockfill dam in the country
...
The dam has

been designed to store 6
...
feet of water
...
The project, which uses water from the
Pong Dam, consists of 215-km long Rajasthan feeder
canal with the first 178 km in Punjab and Haryana and the

remaining 37 km in Rajasthan and the 467-km long

Rajasthan main canal lying entirely in Rajasthan
...
2 km upstreams of Kalagarh

of 1
...

On completion of the project more than 40 per cent of the
drought-affected areas of Gujarat would be ensured
against the calamity
...

Subarnarekha Project : It is Rs
...

Ranjit Sagar Dam : In view of the situation that
developed after the expiry of the Indus water treaty (with
Pakistan) on March 31, 1970, the Punjab Government drew

up plans to utilize water of the Ravi
...
6 m high dam at Thein village across the
Ravi 25 km upstream, of Madhopur headworks at an
estimate cost of Rs
...
The project was earlier
known as Thein Dam Project
...
This dam being
constructed will be the third highest dam in the world
...

Telugu Ganga Project : Inaugurated in May 1983 this
project will consist of 400 km long canal named Telugu

in Garhwal district
...
P
...
P
...


river in Kurnool district
...
The Poondi reservoir is to meet the drinking
water needs of Chennai
...
The project will help transform the

joint undertaking by the governments of Andhra Pradesh
and Karnataka
...


entire cold mountain desert into a lush green belt
...
The first stage was completed on February
9, 1989 and marked the beginning of the harnessing of
hydro-power potential of the river Chenab
...
With the
completion of Second stage the capacity will be doubled
...
The 120 MW project is
located near Bhaba Nagar in Kinnur district of Himachal
Pradesh
...
It has added 540,00 MW of installed
capacity to the State’s existing power network
...


tributary of Sutlej
...


Sardar Sarovar Project : This is one of the largest river

Uri Power Project : It is located on the river Jhelum in

valley schemes in the country
...
This will create irrigation potential

the Uri Tehsil of Baramulla district in Jammu and Kashmir
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

31

INDIAN POLITY
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
The election to the Constituent Assembly based
on the Cabinet Mission’s Plan took place in July 1946
...
The election
was indirect in that members of each community in the
Provincial Assemblies elected their own representatives
by the method of proportional representation with
single transferable vote
...
Dr
...
As a result
of the Partition and the Indian Independence Act of
1947, which provided for separate Constituent
Assemblies for India Pakistan, separate Constituent
Assembly was set up for Pakistan
...
The membership of the Assembly was
reduced to 299 when it met again on 31 October 1947
with some members ceasing to be so after their

Provinces opted to join Pakistan
...
B
...
Ambedkar
...
Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar,
K
...
Munshi Mohammad Sadullah, B
...
Mitter and
Dr
...
P
...
The last two were replaced by
N
...
T
...

A draft Constitution of India was published in February
1948
...
The second reading was
completed by 17 October 1949
...
On that date the constitution
received the signature of the President of the Assembly,
Dr
...
The
Provisions relating to citizenship, elections, provisional
Parliament, etc
...
i
...
from

26 November 1949
...
The
date was specifically chosen for the inaguration of the
Indian Republic as it was on 26 January 1930 that the
historic call for “Purna Swaraj” as a goal was passed
at the Lahore Session of the Congress
...
Rajendra
Prasad as the First President of the Republic of India

under the new Constitution
...
No Government can be run without a clear
set of laws
...

Our Constitution was framed by an elected body

called “The Constituent Assembly”
...
Dr
...

Among other important members of the assembly were
Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad, Dr
...
B
...
Ambedkar, Dr
...
M
...
S
...
Sarojini Naidu and Mrs
...
Dr
...
R
...

The Drafting Committee studied the Constitution

of many Countries such as U
...
, U
...
A
...
S
...
R
...
The draft was
discussed and debated in detail by the Assembly
...
The Constitution came into force on
26th January 1950
...


SALIENT FEATURES
Preamble:Our Constitution has a Preamble or a
statement of the Constitution
...
The people
resolve to secure to all the citizens of India Justice,
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
...

The people drafted the constitution through their
representatives
...
The
people are the real masters with whom the ultimate
authority rests
...
It is

Sovereign because it is supreme and free in all matters
governing the country
...
It is Democratic because the people
govern the country
through
their elected
representatives
...
He may seek re-election on the
expire of his term
...
India is now a Sovereign Socialist

people of different religions or faiths
...
It resolves to secure to all its citizens
Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
...


A Socialist State : Our Constitution stands for a
society based on economic and social equality
...
It exists for the welfare of the

Union list, State list and Concurrent list : The Union
Goverment and the state Governments have exclusive
powers to make laws on the subjects
...


Union list : The main subjects are defence, external
affairs, railways, shipping, airways, post and telegraph,
currency and coinage, banking, insurance, RBI etc
...
It is secular because the
state does not favour or propagate or finance any
particular religion
...

It is the lengthiest in the World
...

Single Citizenship : Our Constitution provides for
single citizenship for all Indians
...
He can purchase property or

State list : Agriculture, health, irrigation, electricity, law
and order in the state, entertainment etc
...
There are 26 states and 6 Union

Concurrent List : Both the Union Parliament and the
State Legislature have power to legislate
...
,

Territories in the Union
...


Universal Adult Franchise
: The Constitution gives
“the right to vote” to all the people of India who are
not less than21 years (now reduced to 18 years) of age,
whether they are educated or uneducated, rich or poor,
men or women
...

Fundamental Rights and Duties : An important feature
of our Constitution is that it guarantees some basic
rights to the people and also prescribes some basic
duties
...
Ten
fundamental duties of citizen were included in the
Constitution in 1976
...
Rights and duties help society to achieve its

goals
...
These directions
have been mentioned in what we call Directive Principles

of State Policy
...
All policies and programmes of the
Government must be approved by a majority of the
elected representative in the legislature
...


Independent Judiciary : The Constitution provides for
a uniform pattern of judiciary
...
The judiciary in India is

independent of the executive control
...
Citizens of India take no direct part in
election of their President
...
e
...
The legislators
elect the President by secret ballot
...
The electoral college
shall consist of (a) the elected members of both
Houses of Parliament, and (b) elected members of the
Legislative Assembly of the States
...
The Chief Minister of a State of India is NOT
eligible to vote in the Presidential election if he is a
member of Upper House of the State Legislature)
...
When he does that, not less than
one-fourth of the total membership of both the Houses
of Parliament should give 14 days’ notice that they
propose bringing a motion of “impeachment” against
the President
...
e
...
If
a two-thirds majority of the total membership of the
Parliament votes that the charges against the President
stand proved, the latter is removed forthwith
...
He
gives assent to bills passed by the Parliament
...
He
has the power to declare war or make peace
...

Indian Parliament can invade the State List if
(1)

a subject in the State List assumes national

importance, and
(2)

a proclamation of emergency has been issued by

the President of India
...
The
President is not a member of Parliament (or any State
Legislature)
...

Qualifications to become President : A Candidate for
the office of the President should have the following
qualifications : (1) He should be an Indian citizen; (2)
He should not be less than 35 years of age; (3) He
should have qualifications for elections as a member of
the House of the people; (4) He should not be holding
any office of profit under any government for local
body; (5) He should not be a member of Parliament or
any State Legislature
...

Election of the President : The election of the
President is made by secret ballot in accordance with
the system of proportional representation by a single
transferable vote i
...
, by indirect direction
...
e
...
The citizens have no direct part in this election
...
In
the case of a conflict between the Centre and a State
in respect of a subject included in the Concurrent List
in the Constitution, the matter is to be resolved by the
Supreme Court of India
...
The disputes regarding
election of the President are referred to the Supreme

Court of India
...


12 members to the Rajya Sabha and two Anglo-Indian
members to the Lok Sabha; (b) Dissolves the House of
People; (c) Assents or withholds his assent to any Bill
passed by the Parliament; (d) Issues ordinances
...
(iv) Judicial Powers : Empowered
to grant pardons, reprieve, remit the sentences, or
suspend, remit or commute punishments
...
The President cannot
be questioned by any court for the action taken by him
in the discharge of his duties
...
He may be removed from
office for violation of the Constitution by impeachment
(Article 61)
...
However, his election is different
from that of the President as the state legislatures have
no part in it
...

Functions : (1) Acts as ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya
Sabha
...
(3) Functions as the
President when the President is unable to discharge his
functions due to illness, absence or any other cause
...
40,000 per month in his capacity as the Chairman of
Rajya Sabha
...
He is the leader of the party that enjoys a
majority in the Lok Sabha
...

Tenure : Five years, and holds the office with the
consent of the President till a new Lok Sabha is formed
...

Union Council of Ministers
The President appoints such person as Prime

Tenure : Elected for five years but is eligible for
immediate re-election and can serve any number of

terms
...
50,000 per month
...
All Union Territories are under the
President of India
...
The other Ministers are
appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime
Minister and thus the Union Council of Ministers is
formed to aid and advise the President in the exercise
of his functions
...
The term ordinarily is
for 5 years
...
The
President is an integral part of Parliament and all
bills passed by Parliament must have his assent
before they become law
...

The maximum strength of the two Houses is fixed
at 545 for the Lok Sabha (not more than 525 from
the States and 20 from the Union Territories) and

250 (12 nominated) for the Rajya Sabha
...


(2)

He should not be less than 30 years of age in
order to fill a seat in Rajya Sabha and not less
than 25 years of age to fill a seat in the Lok

Sabha
...
He is also required to make and
subscribe an oath or affirmation to bear the true
faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India
...

Powers and Functions of Parliament : Parliament has

vast legislative powers :

Deputy Speaker from among its members
...

Money Bill :

It can make laws on the subjects contained in the

Union and Concurrent Lists
...

(3)

It has vast financial powers
...

It exercises control over the executive
...
Each
member represents not less than 500,000 citizens
...

Anglo-Indians : The President may, if he is of the
opinion that the Anglo-Indian community is not
adequately represented in the Lok Sabha, nominate not
more than two members of that community to the
House of People (Lok Sabha)
...
The Secretary General
of the Lok Sabha, who is chief of the Secretariat,
is appointed by the President of India as per Article
98 of the Constitution
...
The Speaker is elected by members of
the Lok Sabha for a period of 5 years
...
The
Lok Sabha can be dissolved before the expiry of its
normal term of five years by the President
...
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent
body, i
...
, it is not subject to dissolution
...
The elections
to the Rajya Sabha are indirect
...
The election is
conducted in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by a single transferable
vote
...


The Lok Sabha or the House of the People has
also a share in the election of the President and

the Vice-President
...
It can
originate only in the Lok Sabha
...

After a Money Bill has been passed by the Lok Sabha,
it is to be sent to the Rajya Sabha for its
recommendations
...
If the
Rajya Sabha does not return the Bill within fourteen
days, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both
Houses
...
General Elections are normally held every
five years in India
...
General Elections are
controlled by the Election Commission consisting of
one Chief Election Commissioner and a number of
Election Commissioners appointed by the President
...

Main Duties of the Election Commission : The main
duties of the Election Commission are :
1
...


President of India;
to lay down general rules for election;

3
...


electoral rolls;
to give recognition to the political parties;

5
...


to appoint tribunals for the decision of doubts
and disputes arising out of or in connection with
election to Parliament and State Legislatures
...

Minimum age prescribed for election is : (i) President

of India - 35 years (ii) Member of Lok Sabha - 25 years

(iii) Member of Rajya Sabha - 30 years
...

By-election : is held in respect of a seat rendered
vacant during the running term of an elected person,
which might occur on resignation, death or due to any
other subsequent disqualification of the already elected
Member
...
A member of
either House of Parliament will be disqualified from
being a member if he has voluntarily given up
membership of the party on whose ticket he was
elected
...


REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT
Articles 32 of the Constitution provides a
guaranteed remedy for the enforcement of fundamental
rights
...
A writ is a written court order
by which one is summoned or required to do some-

thing
...
Habeas Corpus,
4
...
Mandamus,

5
...


3
...

Habeas Corpus
Habeas Corpus is a Latin term which literally

means “you should have the body”
...

This is how it found place in the Constitution of the
United States when the British colonies in America
won their independence and established a new state
under that Constitution
...
The writ is a direction of the
court to a person who is detaining another, commanding
him to bring the body of the person in his custody at
a specified time to a specified place for a specified
purpose
...
The writ is issued not
only against the State and its authorities but also to
private individuals or organisation, if necessary
...


The writ of Mandamus is an order of the Supreme
Court or the High Court commanding a person or a
body to do that which is his or its duty to do
...
Similarly, an appointing
authority should issue a letter of appointment to a
candidate if all the formalities of selection are over and
if the candidate is declared fit for appointment or the
authority concerned refuses or fails to issue the licence
or the appointment letter, the aggrieved person has a
right to seek the remedy through a writ of Mandamus
...
It may
be used before a trial take place to prevent an excess
or abuse of jurisdiction and to move the case for trial
to a higher court
...

Prohibition
A writ of prohibition is issued primarily to

prevent an inferior court from exceeding its jurisdiction
or acting contrary to the rules of natural justice
...
The writ of
prohibition is a counterpart of the writ of certiorari and
an aggrieved person may make an application for the

issue of both the writs
...


An application for a writ of quo-warranto seeks
an order from the Supreme Court or High Court to
restrain a person from acting in an office to which he
is not entitled
...
What the court has to do is to
determine whether there has been surpation of an
office of a public nature
...


3
...


The highest court of Justice in the country is the
Supreme Court
...


Discussion of the conduct of a Judge of the
Supreme Court (or a High Court) in Parliament is
forbidden except in a case when a motion has

Court
...


already been introduced to remove the Judge
...


In order to be a judge of the Supreme Court, a

person must be;
(a) a citizen of India
(b)

mind
...


and 25 other Judges
...


not subject to Parliamentary Vote
...
This ensures
appointment of Judges with independent bent of

INDIAN JUDICIARY

The Chief Justice is appointed by the President of
India in consultation with the Judges of the Supreme

appointment
...
These expenses are

properly elected
...

Jurisdiction

a judge of a High Court of not less than five
years’ standing or an advocate of ten years’

The Supreme Court has three kinds of jurisdiction,

standing in a High Court or an eminent jurist
...
He can be removed only on the
ground of proven misbehaviour
...
But
this cannot be less than a majority of the total
membership of the House
...

Salary and Allowances : The Chief Justice draws a
salary of Rs
...
The salary of other
Judges is Rs
...
Every Judge is given
a rent free official residence
...
A retired Judge of the Supreme Court is debarred
from practising in any Court of law or before any other

authority in India
...

Original Jurisdiction
(i)

The Supreme Court is empowered to decide all
disputes between the Union and one or more

(ii)

States
...

(iii) It is empowered to issue directions or orders of
writs including those in the nature of writs of
habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quowarranto and certiorari, whichever may be

appropriate, to enforce the fundamental rights
...


interpretation of the Constitution
...
However in case of a civil suit
appeal, the case must involve a substantial

question of law of general importance
...


Advisory Jurisdiction
The President can seek the opinion of Supreme
Court on important questions of law and fact
...
The minimum number of Judges to
decide an issue involving the interpretation of the

constitution or any Presidential reference is five
...
The Judiciary, in other
words, has been assigned the role of preventing the
executive and the legislature from violating the rights
and freedoms guaranteed to the citizen
...


To be a judge of a High Court a person must
1
...
have been a judge of a civil and session
court in India for atleast ten years
3
...
30,000/-per
month and other judges draw a salary of Rs
...
They also get pension and other retirement
benefits
...

Powers of High Courts
The High court is mainly a Court of Appeal
...
A
person can appeal to the High Court to protect his
Fundamental Rights
...
The High
courts is empowered to issue to any person or the
Government within its jurisdiction, orders or writs,
including writs which are in the nature of habeas
corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo-warranto and
certorari
...
The Advoate General
is appointed by the Governor
...
The Attorney-Genral holds
office during the pleasure of the President
...
He has right of audience in all courts in India
and can take part in the proceedings of either House

of Parliament but he is not entitled to vote
...
A High Court consists of the chief Justice and
some other judges
...
The other Judges are appointed by the
President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice
of India, the Chief Justice of the High court and the
Governor of the State concerned
...
It is the same as the

case of a judge of Supreme Court
...

Appointment of officers and staff
Officers and servants of the High court are to be

appointed by the Chief Justice
...

Subordinate Courts
Subject to minor local variations, the structure

and functions of the subordinate courts are more or
less uniform throughout the country
...
Subordinate to him is a hierarchy of
different grades of civil judicial authorities
...
When a Judge decides a civil cases, he is
called the District Judge and when he deals with
criminal cases he is called the Sessions Judge, appointed
by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice
of the state
...
For criminal cases, District Magistrate and
Sub Magistrates in the districs and taluk centers
respectively
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

38

HIGH COURTS AND THEIR
JURISDICTION

NATIONAL PARTIES

Name of High Court

Territorial jurisdiction

1
...
Andhra Pradesh
3
...
Mumbai

Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura
...


1
...
Communist Party of India
3
...
Indian Congress (Socialist - S
...
Sinha)
5
...
Janata Party (JP)
7
...
Lok Dal (B)
9
...
Janata Dal

STATE PARTIES

6
...
Gujarat
8
...
Jammu & Kashmir

State of Jammu and Kashmir and

Ladakh

1
...
All India Forward Bloc
3
...
All Parties’ Hill Leaders’ Conference
5
...
Goa Congress
7
...
Indian Congress (J)
9
...
Kerala (Ernakulam)

State of Kerala and Union

10
...
Jammu and Kashmir Panthers’ Party
12
...
Kerala Congress (J)
14
...
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
16
...
Muslim League
18
...
Pattali Makkal Katchi
20
...
People’s Conference
22
...
Plains Tribal Council of Assam
24
...
Revolutionary Socialist Party
26
...
Sikkim Prajatantra Congress
28
...
Sikkim Sangram Parishad
30
...
Telugu Desam
32
...
Asom Gana Parishad, Assam
34
...
United Democratic Party, Manipur
36
...
Mizo National Front
38
...
Shiv Sena (B)
40
...
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
42
...
Rising Sun Party
44
...
Nagaland People’s Council
46
...
Marrumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
48
...
Kolkata

11
...
Chennai
13
...
Orissa
15
...
Punjab & Haryana

17
...
Sikkim
19
...
Nainital
21
...

State of Karnataka
State of Orissa
State of Bihar
States of Punjab and Haryana
&
Union
Territory
of

Chandigarh
...
But
the country has experienced single-party dominance
...
The
Political parties in the country may be classified into

three major groups:(A) Rightist, (B) Leftist and (C) Centrist and Left of

Centre
...
A party
which state/s in which it is recognised as such
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

39

SCHEDULES TO THE CONSTITUTION
Constitution of India contains Ten Schedules, which are an integral part of the Constitution
...

2nd Schedule : It has Five Parts
...

Part (b) was deleted from the Constitution (7th
Amendment) Act 1956)
Part (c) contains provisions as of the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker of the House of people, Chairman and
Deputy Chairman of the council of States and the
Speaker of the Legislative Assemblies and Chairman

and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Councils
...

Part (e)

Tenth Schedule : (Fifty Second Amendments) Act
1985
...


EMOLUMENTS OF VVIPs
Second Schedule

Salary per month

President

Rs
...
40,000(14,500)
Rs
...
15,000(14,000)
Rs
...
30,000(9000)
Rs
...
26,000(8000)

contains provision of the Comptroller and

Auditor - General of India
...

4th Schedule : It provides for the administration and
control of scheduled areas
...

6th Schedule :
It provides for the administration of
tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizopram and
goes into details of the administration in these areas
...
Justice M
...
Venkatachaliah was set up
by the government on February 13, 2000
...

The Commission will suggest changes, if any,

within the framework of parliamentary democracy, by
submitting a report within a year ending on February
21, 2001
...

7th Schedule :
It gives the allocation of powers and
functions between the Union & the States
...
The Commission set up with a mandate to examine
how best the Constitution could respond to the
changing needs of the country in the limelight of the
experience for the past 50 years
...
Justice B
...
Jeewan Reddy, Chairman, Law

powers
...


8th Schedule : It contains a list of eighteen languages

Mr
...
S
...
They are :
(1) Assamese (7) Konkani
(13) Punjabi
(2) Bengali
(8) Malayalam
(14) Sanskrit
(3) Gujarati
(9) Manipuri
(15) Sindhi
(4) Hindi
(10) Marati
(16) Tamil
(5) Kannada
(11) Nepali
(17) Telugu
(6) Kashmiri
(12) Oriya
(18) Urdu
...
It contains Acts and Orders
relating to Land tenure, Land tax, Railways, Industries,
etc
...


Centre-State relations
...
Justice Kandapalli Punniah, Former Andhra
High Court Judge
Mr
...
Parasaran, former Attorney-General
Mr
...
A
...
Subhash Kashyap, former Secretary General,
Lok Sabha
Mr
...
R
...
Abid Hussain, former Indian Ambassador to
the United States
Mrs
...
P
...
: 1
...
2
...
3
...


Some important recent Constitutional Amendments are :
Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 : It
is a piece of comprehensive legislation containing 39

(ii)

clauses, the main features of which may be summarised

even during the operation of emergency
...


service matters
...

(iv) Restored the jurisdiction and powers of the

(v)

before the forty-second Amendment Act
...


The Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985
: Defection has been prohibited by this amendment
...
However,
in case at least one-third of the members of the party
change affiliation, it shall not be termed as defection
...

The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act,
1986: This amendment increased salaries of the Chief
Justice, Judges
...

Provision for dealing with anti-national and

communal activities
...


(g)

right to life and liberty cannot be demolished

nation'
...


(c)

(f)

The amendment provides that the fundamental

Proclamation of Emergency may be made
applicable to any part of the country (instead of
the whole country), and emergency could be
lifted from any part of the county while it

remained in force in other parts
...
The duration of the Lok Sabha
and State Assemblies was restored to five years
...

The Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988:
To facilitate proclamation of emergency by the President,
the phrase 'armed rebellion' in the Article 39 has been
replaced by internal disturbance
...


The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1989 :
It has reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years
for the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections
...
e, upto 2000
...


The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992
: It included Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali in the
Eighth Schedule of the Consitution
...


(i)

The right to property has been deleted from the
list of Fundamental Rights
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

41

The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act,
1993 : Article 40 of the Constitution which enshrines
one of the Directive Principles of the State Policy lays
down that the state shall take steps to organise village

'Panchayats' and endow them with such powers and
authorities as may be necessary to enable them to

function as a unit of self-government
...
e,
'Nagar Panchayats' for areas in
transition from a rural area to urban area, Municipal
Councils for smaller urban area, and 'Municipal

Corporations' for larger urban areas
...
The Schedule
consists of list of laws enacted by the central
governments and various state governments which,
inter alia, affect rights and interest in property

including land
...

The Eightieth Amendment, 2000 : It relates to the
revenue sharing between the Centre and the States
whereby States' over-all share was increased to 29% as
per the Tenth Finance Commission's recommendation
...


The Eighty Second Amendment,2000 : It relates to
relaxation in qualifying marks and reservation of posts
in super speciality course in Medical and Engg
...
,
for SCs and STs
...

The Eighty Fourth Amendment,2000 : It relates to the
creation of new states of Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal and
Jharkhand
...

The Eighty Ninth Amendment, 2000 : The bill passed
by Parliament on May, 2000, provides for the transfer
of 25% share of net tax proceeds to States for a fiveyear period and seeks to bring several Central taxes
and duties like Corporation Tax and Customs Duty at
par with personal income-tax for the purpose of sharing
with the States
...
It seeks to provide free and
compulsory education for the children aged 6 to 14
across the country
...
It seeks to
provide for readjustment of electoral constituencies,
including those reserved for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes on the basis of the population
census for the year 2001 without affecting the number
of seats allocated to States in the Legislative bodies
...
K
...

: Book banished in a country
...


Grey Book

: Official Publications of Japan and Belgium
...


White Book

: Official Publications of Germany, China and

Yellow Book

Portugal
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

42

HISTORY OF INDIA
History of India—Dates and events relating to Indus valley Civilization, Vedic, Aryan and Sangam age,
Maurya Dynasty, Buddhism and Jainism, Guptas and Vardhanas, Pallavas, Cholas and Pandias, Sultanate and

Mughal Period, Advent of European powers specially the British and other related, topics
...

THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION :
The approximate period of Indus Valley Civilisation
appears to have flourished between 2000 to 1700 B
...

The first known civilisation in India is called the
Indus Valley Civilisation because the important sites
which were excavated first are located in the valley of
Indus
...
The
most significant feature of the Indus Valley Civilisation

is burnt brick buildings
...
Mohen-jo-Daro is also known as

“Mound of the Dead”
...
The script used by the Indus
Valley people has not yet been deciphered
...
Iron was not known to the people of Indus
Valley Civilisation
...
Mohen-jo-Daro and
Harappa are not in India
...

The Indus Valley people had not learnt to domesticate
horses but those who lived in the Vedic age did make
use of the horse
...
The Indus Valley people worshipped
Pasupathi
...

It was non-Aryan because it had a pictographic script
...
The
Rig Vedic Aryans were largely urban people
...
The Rig Vedic Aryans
were generally under a monarchical Government
...
Upanishads are
books in Philosophy
...
The Aryans were
skilful farmers
...
They were engaged in trade and knew maritime
navigation
...
The
Epics - the Ramayana and the Mahabharata
...

BUDDHISM :
Buddhism was founded by a Kshatriya Prince,
Siddhartha born in 1567 B
...
at Lumbini
...
Buddha laid stress on the Four Noble Truths and
the pursuit of the Noble Eight-fold path
...
The
Buddhist section which started worshipping the Buddha
as a God is known as Mahayana
...

Tripitacas are the sacred
books of the Buddhists
...
Mahavira, a

contemporary of Buddha was the preceptor of Jainism
...

ALEXANDER’S INVASION:
Alexander, son of Philip, King of Macedonia

(Greece)crossed the Indus in 327 B
...
After defeating
Porus, he retreated as his army refused to proceed
further
...
C
...

SANGAM AGE :
It is stated that there were three Sangams,

Agasthiar presided over the two Sangams
...
It was the age for the
birth of art and literature
...
The
emblems were the tiger, bow and the fish respectively
...
The Tamils were the first to build dams
across rivers
...
The people of Sangam age divided their lands
into Kurinji, Mullai, Marudham, Neithal and
Palai
...

MAURYA DYNASTY :
Chandra Gupta Maurya was the founder of the
Maurya Dynasty and also the
founder of the first
historical empire in India
...

Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador sent by Seleucus
came to his court and wrote the book
“Indica” Kautilya’s book Arhtasastra deals with principles and
practice of state crafts
...
C
...
Ashoka spread his Dharma
through edicts by using Prakrit language and sending
bikshus to the foreign countries
...
Dharma
Mahamatras were appointed to preach Dharma
...

He stressed the principles of Ahimsa and Toleration
through these edicts
...

KUSHAN DYNASTY :
The Kushanas are important rulers of India and
among them is Kanishka
...

Kanishka is undoubtedly the most striking figure
among the Kushana Kings of India
...
Kanishka conquered and
annexed Kashmir to his empire
...
Kanishkapura, a

city after the name of Kanishka was also founded by
him in Kashmir
...
The crowning service which
he rendered to Buddhism was convened at Jalandhara
according to certian authorities, while others hold the
view that it met at Kashmir
...
According to

Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, Kanishka founded various
monasteries and stupas
...
Kanishka’s reign also witnessed
a remarkable change in the fundamental doctrines of
Buddhism
...
The latter was
accepted as the State religon by the Kushanas
...
Gandhara Art remained in existence from the first
centrury B
...
to fifth century A
...
Gandhara Art was
the combination of the Indian and Greek styles of
sculpture
...

In the Gandhara art sculptures representing the stories
and legends of Lord Buddha’s Life were made, as they
were in great demand
...
Kanishka was succeeded
by his younger son Huvishka who was also a follower
of Buddhism
...
He believed in
Saivism
...

GUPTA DYNASTY :
Chandra Gupta I founded the powerful kingdom
and started the Gupta Era
...
Samudra Gupta, son of
Chandra Gupta - I was the most powerful and ablest of
the Hindu Kings, a great military genius, scholar, poet

and musician; known as the “Indian Napoleon” on
account of his great conquests
...
His achievements
are inscribed in Allahabad Prasasti
...
Fahien, the first Chinese pilgrim visited his
kingdom
...
Kalidasa - poet
and dramatist; known as the “Shakespeare of India”
...

Aryabhatta, Varahimihira and Brahma Gupta- the
greatest mathematicians and astronomers of their time;
Kumarila Bhatta and Shankaracharya - the great
preachers of Hinduism and Dhanwantri, Nagarjuna great physicians
...
The Ajanta
cave paintings mostly belong to the period of Gupta
...

Kumara Gupta founded the Nalanda University
...

VARDHANA DYNASTY :
Harsha Vardhana was the king of Thaneshwar
and established a strong empire
...
Hieun-Tsnag, a Chinese
pilgrim visited
...
Kanauj became the important
city of Northern India under Harsha
...

CHALUKYA DYNASTY :
Pulakesin II was the most powerful ruler of

Chalukya dynasty in the Deccan
...
In the Battle of Narmada, Harsha was defeated
by Pulakesin II
...

PALLAVA DYNASTY :
Pallava dynasty was great from cultural as well as

political point of view
...
Narasimha Varman I was
regarded as the greatest king of the Pallava
dynasty
...
He
was also a poet and
Kudumianmalai inscriptions
reveal his mastery in music
...
Narsimha Varman II got
erected a beautiful temple of Kailasnath near Kanchi
and one at Mahabalipuram
...
Dandin lived in his period
...
He also
performed the famous horse ceremony called
“Asvamedha”
...
The real founder of the Chola dynasty of

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

44

Thanjavur was Vijayalaya
...
The ascendancy of Rajarajas
gave Chola the paramount power in India
...
Rajaraja was an expert architect
...

Rajaraja was succeeded by his son, Rajendra
...
The Cholas had a democratic
system of administration
...

Village was the smallest unit of administration
...
The village
community got a lot of power during the reign of the

Cholas
...


learned people and scholars
...
Amir Hasan was another poet of his time
...


He was not only a great warrior and conqueror but also
an excellent administrative genius and economist
...
Amir Khusro also flourished in the time
of Ala-ud Din Khilji
...

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY :
Muhammad bin Tughlaq : The first great political

The

Uttiramerur inscription of Parantak I is the main source

of village government under the Cholas
...
Pandyas had
commercial contacts with Rome in 20 B
...

Jatlivarman was the greatest imperialist of his
dynasty
...
Secondly,
he introduced copper coins as the legal tender and
putting them at par with gold and silver coins
...
He was no doubt
a gifted Sultan with extraordinary powers but his
schemes were far advance of his time
...
The two foreign travellers Nicoli Conti,
an Italian and Abdur Razzaq, a Persian visited during
the reign of Deva Raya II
...

DELHI SULTANATES :
The Arabs were the first Muslims to come to
India
...
He attacked and
plundered Somnath Temple in Kathiawar
...
In 1191, Mohd
...
The dynasty which ruled from Delhi
till the coming of the Mughals in the 16th century
were the Slaves, the Khiljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayids
and the Lodhis
...
Under Altmash and
Balban, they extended their sway over practically the

TULUVA DYNASTY :
Krishna Deva Raya was the greatest and the
most famous of the Kings of Tuluva dynasty
...
He had eight celebrated poets known as
“Astadiggajas” at his court
...


as an author of the first rank
...
Sadasiva was the
last ruler of the dynasty
...
Battle of Talikota (1565) Muslim
kingdoms joined and defeated the Vijayanagar king
...
The ruins
of the Vijayanagar empire can be found in Hampi
...
He defeated Ibrahim Lodi
in the First Battle of Panipat
...
He was
the real founder of the Mughal empire and the first
Muslim ruler who divorced religion from politics
...
Ibadat Khana was constructed by Akbar to
provide religious leaders an opportunity to express
their view point
...

The new system introduced by Akbar in military
organisation is called “mansabdari system”
...


Ghori
...
He started the construction

of the “Qutub Minar” in Delhi and the same was
completed by Iltutmish; Iltutmish was also a slave and
so he was called “slave of a slave”
...
She
was the first and the only Muslim lady who ever sat

on the throne of Delhi
...
He was the patron of the

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

45

Shah Jahan : called “Engineer King” built Taj Mahal
...
The
famous peacock throne originally belonged to Shah
Jahan
...
European paintings were introduced in the court

of Jahangir
...
Shivaji visited Aurangzeb’s court in Agra in
1666 where he was made a prisoner but escaped
...

The Maratha State was governed by the King,
advised and assisted by a; council of eight ministers -

the Ashtapradhan
...
One was called the
Chauth, one fourth of
the total revenue paid to the Mughal Government or
the Deccan Kingdoms which was taken in return for

promising not to plunder and raid their territory
...
Shivaji’s successors were weak
and the government gradually moved into the hands of
Peshawas and later on by the Mughal king Aurangzeb

called “Alamgir”
...
Internally, Aurangzeb had to deal with the
rebellion of the Jats in the Mathura region
...
The Sikhs were the
followers of Guru Nanak
...
In order to curtail their power, Aurangzeb
ordered the execution of Tegh Bahadur
...
So, the tenth and the last guru, Guru
Govind Sing founded the military brotherhood or

the Khasla meaning “the pure”
...
Aurangzeb’s death set off the rapid decline of the

Mughal empire
...
In 1615, the company built the first
factory at Surat with the permission of Jahangir, secured
through Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador to James I
...
The French challenge to the British supremacy
in India came to an end with the Battle of Wandiwash
...
The conquest was
complete in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
...

Robert Clive was the first Governor of Bengal
...
Appointment of
Board of Revenue - Interference in Rohilla War, Nanda
Kumar’s murder, the case of Chet Singh and acceptance
of bribes
...

Lord Cornwallis : (1786-93) Permanent Settlement of
Bengal
...

Sir John Shore : (1793-98) Non-intervention policy
...
He is called the “Father of the Civil Service
in India”
...


THE SIKHS :
The Sikh community was founded as a religious
section by Guru Nanak
...
Maharaj Ranjit Singh
was the greatest Indian ruler of his time and founder of
the Sikh rule in the Punjab
...
He was ordered by Emperor
Aurangzeb to embrace Islam, he refused and was

executed
...
In 1498,

discovered the sea route to India and reached Calicut
...
Following them were the
Dutch, the English, the Danish and the French
...

Marquess of Hastings : (1813-1823) He was the first to

appoint Indians to high posts
...

Passed the Tenancy Act to protect the cultivators
...

The Indians refused to be carried away by ships
to Burma and it led to mutiny
...
Abolition of Sati, suppression of

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

46

thugee, banning of female infanticide, abolition of
human sacrifice, reform in the Hindu Law of inheritance
...

Sir Charles Metcalfe : (1835-1836) He removed the

restrictions on the vernacular press
...

Lord Hardinge : (1844-1848) The First Sikh War (18451846 AD) started in his period
...


Lord Dalhousie : (1848-1856) Doctrine of Lapse annexing the princely states whose ruler died without
a natural heir
...
Simla
made summer capital
...
Competitive examination for

the I
...
S
...

Viceroys of India :
Lord Canning : (1856 -1858) Hindu Widow re-marriage
Act
...
On May 10, 1857, the
Sepoy Mutiny called First War of Indiependence
began
...
Queen Victoria’s
Proclamation called Magna Carta of India was
announced
...
Canning
was appointed the first Viceroy of India
...
Lord
Canning is therefore called “Canning the Clemency”
...
High Courts were set up at

Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
...
Indian National Congress
was formed during this time
...

Lord Lansdowne : (1888-1894) A weekly holiday was
awarded to all factory workers
...
He founded the Agricultural Research
Institute at Pusa in Bengal
...
Archaeological Department was
established
...
Emperor George cancelled the partition
...

Lord Hardinge II : (1910-1916) Capital shifted from
Calcutta to Delhi in 1911
...

Lord Chelmsford : (1916-1921) Rowlatt Act called
Black Act was passed
...

The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy took place in April 13,
1919 under the command of Gen
...
Khilafat
Movement, Non co-ooperation movement took place
...

Moplah Rebellion (1921) on the South Western coast
of India
...
Demand for
complete Independence
...


Lord Mayo: (1869-1872) First Census was taken in 1871

Lord Wellington : (1931-1936) Second and Third
Round Table Conferences - Communcal Award - Poona
Pact - Government of India Act 1935 passed
...
Quit India Movement (1942)
...
The State of Pakistan

and trade between India and England greatly flourished
...
Second World War broke out in 1939
...


Lord Lytton : (1876-1880) Famine Fund was created
...
Indian Arms Act
forbade Indians from keeping or dealing in arms

without the permission of the Government
...
Formed Local self-Government, was called the
“Father of Local Self-Government”
...
1881 census was taken and it would be
repeated after every 10 years
...
Muslim
League launched “Direct Action Day”
...
Indian Independence Act
1947 passed-India and Pakistan created under the
Mountbatten Plan - Lord Mountbatten became the first
Governor General of Free India
and the last
Viceroy of India
...


C
...
Dr
...
R
...
The Constitution of India was adopted on the November

26, 1949 and it came into force on January 26, 1950
...
Rajendra Prasad - the first President of India and
Jawaharlal Nehru - the First Prime Minister of India
...
S
...


Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel-first Deputy Prime Minister of India
...
K
...
O
...
, Subramaniya Siva, Rajaji and others
...
Previously Indian soldiers have
broken out in open mutiny against British Officers at
Vellore in 1806, in 1842 in Bengal, in 1844 in Sind, then

in Bihar and Punjab
...
The revolt
started from Meerut and the first sepoy who refused to
use the greased cartridge was Mangal Pandey
...
The Indian
soldiers have massacred the British personnel marched
to Delhi in May 1857
...

The Indian Soldiers proclaimed the Mughal
Emperor Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India
...
She fought the
British forces strongly but fell
...
The leaders lost
the war mainly because of lack of unity of purpose
effective organisation, and a unified system of

leadership
...
Queen
Victoria’s Proclamation was issued in 1858
...

BIRTH OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

German Foreign Office
...

In early 1915, Mrs
...

New India and

Commonweal and organised

public meetings and conferences to demand that India
be granted self-government
...
Annie Besant announced the
formation of her Home Rule League, with George
Arundale, as the organising secretary
...

The two leagues worked in co-operation

demarcating their area of activity, at belgaum meeting,
Tilak declared “Swaraj is my birthright and I will have
it”
...
Jawaharlal
Nehru joined both the Home Rule Leagues, but worked
mostly for Annie Besant's Home Rule League
...

GANDHIAN ERA :
During the war years, 1914-1918, Nationalism

gathered its forces, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar in Saurashtra
...
He proceeded to Natal in South
Africa and fought for the Indian Congress and also a
newspaper called “Indian Opinion” with a view to
educating Indians in political matters
...

His first involvement was in Champaaran in Bihar and
the second in
Kheda (Kaira)
...
The Government yielded and a
compromise was reached
...
The Indian National
Congress was founded by A
...
Hume in 1885, during
the Governor-General ship of Lord Dufferin
...
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914
gave a new lease of life to the nationalist movement
...
A young Tamil named Champakraman Pillai,
President of a body in Zurich, called the International
Pro-India Committee, went to Berlin to work under the

On the afternoon of April 13, 1919 a public

meeting was held in Jallianwala Bagh in Amristsar,
despite a ban on meetings
...

Governor took command of the troops and ordered fire
...
Rabindranath
Tagore renounced his 'Knighthood' as a measure of
protest
...

Non-Co-operation Movement :
The Non Co-operation Movement was launched

by Gandhiji on August 1920
...
Tilak’s last message to the nation was 'Unless

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

48

Swaraj is achieved, India shall not prosper
...
Gandhiji withdrew the Non

In 1942, the Congress decided to launch the Quit
India Movement with a view to compel the British
Government to offer more favourable terms
...
P
...
The Lahore Congress declared
that the agreement to Dominion Status in the Nehru
Report had lapsed and committed the Congress to full
Swaraj
...
Jawaharlal
Nehru unfurled the tri-colour national flag on the banks

of the Ravi
...
In 1945,
when Mr
...

Mountbatten Plan :

Civil Disobedience Movement :

The Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947 contained

The Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-31
marked a critically important stage in the progress of
the anti-imperialist struggle
...
Organisation
of country-wide demonstrations and hartals, boycott of
the foreign goods and refusal to pay taxes were stages
of Civil Disobedience Movement
...


Round Table Conference
...


Bardoli Satyagraha :
In Gujarat, a conflict developed between the
peasantry and the Government
...
The Struggle met with success

and Vallabhbhai Patel came to be called Sardar
...

A Bill containing the main provisions of the

Lord Atlee was the Prime Minister of England

when India got Independence
...


TOWNS ON RIVER BANKS
Agra
Allahabad
Ayodhya
Badrinath
Baghdad
Belgrade
Berlin
Budapest
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Kolkata
Chittagong
Cologne
Cuttack
Delhi
Dibrugarh
Dublin
Ferozepur
Guwahati
Hamburg
Hankow
Hardwar

Jamuna
Confluence of the
Ganges & the Jamuna
Saryu
Ganges
Tigris
Danube
Spree
Danube
La Plata
Nile
Hooghly
Maiyani
Rhine
Mahanadi
Yamuna
Brahmaputra
Liffey
Sutlej
Brahmaputra

Elbe
Yangtse-Kiang
Ganges

Ottawa
Pandharpur
Hyderabad
Jabalpur
Kabul
Kanpur
Karachi
Khartoun
Kotah
Kurnool
Lahore
Leh
Leningrad
Liverpool
Lisbon
London
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Madrid
Montreal
Moscow
Nasik

Ottawa
Bhima
Musi
Narmada
Kabul
Ganges
Sindh
Confluence of Blue
& White Nile
Chambal
Tungbhadra
Ravi
Indus
Neva
Mersey
Tagus
Thames
Gomati
Sutlej
Manzaneres
St
...
Louis
Surat
Sydney
Tokyo
Varanasi
Vienna
Vijayawada
Warsaw
Washington

Mississippi
Hudson
Seine
Ganges
Vitava
St
...
The questions shall be from topics, in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, viz
...


VARIOUS SCIENCES
Acoustics

:

Agrostology
Anatomy

:
:

:

Astronomy

:

Biology
Botany

:
:

Bryology
Cardiology
Chemistry

:
:
:

Mycology

:

Nephrology

:

study of the animal / human

Astronautics

The study of sound and sound
waves
The study of grasses
The science of the structure

Oncology

:

body learnt by dissection
A science dealing with space
travel & space vehicles
The science of heavenly bodies
(planets)
The science of living organisms
The science of the plant
kingdom
The study of mosses
A branch of medicine dealing
with heart
The study of elements, their

Orology
Paediatrics

:
:

Pathology

:

:

Dactylogy
Dietetics

:
:

Endocrinology

:

Lithology

:

The study of mountains
A branch of medicine dealing
with child diseases
A branch of medicine that deals
with etiologies, mechanisms and

manifestation of diseases
Psychiatry
Radiology

:

The study & treatment of mental

:

& emotional disorders
A branch of medical science
dealing with the use of x-rays

Rheumatology

:

combination, etc
...


SCIENTIFIC LAWS ETC
...

Avogadro’s Hypothesis:It is a modification of Berzelius’

hypothesis
...

Boyle’s Law:States that the volume of certain gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure at a constant
temperature
...
e
...

Charles’s Law:It states that at constant pressure all
gases expand by
of their volume at 0oC i
...
, the
volume of a given mass of gas at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature
...
4 i
...
, At
...
sp
...
4 approx
...

Graham’s Law of Diffusion : States that the rates of
diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the
square roots of their densities under similar conditions

of temperature and pressure
...

Law of Floatation : For a body to float, the following
conditions must be fulfilled: (1)The weight of the body
should be equal to the weight of the water displaced
...

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation : States that
“Every portion of matter attracts or tends to approach
every other portion of matter in the universe with a
force proportional to the masses and inversely as the

square of the distance”
...


Newton’s Second Law of Motion : The rate of change
of momentum is proportional to the impressed force
and takes place in the direction of the force
...
g
...

Newton’s Law of Cooling : States that the rate of
loss of heat of a hot body is directly proportional to
the difference of temperature between the body and
the surrounding and is independent of the nature of
the body
...
e
...
, for
a potential difference of E volts and a current/amperes,
the resistance R, in Ohms is equal to E/I
...

Specific heat of substance : The quantity of heat
required to rise the temperature of 1 gm
...


MEASUREMENT UNITS
Angstrom : For measuring length of light waves
Barrel : For measuring liquids
...
5 cubic inches
Cable: For measuring length of cables
...
in length
Carat : Used for measuring precious stones
...
One
fathom is equal to 4 inches
Knot: For measuring speed of ships

Horse Power : Used for measuring the power of petrol
or steam engine
Light Year : A light year is the distance light travels
in one year at a speed of 2,97,600 km per second
Nautical Mile : A unit of distance used in navigation
- one minute of longitude measured along the equator
...


SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Accumulator : Electrical energy is stored
Altimeter : Used in aircraft for measuring altitudes
Ammeter : Measuring the electrical current in amperes
Anemometer : Measuring the strength of winds
Audiometer : Measuring intensity of wind
Barometer : Measuring atmospheric pressure
Binocular : An optical instrument designed for
magnified view of distant objects by both eyes

simultaneously
Cardiogram : For recording the heart movements
Calorimeter : Measuring of quantities of heat
Chronometer : A clock that keeps very accurate time
as the one that is used to determine longitude at sea
...


Colorimeter : An instrument for comparing intensities
of colour
...

Computer : A technical device designed to find
instantaneous solutions of huge complex calculations
based on the information already fed
...

E
...
G
...
E
...
: To diagnose disorder in the human brain
Electroscope : An instrument for detecting the presence

of electric charge
...

Odometer : The distance covered by a wheeled vehicle

is recorded
Oscillograph : For recording electrical or mechanical
vibrations
Periscope : It is used in submarine to survey the ships

etc
...

Pyrometer

: For measuring high temperature from a

distance
Pyknometer

: An instrument used to measure the

density and coefficient of expansion of a liquid
Quadrant : An instrument for measuring altitudes and

angles in navigation and astronomy
Quartz Clock

: A highly accurate clock used in

astronomical observations and other precision work
Radar : Radio, angle, detection and range is used to
detect the direction and range of an approaching

aeroplane by means of radio micro waves
Radiometer : An instrument for measuring the emission
of radiant energy
Radio Micrometer : An

instrument

for

measuring

heat radiations
Rain Guage : An instrument for measuring rainfall
Rectifier : An instrument used for the conversion of
AC into DC
...

Spectroscope: An instrument used for spectrum analysis
Speedometer : It registers the speed at which the
vehicle is moving
Spherometer : For measuring curvature of surfaces
Sphygmomanometer : An instrument used to detect
blood pressure in a human body
...
P
...

Tachometer : For measuring speed of aeroplanes and
motor boats
Tangent Galvanometer : An instrument for measuring
the strength of direct current
...
V
...

Theodolite : Measuring distances on the surface of the
earth
Thermometer : For recording temperature of a human
body
Thermocouple : Measuring temperature
Thermostat : Automatically controlling the temperature
to a particular degree
Transformer : To convert high voltage to low and vice
versa
Transistor : A small device which may be used to
amplify currents and perform other functions usually
performed by a thermionic valve
Vernier : An adjustable scale for measuring small sub
divisions of scale
Viscometer : For measuring viscosity
Voltmeter : To measure potential difference between
two points
ZETA : Zero Energy Thermometer Assembly for
developing thermonuclear Assembly
...
Salk
Joseph Lister
C
...
Brush
Michael de Baxey
Guttenburg
Ernest Rutherford
John Dalton
Rutherford
Moseley
Bohr & Rutherford
Otto Hahn
Kettering
Daimler
Benz
Daimler
Nicolas Cugnot
Avogadro
Atreya

B
Bacteria
Ball Point Pen
Balloon
Barometer
Battery & Current Electricity
Beriberi (cause)

Bicycle
Bicycle tyre
Bifocal lens
Blood Circulation
Blood Transfusion
Blood grouping
Brownian Movements

Burglar Alarm

Leeuwenhock
John Loud
Montgolfier
Torricelli
Volta
Eijkman
Macmillan
Dunlop
Franklin
Harvey
Landsteneir
Dr
...
Moss
Robert Brown
Edwin T
...
V
...
Paul Muller
Watson and Crick
Rudolf Diesel
Lanchester
Alfred Nobel
Michael Faraday

D
...
T
...
J
...

Waterman
Nikolaus Lotto
John Kay

Four Stroke Engine

Flying Shuttle

G

Geometry

C
Camera
Carburettor
Cash Register

Cholera bacillus
Chronometer

James
Young
Simpson
Robert Koch
John Harrison
Nicolas Lumiere &
Edison
Thomas Edison
Huygens
Charles Babbage
J
...
Brainerd
J
...
Eckert
&
J
...
Manchly
R
...
Millikan

Zeiss
Daimler
James Kitty
Robert Hooke
&
Schleiden
Schwann
Joseph Aspdin
Leonardoda Vinci

Sweigger
Diamler
William Murdock
Geiger
Euclid

Genetic Code (deciphering)
Gramophone
Gravitation, Laws of
Gunpowder

Hargobind Khorana
Thomas Edison
Newton
Roger Bacon

Galvanometer

Gas Engine
Gas Lighting
Geiger counter

H
Heavy Hydrogen
Helicopter

Helium

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

H
...
Urey
Broquet
Janssen & Lockyer

53

Hahnemann
Henry Cavendish

Homoeopathy
Hydrogen

I

Phonograph
Photography
Photography (Coloured)

Inert Gases (Argon, Neon,
Helium etc)

Insulin

Pneumatic Tyre
Poliomyelitis (vaccine)

Ramsay
F
...
N
...
V
...
Einstein
Christian Barnard
Samuel Colt
Karl Landsteiner
Dunlop Co
...
Ronald Ross
James Puckle
Laveran
Dr
...
E
...
S
...
Benda

Logarithms

Relativity, theory of
Replacing human heart
Revolver

M
Malaria Parasite
Machine gun
Malaria germs
Malaria Parasite
Match (safety)
Mathematics (India)
Microphone
Microscope
Microscope (electron)
Motor Car
Motion, Law of
Motor cycle
Motor Scooter
Mitochondria

N
Darwin
W
...
Carothers

Natural Selection, Laws of
Neon-gas
Neon Lamp

Neutron
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Physics
Nylon

O
Stanley Millar
J
...
Priestley

Origin of Life (artificial)
Oxygen

P
Paints
Parachute
Penicillin
Periodic Law

Radio signals
Railway Engine

Robert Watson Watt
Lee De Forest
Alexanderson
G
...
Daguerre
Gabriel Lippman
Dunlop
Jonas Salk
Fawcett
Dennis Papin Robert
Boyle
Caxton
Louis Braille

Rh-factor
Rubber (latex foam)
Rubber (tyres)
Rubber (vulcanised)
Rubber (waterproof)

S
Safety Lamp
Safety Pin
Safety Razor
Salk Vaccine (Anti Polio)

Seismograph
Sewing Machine

Ship (Steam)
Ship (turbine)
Shorthand
Skyscraper
Solar system
Spectacles
Stethoscope

Steel (Stainless)
Space Flying
Submarine

T
T
...
T
...
E
...
Jonas E
...
C
...
L
...
Shockley
&
Bardeen
Robert Koch
Coolidge
Charles Parsons
Sholes
Dunlop
Dunlop

Television
Thermometer
Torpedo

Transformer
Transistor
Tuberculosis bacilli
Tungsten
Turbine Engine

Typewriter
Tyre (Cycle)
Tyre (Pneumatic)

U
Umbrella
Uranium

Samuel Fox
Henry Becquerel
William Herchel

Uranus (planet)

V
Vacuum Flask
Vaccination (Small Pox)

Vitamin D
Vitamins
Vulcanisation

W
Hurley Machine Co
...
Marconi

Washing Machine

Washing Soda
Watch (winding)
Weaving Machine
Welding (Electric)
Wireless Telegraphy

X
X-ray
X-ray tube
Xenon

Roentgen
Coolidge
W
...

Travers
Chester Carison
Haloid-Xerox

Xerography
Xerox

Y
Reed

Yellow fever, cause of

James Dewar
Edward Jenner
F
...
Hopkins
Funk
Goodyear

Z
ZETA (Zero Energy Thermo
nuclear Assembly)

Harwell

Zip Fastener

W
...
Judson

VITAMINS

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

55

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, DISEASES
WATER
About 60% of the weight of the body is due to
water
...
The
importance of water in our body is so great that even

10% of the water loss may prove fatal
...
protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals,
vitamins, water in correct proportion is called Balanced
Diet
...

Individual Caloric Requirements: People doing different
types of work need different calories of energy in a
day
...


DEFICIENCY DISEASES
Calcium, iron, iodine, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, phosphorous, chloride, are some of the
common minerals essential for the normal physiological
functioning of the body
...
Few of them are discussed below:
Anaemia : It is caused by the deficiency of iron in the
diet
...
Since
haemoglobin plays a vital role in the transport of
oxygen, enough oxygen is not made available to cells
to oxidise the nutrients and production of energy
...
The rich
source of iron is liver, meat, green leafy vegetables
(such as spinach) and fruits (guava, apple, banana,etc
...
The reason for higher
incidence of anaemia in women than in men is

menstrual loss, loss of blood during child birth etc
...
Due
to iodine deficiency, the thyroid fails to synthesize
enough amount of thyroxine
...
The increasing
amount of TSH in turn stimulates thyroid gland to
enlarge
...
Cure:

Those who live in areas where iodine content in water
is low are advised to use iodized salt containing 0
...

Hypokalemia : It is caused due to deficiency of
potassium
...


Hyponatremia : It is caused due to deficiency of
sodium
...

Diabetes Mellitus : This disease is characterised by
the presence of excess quantity of sugar in the blood
and urine
...
Due to the
absence of insulin, the tissues are unable to utilize
glucose
...
The sufficient oxidation of
glucose affects the metabolism of fats
...
These ketones accumulate in the blood and
result in the ketosis
...
The injections of insulin
can also help to check the level of glucose in blood
...
If any person takes

more food than the body needs, then the surplus food
turns into fat and accumulates in the body
...
In man, obesity means body fats
more than 20% of his total weight whereas in woman,
obesity results when body fats are more than 30% of
her total body weight
...
It is a disease of the nervous system and
that cripples man
...

Xeropthalmia or dry eye disease : It is caused due to
deficiency of vitamin A
...

Pernicious Anaemia : It is caused due to deficiency of
Vitamin B12 and in this disease, formation of R
...
C
...
It is also called
Megaloblastic anaemia
...

Rickets : It is caused in children due to deficiency of
calcium and phosphorous
...

2

The symptoms of this disease are: cracking of skin at
angles of mouth, dermatosis, blurred vision, burning
and soreness of eye and tongue
...
The symptoms of this
disease are: tip and lateral margins of the tongue,
mouth and gums become red and swollen and later
develop ulcers
...
The
gene determining colour blindness is carried on the Xchromosome
...
Strangely
enough, woman rarely suffers from this defect and yet,

a man always inherit this defect from his mother
...
Under normal
conditions if a person gets some external injury or cut
in the body, the blood starts oozing out and gets
clotted in 2 to 8 minutes
...
Like colour
blindness this disease is also found in males and rarely

in females
...

The symptoms are:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...
These rashes last for 4-7 days
and the marks of dark pigmentation left thereafter

5
...

7
...


2
...

2
...

4
...

Chicken Pox
Measles
Poliomyelitis
Rabies

5
...

7
...


Passive immunity can be attained by injecting of
gamma globulin
...
Diseases caused by Viruses :

disappear after a few days
...

Eyes become sensitive to light
...


lasts for only three to four weeks
...

Use of glycerine or carbolized oil prevents its
further spread
...

2
...


1
...


Site of infection :

Chicken Pox - Causal Organism: Varialla-Zoster
By direct contact with diseased person
...
e
...
It multiplies in the intestine
through contaminated food
...
e
...
In the spinal cord it causes inflammation
of motor cells which control the movement of
voluntary muscles
...

Symptoms:
1
...


2
...
These rashes

3
...
These
crusts or scabs fall off within 14 days after the

pass through several stages
...


rash begins
...


By contaminated food and water
...

Insects and flies play an important role in the
transmission of viruses
...


of fever and stiffness of neck
...

2
...


3
...


The initial symptoms of the disease are occurrence

2
...


Measles or Rubeola - Causal organism: Myxovirus

downward
...

Movement of limbs becomes weak and finally
stops as the muscles fail to contract
...

2
...


By direct contact with patient
...


Poliomyelitis vaccine is quite safe and effective
against this disease
...


All children should be immunised in the beginning

Mode of spread:

of infancy to ensure complete safety against the

1
...

3
...
Other viral diseases are

Rabies, Small Pox, Trachoma, Influenza etc
...


By inhalation of droplets of infected sputum

Diseases Caused by Bacteria:
Following are some of the important Bacterial

diseases in man
...


By contaminated food and water
...


By inhalation of droplets expelled by diseased
person through coughing, speaking, sneezing or

3
...

By contaminated food, water or milk
...

Symptoms:
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

2
...


Flies are the main carrier of these bacteria and

sputum
...

2
...

The B
...
G
...


spread the disease
...


Leprosy - Causal organism : Microbacterium leprae

Epidemic of cholera usually occur during fairs
and after flood and other such natural calamities
...
The various symptoms of this disease are:
1
...

3
...
In acute cases death may

also occur
...

Suppression of urine
...

Symptoms:
1
...

3
...


Typhoid - Causal organism : Salmonella typhi

Appearance of light coloured patches on the
skin
...

Perpheral nerves are damaged therefore affected
organ becomes senseless
...


Mode of spread:

Meningitis - Causal organism : Neisseria meningit

1
...

2
...

3
...

Symptoms :

Mode of spread:
By coughing and sneezing the germs spread from

infected person to healthy person
...
Various symptoms of

disease are:
1
...

3
...

5
...

Slow pulse
...

Eruption of rose coloured rashes on body
...


Symptoms :
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...


Syphilis - It is called veneral disease
...
Bacterium which causes tuberculosis can infect
any organ of body but the most favourite site is lung
...

2
...


3
...

They enter the body through any crack or cut in
the skin
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

58

Symptoms :
1
...

2
...

3
...


4
...


Eruption appears on the skin particularly on face,

inside the mouth
...

sudden onset of fever and sensation of extreme
cold
...

signs of shivering and intense headache also
follow
...

fall in temperature is accompanied by profuse
sweating
...

the symptoms are repeated after every fixed hours
depending upon the species of Plasmodium
...

Destruction of breeding places (stagnated water)
of mosquito by spreading an oil film on the water
...

6
...


body take place even after many years
...


8
...


2
...

4
...


Use of mosquito nets
...

Spraying of D
...
T
...

Use of various drugs like Quinine, Atebrine,
Isopenta-quine is quite effective in control of

6
...

By fumigation i
...
, certain chemicals are burnt so

Gonorrhoea

as to produce fumes that either kill mosquitoes or

Mode of spread :

drive them away from their dwelling places
...

through intercourse with infected man
2
...

Symptoms :
1
...


infection may pass into foetus through placenta

3
...
Other common
diseases caused by bacteria are: Plague, Botulism,

urge for frequent urination
...


Pneumonia etc
...


D
...

Symptoms:
1
...

2
...


Amoebic dysentry or Amoebiasis

Prevention and control :

Mode of spread :

1
...


indirectly through flies which may pollute human

2
...


2
...

Symptoms:
1
...

2
...

The infected body parts should be washed with
dilute potassium permanganate and kept clean
...

1
...

Prevention and Control:

By the bite of an infected female anopheles

to the heart muscles by coronary arteries
...

Sometimes the blood vessels (arteries) may rupture
or a clot may be formed in them
...


thrombosis
...


Proper disposal of faecal matter of the patient
...


Vegetables and fruits when used raw, should be
thoroughly washed preferably with potassium

permanganate
...


Hypertenison : This disease is caused due to
emotional stress such as fear, worry, anxiety and
excessive joy and nervous tension
...

This rise of blood pressure is known as Hypertension
...


common result of hypertension
...

In advanced stages of arterosclerosis the rise in
blood pressure may cause the arteries to rupture
and let out the blood
...
This disease is more dreadful than Cancer
...

Mode of spread:

Through sexual intercourse
...

Through contaminated injection needles
...


In the host, virus attacks W
...
C
...


use of tea, coffee and alcohol should be avoided
...


avoid smoking
...


the nitroglycerine tablets relax the coronary

6
...

blood and promote its flow
...
The rate at which virus
multiplies in W
...
C
...
As a result of fast multiplication,
the immunity system of the body (due to W
...
C
...
Such persons become highly susceptible to
various types of pathogens due to decrease of
immunity
...
Due to uncontrolled
and repeated mitotic divisions a lump or tumour is
formed
...
This stage is

known as Metastatia and proves fatal
...

These W
...
C
...
This
disease is mostly found in young children (below five

years) and no remedy is known for it
...


AIDS disease :

1
...

3
...

Prevention and control :
1
...

2
...
The common allergents (Substances or agents
which cause allergy) are plant pollents, dust, certain
food stuffs, animal hair, heat, cold,drugs, chemicals,
certain fabrics and pathogens
...


Any wound that does not heal
...


A thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
...

4
...

6
...

Persistent indigestion
...

Persistent cough or harshness
...

2
...


Damage to brain
...

he ability to speak and think is impaired
...
No vaccine has been developed so far
to prevent the disease
...


SOCIAL DISEASES
Alcoholism :
It is a social disease
...
It may lead to increased accidents,
social crimes and other illegal activities
...

Drug addiction :
Primarily drugs are meant for treatment of a

Allergy :
Hypertension or supersensitivity of the body or
mind to some chemical or physical agent is known as

disease
...
They do so for
excitement or pleasure or to relieve themselves of mental
tension
...
This condition is called Drug
Addiction
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

60

SCIENTIFIC PHENOMENA
Why is rainbow seen after rain?

How do you convert Centigrade reading to Fahrenheit?

After a rainfall, the clouds break and lie hanging

With the help of the following formula:-

in the sky and the sun is also visible
...
These dispersed rays which have
suffered deviation give rise to a concentrated beam of

light indicating all the colours of light
...
Why?
Ice wrapped in blanket does not melt, because
blanket being bad conductor, cut off heat rays
...
It protects
the ice from the external heat and prevents it from

180

The sky appears blue, Give reasons, why?

The blue colour of the sky is due to the scattering
of light by dust particles or air molecules
...
Consequently the shorter
wavelengths are profusely scattered and when we
look at a portion of the sky away from sun, we receive
this scattered and re-scattered light which is rich in
blue (short wavelength)
...


An electric bulb makes a bang when it is broken

Petrol fire cannot be put with wamter
...


The bulb has a partial vaccum
...
So when water
is poured the petrol floats on it and keeps on burning
...

Fuse wires are always provided in electrical

installations
...


How is it that food gets cooked quicker in a pressure

cooker than in an ordinary vessel?
In a pressure cooker, on account of the increase

of pressure, the boiling point is raised, so the food gets
cooked quicker than in an ordinary vessel
...

A burning candle gets extinguished when covered with

a tumbler
...


electric heaters
...

Glass when heated cracks while metal does not
...
On heating,
only the upper layers of the glass expand while lower
ones remain unaffected, hence it cracks due to unequal
expansion
...
Thus the expansion

also has uniform surface strain, hence no cracking
...


unexposed water underground is at a higher
temperature
...
Hence water is
warm in winter and cool in summer
...

Give reasons, why?

Why sea-water is saline?
Because the rivers falling into the sea, bring
deposits of salt along with them during their journey
from mountains and plains and this process has been

going on for ages
...
While during
evaporation only the molecules of water go up and
minerals are left behind; hence the rain water is soft
...
6 gm per c
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

61

and 7
...
per c
...
The density of water being 1 gm
...
c
...


motion it receives a reaction upwards and hence it
bounces up
...
Why?

The specific gravity of a needle which is a solid

While leaning forward, the centre of gravity of

piece of steel, is decidedly greater than water and it,
therefore, sinks in water; whereas an iron ship is so
designed that the total weight of water displaced by it
is greater than the weight of the ship itself
...


the body also shifts forward and this helps climbing
...


road behind him?

A body weighs less when weighed in water
because of the apparent loss in weight being equal to
the weight of the water displaced
...


convex mirror has a large field of view
...
It also avoids reflection of the sun
rays which are diverged and scattered
...

One leans forward while climbing a hill
...

Wet clothes dry slowly on a rainy day
...


As a result evaporation is slower
...


tilting, if the upper deck gets over-loaded with
passengers
...
With extra
load on the upper deck, the centre of gravity of the
bus is raised and the resulting instability can make
the vehicle tilt
...
Why?
Hydrogen is lighter than air
...

Why an iron nail gains weight on rusting?
Rusting is nothing but iron oxide
...
Hence on absorption, iron gains a weight equal
to the amount of oxygen consumed
...
Give reasons, why?

Give scientific reasons as to why a clinical

Meat and vegetables can be cooked properly and
quickly at a temperature of 100°C
...


which will therefore take a much longer time
...
Why?
A blotting paper contains minute pores
...
Thus the ink will be

retained by the paper
...
It is, therefore dangerous
to dip a clinical thermometer in boiling water because
it is difficult for it to accommodate such high
temperature, as a result of which it might burst
...
On account of the elastic force coming into
existence due to the deformation the ball tries to
recover its original size
...
During the act of
breathing a definite supply of oxygen is needed per
breathe which being deficient, breathing becomes
difficult
...

A green leaf appears green in daylight but looks dark

in red light
...

But when red light falls on it, it is all absorbed and

hence the green leaf reflects none and looks dark
...
During the course of the earth’s
revolution round the sun, one half of the Equator is
always in the light and the other half is in the dark
...
e
...

What is the difference between a star and a planet?
Star is the name given to a fixed celestial body

which has its own light whereas Planet is the name
given to a celestial body which revolves round the sun
in elliptical (regular oval shape) orbit
...


A tumbler containing cold water cools the air near
it so that a film of moisture is deposited on the outside
of the tumbler by the condensation of water vapours

Where days and nights are longer in the year?

present in the air
...


A solar eclipse can occur only on a new moon

Why are mountains cooler than plains?

day
...
Longest night 22nd

Because (i) the air of the mountains is rarer than

Soloar eclipse is due to the full moon coming in
between the sun and the earth, and hence it is natural

that it should be a new moon day
...


that of the plains and contains fewer dust particles
...
The sun does not heat much of the land which
may heat the air
...
Also found in Antarctica
Alpaca: Animal found in Chile (South America)
Apes: These are four kinds of apes in the world, two
in Africa: Gorilla and the Chimpanzee, and two in Asia:

Gibbon and the Orang - Utan
...
It is a genus of mammals of the
Rodentia order with short scaly ears and webbed hind
feet and broad flat muscular tail
...
It is noted for ingenuity
and industry in building houses and damming shallow
streams
...

Camel: Found in deserts of Arabia and India
...
Its hump is made up of fat and is a storehouse for food
...
It is also called

“Ship of the Desert”
...
The common
chameleon is a native of Africa
...

It is slow in movement
...
Fastest land
animal at short run
Corals: Small marine animals closely related to seaanemone, found mainly in the Mediterranean; also
found in the Indian Ocean
...
They
live mostly in the tropics along the sides of rivers and
lakes
...

Dinosaurs: They are great reptiles flourished about
150 million years ago in the Jurassic period
...
Its tiny head contained a brain no larger
than a hen’s egg
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

63

Elephant: Found in Africa and India
...
Both males and females have large
ivory tusk of considerable commercial value
...
on long journeys maintaining a pace of about

6 km per hour
...
It is the largest of

living birds after the Ostrich
...
It is the tallest of existing

animals
...
It has no hump, but has a long neck and is

used as a beast of burden
...
It can reach a height of over 6 ft
...

Kiwi: Flightless bird, found in New Zealand, now very
rare
...
Its feathers are
hair-like and it has rudimentary wings concealed by the

plumage
...

Ladybird: It is an insect usually of a red or yellow
colour with small coloured or black spots
...
It is

lazy in habit, Gir forest is familiar in India
...

Ostrich : Largest living bird now found only on
the sandy plains of Africa and parts of South West
Asia
...
The wings are useless for flight, but the
birds have a fleetness of foot exceeding that of the

swiftest horse
...
This is due to an initation probably a tiny
spect of sand, which the oyster covers with

mother-of-pearl
...
They exist in enormous numbers in the
Southern Ocean and Antarctica Sea
...

Plover: Bird, common in all continents except Africa
and South America
...
It
is called “American Lion”
...

Reindeer: A genus of deer horned in both sexes;
Siberia
...

Seal: fish found in Northern Russia
...

Shark: A large and powerful ocean fish, mostly found
in tropical seas
...

Swifts: are birds of the air with extraordinary ability and
speed in flight
...
They dart about with dazzling speed,
hovering moving up & down sideways and even
backwards
...
National animal of
India, its stripes help to blend with the tall grass
and bamboo thickets in which it hides
...

Walrus: A very large marine mammal related to the
Seals; Arctic Sea
...
No other animal has
reached this
...

Yak: A curious long-haired ox, found in Tibet
...
tall half- Gorilla-like,
with shaggy body and hairless face
...

Zebra: African quadruped of whitish-grey colour with
regular black stripes
...
K
...
K
...
,)
Function of National Laboratories : The National

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants :

Laboratories undertake basic and applied research with
special reference to the problems of industries failing
within their spheres
...


committees
...
P
...
P
...

Central Electronic Engineering Research Institute :

Pilani (Rajasthan)
...


Central Fuel Research Institute : Dhanbad (Bihar)
...


Central Leather Research Institute : Chennai (Tamil
Nadu)
...

Central Mining Research Station : Dhanbad (Bihar)
...

Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute :
Bhavnagar (Gujarat)
...

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology : Kolkata (West
Bengal)
...

National Aeronautical Laboratory :
Bangalore
(Karnataka)
...
(Himachal Pradesh)
...

Pulsars Research Laboratory : New Delhi (Delhi)
...
P
...


(Cuttack), Jorhant (Assam), Jammu and Kashmir and
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
...


Structural Engineering Research Centre :

Roorkee

(U
...
and Chennai
...


Visveswarayya Industrial and Technological Museum:

National Metallurgical Laboratory :

Bangalore, (Karnataka)
...


NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND ATOMIC ENERGY
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (Formerly the Atomic
Energy Establishment) :

Trombay near Mumbai

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research : Kalpakkam
...


(Maharashtra)
...


Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics : Kolkata (West Bengal)

High Altitude research Laboratory :

Bangalore (Karnataka)
...


SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES
Bharat Ophthalmic Glass Limited :
Kolkata, (West
Bengal)
...
Bengal)
...

Central Coconut Research Institute : Kaserkode (Kerala)

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Station :
Delhi

New

Central Inland Fisheries Research Station : Barrackpore

(W
...

Central Jute Technological Research Institute : Kolkata

(W
...

Central Marine Research Station :

Chennai (Tamil

Nadu)
...

Central Mining Research Station : Dhanbad (Bihar)
...

Central Tobacco Research Station : Rajamundry (Andhra
Pradesh)
...

Fluid Control Research Institute : Kanjikode (Kerala)
...

Indian Institute of Science : Bangalore
...
P)
...

Indian Space Research Organisation :
Bangalore
(Karnataka)
Institute of Microbial Technology : Hyderabad
...

National Environmental Engineering Institute : Nagpur
...
P
...
Bengal)
...

All India Malaria Institute : Delhi
...

Haftkine Institute : Mumbai
...
Bengal)
Indian Vetrinary Research Institute : Mukteshwar and
Izatnagar (Gujarat)
...

Nutrition Research Laboratory : Coonoor (Tamil
Nadu)
Tuberculosis Institute : Delhi
...
: New Delhi
...
:
(1) Bangalore
(Karnataka), (2) Pinjore, Haryana, (3) Kalamassery

Kotah (Rajasthan), (2) Tarapur near Mumbai

(Kerala), (4) Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
...
: Jalahalli Bangalore

H
...
T
...
A Second
Watch Factory has been set up at Srinagar (Kashmir)
...
, Ltd
...


Ottacamund (Tamil Nadu)
...
: (1) Ranipur, Haridwar
(Uttar Pradesh) Ramachandrapuram, Hyderabad

Hindustan Salt Ltd
...

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd
...

Hindustan Steel Ltd
...

Hindustan Teleprinters Ltd
...

Hindustan Zinc Ltd
...

India Government Silver Refinery : Kolkata (W
...

Indian Drug and Pharmaceuticals Ltd
...

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
...

Indian Rare Earth Ltd
...

Indian Telephone Industries Ltd
...
: Kotah (Rajasthan)
...

Janpath Hotels Ltd
...

Kolar Gold Mining Undertakings : Kolar Field, Ooragum

(Tamil Nadu)
...


Tiruverumbur,

Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels Ltd
...
,

Bokaro, District Hazaribagh (Bihar)
...
, Cochin

(Kerala)
...
: New Delhi
...
, : Alwaye

(Kerala)
...
: Kolkata (W
...

Heavy Electricals India Ltd
...
:

P
...
Dhurwa,

Ranchi (Bihar)
...

Heavy Vehicles Factory : Avadi, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
...
: Bangalore (Karnataka)
...
: Rupnarampur, Dist
...

Hindustan Housing Factory Ltd
...

Hindustan Insecticides Ltd
...

D
...
T
...

Hindustan Latex Ltd
...


P
...
(Karnataka)
...

Mazagon Dock Ltd
...

Nahan Foundry Ltd
...

National Instruments Ltd
...

Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd
...

Optical Glass (Centre Glass and Ceramic Research
Institute) : Kolkata (West Bengal)
...
, Ltd
...


ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTIES
Administrative Staff College :
Pradesh)
...

Air Force Administrative Staff College : Coimbatore
(Tamil Nadu)
Air Force Flying College : Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Armoured Corps Centre and School : Ahmadnagar
...

Central Institute of Languages :

(Karnataka)
...

College of Satellite Communication Technology :
Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
...

Film and Television Institute of India :
Pune
(Maharashtra)
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute :
Darjeeling
(West Bengal)

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

67

Indian Institute of Management : Ahmedabad,
Kolkata,

National Industrial Academy : Hyderabad
...


Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
...


National Institute of Fashion Technology : New Delhi
...

National Police Academy : Abu Road (Rajasthan)
...

Numismatology Institute : Nasik
...

Rashtriya Indian Military College: Dehra Dun (Uttar
Pradesh)
...

School of Foreign Languages : New Delhi
...

Water Management Engineering Laboratory :
New
Delhi
...

Indian Institute of Technology : (1) Kharagpur, (2)
Kanpur, (3) Chennai, (4) Mumbai and (5) Delhi (6)
Guwahati, (7) University of Roorkee
...


Indian Cochin Academy : Cochin (Kerala)
...

Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Urban academic : Rai Bareli
(Uttar Pradesh)
...

Lal

Bahadur

Shastri

National

Academy

of

Administration : Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)
...

National Defence Academy : Khadakvasla near Pune
...

Arey Milk Colony : Mumbai (Maharashtra)
...

Archaeological Survey of India :
Indian Museum,
Calcutta (West Bengal)
...

Atomic Reactors : (1) Aprasara (2) Cirus and (3)
Zerlina at Trombay near Mumbai (Maharashtra) (4)
Purnima at Kalpakkam near Chennai, (5) Dhruva at
Trombay, near Mumbai, (6) Kamini at Kalpakkam,

near Chennai
...

Central Board of Film Censors : Mumbai (Maharashtra)
...

Central Tractor Organisation : New Delhi
...

Currency Printing Press (or) Indian Security Press :

Nasik
...

High Altitude Cosmic Ray Laboratory :

Gulmarg

(Kashmir)
...

Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre :

New Delhi
...


Inter University
Centre on Astronomy
and
Astrophysics (IUCAA) : Poona University
...

Meterological Observatory : Pune (Maharashtra) and
Delhi
...

National Atlas Organisation : Kolkata (West Bengal)
...

National Gallery of Modern Art : New Delhi
...

National Museum : New Delhi
...

Nuclear Science Centre : Jawaharlal Nehru University,
Delhi
...

Rabindar Rangshala Open-air theatre : New Delhi
...

Research Survey & Planning Organisation : New Delhi
...

Security Paper Mill : Houshangabad (Madhya Pradesh)
...

Solar Physics Observatory : Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)
...
V
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

68

CURRENT EVENTS
ABBREVIATIONS

TERMINOLOGY

SPORTS
UNO
FIRST AND LAST

ECONOMY
PERSONALITIES

BOOKS & AUTHORS

DEFENCE

ABBREVIATIONS
CCI
CDAC

A
AAFI
ABC

Amateur Athletic Federation of India
Atomic, Biological and Chemical (warfare);
American Broad-casting Company; Australian

ABM
ABVP
ACC
ADB
ADC
AEC
AICTE
AIDS
AIMS
AITUC

Broadcasting Company
...

BIMSTEC Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Economic Co-operation
Bado Liberation Tiger
BLT
BMR
Basal Metabolic Rate
BP
Blood Pressure
BRO
Border Road Organisation
BSF
Border Security Force

C
CA
CAG
CARE
CAT
CBI

Chartered Accountant
Comptroller & Auditor General
Co-operation for American Relief Everywhere
Centre for Advanced Technology
Central Bureau of Investigation

CDP

Cricket Club of India
Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing
Community Development Programme

CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government
Meeting
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency (of U
...
A)
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States
CISF
Central Industrial Security Force
CMC
Computer Maintenance Corporation
CMIE
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
CNS
Chief of the Naval Staff
COD
Central Ordinance Depot
COFEPOSA Conservation of Foreign Exchange and
Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act
CPCSEA Committee for the Purpose of Control and
Supervision of Experiments on Animals
CRPF
Central Reserve Police Force
CRR
Cash Reserve Ratio
CSCAP Council For Security Co-operation for Asia
Pacific
CSIR
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation
CSO
Central Statistical Organisation
CTBT
Comprehensing Test Ban Treaty
CWC
Central Warehouse Corporation

D
DAVP

DDT
DNA
DOD
DRDO
DRES

Directorate of Advertising and Visual
Publicity
Dichloro-Diphenyl
Trichloro-ethane
(disinfectant)
Deoxy ribo-Nuchie-Acid
Department of Ocean Development
Defence
Research
& Development
Organisation
Department of Renewable Energy Sources

E
ECG
ECGC

Electro Cardiogram
Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation of
India
ECIL
Electronic Corporation of India Limited
ECT
Electro-convulsat Therapy (electric shock
treatment)
ECU
European Currency Unit
EEC
European Economic Community (Common
Market)
EEG
Electro-encephalography
e
...

exampli gratia; for example
EIL
Engineers India Limited
E-MAIL Electronic Mailing
E & OE Errors and Omissions Excepted

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

69

ERDA
ESA
ESCAP
ESI
ESMA
EST
etc
...

Food and Agriculture Organisation

FCI

Food Corporation of India
Flight Data Recorder
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce
and Industry
Film & Television Institute of India

FDR
FERA
FICCI
FTII

Federal Bureau of Investigation (of the U
...
A
...
,

H
HAL
HBV
HFDC
HIV

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Hepatitis - B - Virus
Housing Finance Development Corporation
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HUDCO

Housing and Urban Development Corporation

IAAI
IAC

International Airport Authority of India
Indian Airlines Corporation

IADF

International Agricultural Development Fund

IAEA
IAMC
IATA
IBRD

International Atomic Energy Agency
Indian Army Medical Corps
International Air Transport Association
International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
International Civil Aviation Organisation
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
International Cricket Conference

I

ICAO
ICAR
ICBL
ICC

ICF
ICCR
ICCW
ICHR
ICJ
ICICI

International Court of Justice
Indian Council of Cultural Relations
Indian Council for Child Welfare
Indian Council for Historical Research
International Court of Justice
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation
of India
ICMR
Indian Council of Medical Research
ICRC
International Committee of the Red Cross
IDA
International Development Association
IDBI
Industrial Development Bank of India
IDPL
Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
...
e
...

IFFCO Indian Formers Fertilizers Co-operatives
IFTU
International Federations of Trade Unions
IGMOP Integrated guided Missile Development
Programme
IGNCA Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts
IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University
IIT
Indian Institute of Technology
ILO
International Labour Organisation
ILY
International Literacy Year
IMA
Indian Military Academy
International Monetary Fund
IMF
IMO
International Maritime Organisation
INCOSPAR Indian National Committee on Space
Research
INMARSAT International
Maritime
Satellite
Organisation
INMAS Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied
Science
INS
Indian Naval Ship; Indian Newspaper Society
INSA
Indian National Science Academy
INSAT Indian National Satellite
INTELEX International Teleprinter Exchange
INTERPOL International Police Organisation
IOC
International Olympic Committee
IORARC Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional
Co-operation
IRBM
Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
ISE
Inter-connected Stock Exchange
ISO
International Standards Organisation
ISRO
Indian Space Research Organisation
ISP
Internet Service Provider
ISS
International Space Stations
ISSP
Indian Scientific Satellite Project
ITDC
Indian Tourism Development Corporation
ITO
International Trade Organisation; Income-Tax
Officer

J
JCO
JNU
JP

Junior Commissioned Officer
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Janata Party; Justice of Peace

K
KG
Kg

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

Kindergarten
Kilogramme

70

KPMF
KRC
Kw

Kothari Pioneer Mutual Fund
Konkan Railway Corporation
Kilowatt

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
Light Combat Aircraft
Light-Emitting Diode
Life Insurance Corporations (of India)
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Leave Travel Concession
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

L
LCA
LED
LIC
LPG
LTC
LTTE

M
MAPP
Madras Atomic Power Project
MISA
Maintenance of InternalSecurity Act
MASER Micro-wave Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
MAT
Minimum Alternate Tax

NPP
NPTC
NREP
NRI
NRSA
NSA
NSC
NSC
NSS
N
...
C
...
S
...
)
NASSCOM

National Association of Software and

NATO
NCC
NCEP

Service Companies
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
National Cadet Corps
National Committee on Environment Planning

NCERT

National Council of Education Research and

NCM

Training
National Commission of Minorities
National Capital Region Planning Board

NCRPB
NCSC & ST National Commission for Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes
National Defence Academy
National Development Council
Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances
National Education Policy
National Environment Protection Authority
Nuclear Fuel Complex
National Film Development Corporation
National Internet Backbone
NIC
National Integration Council
NICSAT National Informatics Centre Satellite
NIFT
National Institute of Fashion Technology
NIO
National Institute of Oceanography
NIS
National Institute of Sports
NLM
National Literacy Mission
NLMA National Literacy Mission Authority
NMDC National Mineral Development Corporation
NNPT
Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty
NPC
National Productivity Council
NDA
NDC
NDPS
NEP
NEPA
NFC
NFDC
NIB

OGL
OIL
OM
ONGC
OPEC
OSCE
OTS

P
Political Affairs Committee; Public Accounts
Committee
PDA
Preventive Detention Act
PERC
Political & Economic Risk Consultancy Ltd
...
Subcriber’s

Trunk Dialling
SWAPO South-West African People’s Organisation

T
TAAI

Travel Agents Association of India

TADA

Terrorist

TANSI
TAPS
TCAS
TDA
TELEX

(Prevention) Act
Tamil Nadu Small Industries Corporation
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
Tactical Collision Avoidance System
Trade Development Authority
Teleprinter Exchange

TIFAC

Technology Information, Forecasting and

and

Disruptive

Activities

Assessment Council
TISCO Tata Iron and Steel Company
TNAU Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
TNCSC Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation
TNT
Tri-nitro-toluene (high explosive)
TNV
Tripura National Volunteers
TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self
Employment

U
UGC

University Grants Commission

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development
UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control
Programme
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEF
United Nations Emergency Force
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation
UNFPA UN Fund for Population Activities
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees
UNI
United News of India
UNIC
United Nations Information Centre
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s
(Emergency) Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation
UNMOGIP
United Nations Observer Group in India
and Pakistan
UNSCOM United National Special Commission
USAID United States Agency for International
Development
USIS
United States Information Service
UTI
Unit Trust of India

VCR
VHD
VHRR

VOA
VPP
VRDE

Value Added Tax
Video Cassette Recorder
Vishwa Hindu Parishad
Very High Resolution Radiometer
Voice of America

Value Payable Post
Vehicle
Research
Establishment

&

Development

W
WAY
WBF
WCD
WEF
WFP
WFTU
WHO
WMO
WPI
WTO
WWF

World Assembly of Youth
World Book Fair
World Commission of Dams
World Economic Forum
World Food Programme
World Federation of Trade Unions
World Health Organisation (of the U
...
)
World Meteorological Organisation
Wholesale Price Index
World Tourism Organisation
World Wildlife Fund

X-mas

Christmas

YMCA
YWCA

Young Men’s Christian Association
Young Women’s Christian Association

X
Y
Z
ZETA

Zero Energy Thermo-nuclear Assembly or
Apparatus
ZOPFAN Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality
ZS

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

Zoological Society

72

THE FIRST AND THE LASTS
First Visitors, Invaders, Heads of State, Expeditions, Sports, Etc
...
Rajagopalachari

Governor - General
of Free India
Last Governor-General of : Lord Canning
India who also became
the first Viceroyof India
Last Viceroy of India

: Lord Mountbatten

First British
: Warren Hastings
Governor-General in India
First Commander-in-Chief : General Cariappa
of free India
Tenth and the last Guru
: Guru Gobind Singh
of the Sikhs
First Chinese pilgrim to
: Fa-Hein
visit India
First European to
: Marco Polo
visit China
First European invader
: Alexander the Great
on Indian soil
First U
...
A
...
Eisenhover
to visit India
: V
...
Bulganin
First Russian
Prime Minister to visit India
First British Prime Minister : Harold Macmillan
to visit India
First President of the USA : George Washington
First President of the
Chinese Republic

: Sun Yat-Sen (1912)

First Prime Minister
of Great Britain

: Robert Walpole

First Women
: Mrs
...
Bandaranaike
Prime Minister (twice)
(Sri Lanka)
of a Country in the World
First India’s Spaceman

: Sqn
...
Rakesh Sharma

First Indian to scale
Mount Everest

: Phu Dorjee

First President of
Indian Republic
First Woman
Prime Minister of India

: Dr
...
Rabindranath Tagore

First President of Indian
National Congress

: W
...
Bonerjee

: Mrs
...
Junko Tabei, Japan
Mount Everest
First Indian to swim across : (Men) Mihir Sen,
the English Channel
(Women) Mrs
...

First woman to sail
: Kay Cottee
non-stop around the world, alone
First Woman to reach the : Ann Bancroff
North Pole
First Indian woman to
scale Mount Everest

: Bachendri Pal

First person to reach the : Amundsen
South Pole
First woman to walk in
space

: Svetlana Savitskaya space
(Russia)

First person in the world : Neil A
...
Aldrin Jr of USA
First woman cosmanaut of : Valentina Tereskhova, the
world
Russian
First country to launch a : Russia
cosmic space rocket
towards moon
First Chief Justice of a
High Court
First Judge, First Judge
of a High Court
First Judge of
Supreme Court
First Magistrate
First Indian to become
President of International
Court of Justice
First Bar-at-Law

: Justice H
...
Kania (Men),
Ms
...
Omana Kunjamma
: Dr
...
M
...
Vijayalakshmi
(India)
Subburaman
First Indian Woman to
: Karnam Malleswari
win an Olympic Medal
First Asian to claim
: Viswanathan Anand
Chess' World Title
First Indian Woman
: Ms
...
Bandhobathyai
Air-Commodre

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

73

First Indian girl to win the : Joshna Chinappa (17 yrs)
British Junior Squash title
First Indian Muslim
: Aneesha Mirza
Woman Mayor
(Ahmedabad)
First Test Tube Baby
: Louise Joy Brown
First Place where atom
: Hiroshima
bomb was dropped
First man to reach
: Robert Peary
North Pole
First man to climb
: Sherpa Sungau (Nepal)
Mount Everest
First man to walk in space : Alexi Leonov (USSR)
First Governor General
: Mohammed Ali Jinnah
of Pakistan
First oldest man to scale : Mario Curris
Mount Everest
First Commander-in-Chief : General Roy Bucher
of Free India
First Emperor of
: Babar
Moghul Dynasty
First Field Marshal
: S
...
F
...
Manekshaw
of India
First Indian ICS Officer
: Satyendra nath Tagore
First Indian Member
: Sir S
...
Sinha
of Viceroy's Executive
Council
First man to climb
: Phu Dorjee
Mount Everest without Oxygen

First Tolkie Film
: Alam Ara (1931)
First Test Tube Baby
: Indira
(Documented)
: Rajkumar Amrit Kaur
First Woman Minister
of Indian Union
: Sucheta Kriplani
First Woman
Chief Minister of State
First Woman Governor
: Sarojini Naidu
First Woman President of : Dr
...
Zakir Hussain
Indian Union
First Speaker of
: G
...
Mavlankar
Lok Sabha
First Woman Judge in
: Fathima Beevi
Supreme Court
First Woman Chief Justice : Leela Seth
of a High Court
First Indian Woman to go : Kalpana Chawla
in space
: Sonali Banerjee
First Indian Woman
Merchant Navy Officer
First Dalit Speaker of the : G
...
C
...
3 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Daman & Diu, Dadra &

First Telephone line was started
between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour
First Telephone service was started
at Kolkata
First Telephone exchange was opened
at Kolkata with 50 lines
First International Telephone line was
started between Mumbai and London
First Automatic Telephone exchange in
Simla was opened at
Post and Telecommunication started
Total Post Offices (2000)
Quick Mail Service was started in
Speed Post was started in
E-Post was started in

First Postal Department was opened
First Money Order was started in
First Air-Mail Service was first operated
at Allahabad & Nainital
Total No
...
4 Maharashtra, Goa & Madhya Pradesh
Zone No
...
6 Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Lakshadweep
Zone No
...
8 Bihar

The Indian Railways system is the largest in Asia
and third in the world after U
...
, and Canada, it is the
biggest employer in the world and largest public sector
undertaking in India and it has the second biggest
electrified system in the world after Russia
...
1 Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
Zone No
...
Shatabdi Express is
the latest super-fast train introduced in the Indian
Railways
...
Life Line Express or Jeevan Rekha is
the world’s first hospital on wheels opened in Mumbai
on 16th July 1991 to cater the medical needs of people in
rural areas
...

Rail Tracks :
Type

Distance between rails

(a) Metre Gauge
(b) Broad Gauge
(c) Narrow Gauge

1
...
69 metre
0
...
Central Railway
Nov
...
Eastern Railway
Aug
...
Northern Railway
April 14, 1952 New Delhi
4
...
North-East Frontier
Jan
...
Southern Railway
April 14, 1951 Chennai
7
...
02, 1966 Secunderabad
8
...
01, 1955 Kolkata
9
...
05, 1955 Mumbai
(Church Gate)
The following seven additional zonal offices were

created out of existing zones
...
East-Coast Railway
Aug
...
North-Central Railway Aug
...
East-Central Railway Sep
...
North-Western Railway Oct
...
South-Western Railway Nov
...
West-Central Railway Dec
...
South-East Central Rly
...
09, 1998 Bilaspur
Railway Manufacturing Units :
Estd in Name

Location

Items
manufactured

1950 Chittaranjan
Chittaranjan Locomotives
Locomotive Works
1955 Integral Coach
Perambur
Coaches
Factory
1964 Diesel Locomotive Varanasi
Locomotives
Works
1983 Wheel & Axle Plant Yelahanka Wheels & axes
Diesel Component Patiala
Components of
Works
diesel engines
1988 Rail Coach
Kapurthala
Coaches,
Factory
wagons & spl
...
7 million kilometres

of road length, India has the Third largest road
network in the world
...
The road network has expanded
nearly Seven-Fold
...
The construction

and maintenance of National Highways is the direct
responsibility of the Central Government
...

National Highways carry nearly 40% of the total
traffic
...

Before the constitution ofthe authority the maintenance
of the roads was done by the State PWDs
...

Delhi-Amritsar
2
...

Agra-Mumbai
4
...

Delhi-Ahmedabad-Mumbai
6
...

Ambala-Shimla-Tibet
8
...

Manali-Leh
10
...
Cochin-Madurai
12
...

AIR TRANSPORT
The International Airport Authority of India (IAAI)

was set up in 1972 manages the international airports
...
R
...
Tata was the first to make a solo flight from Mumbai

to Karachi, (Now in Pakistan) in 1931
...

2
...

4
...


Anna International Airport, Chennai
...

Indira Gandhi International Airport at New Delhi
...

Rajasansi Airport at Amritsar, Punjab
...

Following are some of the Inland Aerodromes :
1
...

Safdarganj-New Delhi
3
...

Begumpet-Hyderabad
5
...
Kerala

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

75

DEFENCE AND SECURITY
President of India
Supreme Commander
Administrative control
Ministry of Defence
ARMY : is headed by the Chief of Army Staff and its
headquarters is at New Delhi
...

AIR FORCE : is headed by the Chief of Air Staff and its
headquarters is at New Delhi
...
MIG-23, MIG-25 and MIG-27
are the other types of MIG aircrafts
...

The Defence Research & Development Organisation

(DRDO) has developed a Pilotless Target Aircraft which

has been named Lakshya
...

NAVY : is headed by the Chief of Naval Staff and its

headquarters is at New Delhi
...
of Fleets: (a) Western Fleet (b) Eastern Fleet
Aircraft Carriers:
(a) INS Vikrant: India’s first aircraft carrier
(b) INS Viraat : India’s largest aircraft carrier

IMPORTANT SUBMARINES/MISSILE
BOATS/WAR SHIPS
(a)

INS Vibhuti: Country’s first indigenously built

missile boat
...
It has now been decommissioned and

returned to Russia
...


(d)

INS Savitri: India’s first warship
...

indigenously built warship
...


INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAMME
Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) has started India’s Integrated Missile
Development Programme (IGMDP) in 1982-1983 under

the chairmanship of Dr A
...
J
...
viz
...
It was first launched on
February 25, 1988 from Rocket Launching Centre,
Sriharikota
...

Agni : is a Surface-to-surface ballistic missile
...
On May 22,1989 it was first

launched from Chandipur (Orissa)
...

Trishul : is a low-level and quick reaction surface-tosurface missile and has a range of 500 m to 9 km (short
range)
...
It was first
launched in 1985
...
Its range is 4 km
...

Anti-Missile System : India has embarked upon the
developmnt of an anti-missile system capable of detecting
and destroying enemy’s long-range missiles similar to
the US made ‘Patriot’ which was effectively used against

Iraqi scud missiles in the 1991 gulf war
...

Akash : Akash was successfully test fired from
Chandipur-on-Sea, in Balasore district, Orissa on
September 19, 2000
...
It has a range of 25 km
...

BrahMos : The supersonic anti-ship cruise missile
BrahMos, jointly developed by India and Russia, was
successfully test fired for the 2nd time in February 12,
2003
...

The Arjun Tank : The state of the art flagship of Indian
armour and can move in a battlefield at 72 kmph
...
7 mm

machine gun and thermal sighting equipment
...
It has a range of 40
km and can deliver a variety of warheads
...
It would be capable of engaging air battle
in a 600 km combat zone
...


INDIA’S ATOMIC RESEARCH
First Nuclear Implosion was carried out on May
18,1974 at Pokharan in Rajasthan (Thar) desert
...
e
...
This successful
implosion made India the sixth nuclear nation in the
world
...

Code named "Operation Shakti"
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

76
ATOMIC POWER PLANTS

Name

Location

1
...
Rajasthan Atomic Power Starion
(RAPS)
3
...
Narora Atomic Power Station
(NAPS)
5
...
Koodangulam Atomic
Power Station (KNPP)
7
...
J
...

Department of Atomic Energy (DAE): was set up in
August 1954 for implementation of atomic energy
programmes and headed by the Prime Minister of India
...


Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: is located
at Kalpakkam (Chennai) , it was established in 1971
...


Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC): was
established in1957, it is located in Trombay
(Maharashtra) and is India’s largest atomic research

centre
...


Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT):is located

at Indore, it was established in 1984
...
It
is envisaged that by 2000 AD, India’s atomic power

generation would be in the vicinity of 10,000 MW
...
In 1969,

the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was set
up with headquarters in Bangalore
...
In 1975, India
launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, and thus entered

the space age
...

1984 : Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to
travel in space
...

Apple (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment) : India's
first experimental, geostationary satellite weighing 673
kg was launched on June 19, 1981
...

IRS Mission (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) :
IRS-1A India's first IRS was launched on March 17, 1988
for monitoring and management of natural resources
...

1992 : ASLV (Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle)
successfully launched from Sriharikota on May 20
...
Insat-2A was hurled into space from Kourou on
July 10
...

IRSIC : The world's most advanced remote sensing
satellite, IRS-1C, built by Indian Scientists, was put
into orbit successfully by a Russian rocket from the
Baikonur cosmodrome on December 28, 1995
...
The first development flight

of the PSLV, called PSLV-D1, on September 20, 1993,
failed
...

SROSS-III (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series) : After
failure of two ASLV launches, SROSS-III, a 105 kg satellite

was successfully placed in a 450 km high orbit via the
launching of ASLV-D3, on May 20, 1992 though th
elifespan of the satellite was only 55 days
...

Bhaskara-I : India's second 436 kg satellite was launched
on June 7, 1979 to collect information on India's land,

water, forest and ocean resources
...


C4 was successfully placed into the near earth orbits
from Sriharikota
...
Indian remote sensing
satellite, IRS-P3, into orbit
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

77

INSAT Mission (Indian National Satellite System) : For
domestic telecommunication, earth observation and
nationwide radio and TV broadcasting, India launched

four satellites in the INSAT-1 series, viz
...

INSAT-1B On August 30, 1983-it was successful
...


INSAT-1D On July 17, 1990-it was successful and
completed the mission
...
It is
equipped with 50 per cent more capacity than the INSAT-

I series
...
It
was launched by the European Space Agency from
Kourou, French Guiena on July 23, 1993
...
The fourth
development flight of ASLV-4 was made on May 4, 1994
and the SROSS-C4 was successfully placed into the near

earth orbit from Sriharikota
...

IRS-1D satellite launched in 1997 incorporate advanced
features such as teh LISS-III camera, a Panchromatic
Camera (PAN) and a wide field (wifs) enabling better
spectrol resolutions - enhancing the application pottential

of the satellite
...
The
first developmental launch of the GSLV was scheduled in
1997-98, using a Russian Cryogenic Engine
...
PSLVC2 was launched on May 26 with 3 satellites
on board
...

ISRO Launched Cryogenic Engine : On February 16,
2000, the first cryogenic engine was ignited at the
Liquid propulsino Systems Centre at Mahendragiri is
Tamil Nadu
...

PSLV-C3 : This was launched from Sriharikota on October

22, 2001
...


INSAT-3C : ISRO built Satellite was launched by
ARIANE-4 from Kourou, French Guyana on January
24, 2002
...
Vajpayee renamed METSAT, India's
first metorological research satellite launched by ISRO
on September 22, 2002
...


Kalpana Chawla

FIRST MOON WALKERS
Astronaut/Spacecraft

Total Eva
...
Min

Mission Dates

1
...
Armstrong, Apollo-11

2:32

Jul
...
Edwin E
...
16-24, 1969

3
...
, Apollo-12

7:45

Nov
...
Allan L
...
14-24, 1969

5
...
Shepard, Apollo-14

9:23

Jan
...
9, 1971

6
...
Mitchell, Apollo-14

9:23

Jan
...
9, 1971

7
...
Scott, Apollo-15

19:08

July 26 - Aug
...
James B
...
7, 1971

9
...
Young, Apollo-16

20:14

Apr
...
Charles M
...
16-27, 1972

* Extra Vehicular activity
© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

The girl from Karnal in Haryana
is the First Indian or Indian
American woman to go on a space
launch (November 19, 1997) as
Mission Specialist of 6 member
crew on the fourth US
microgravity payload flight on
board Columbia on Mission "STS87" to study the outer atmosphere
of Sun
...
All the
seven members were killed when
the space shuttle exploded mid-air
minutes
before
landing
on
1
...
2003
...


78

FINE ARTS
ART AND CULTURE
‡ Lalit Kala Academy was set up in 1954 at New
Delhi
...
Its function is to conduct survey

research of different art forms in India
...
Its aim is to encourage production of high

class literature in several languages of India
...

‡

ASI - Archaeological Survey of India - was
established in 1861
...

‡

Indian Council for Cultural Relations was established
in 1950, and it strives to promote and to strengthen
cultural relations and mutual understanding between
India and other countries
...

‡

NSD - National School of Drama - was set up in 1959

in Delhi
...
Classical dances
are those which are based on ancient dance

disciplines and have rigid rules for presentation
...
Rukminidevi Arundale revived it by
establishing ‘Kalakshetra’ at Adayar, Chennai
...

Kathakali & Mohiniyattam (Kerala) - the poet
Vallathol revived Kathakali and Mohiniyattam by
establishing Kerala Kalamandalam at Cheruthuruthi,

Thrissur, in 1930
...
Birji
Maharaj, Gopi Krishna and Shambu Maharaj are the

famous exponents of this dance form
...

‡

Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh) - a variation of

Bharatnatyam
...

‡

Manipuri (Manipur) - a delicate lyrical style of

‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡

Ustad Alla Rakha - A master of the Tabla
...

Bhim Sen Joshi - A Hindustani singer
...
Hari Prasad Chaurasya - Flute player
...
Jasraj - Famous singer of Hindustani music
...

Neralathu Ramapothuval - Sopanam
...
S
...
(1998 Bharat
Ratna)
...

Ustad Zakir Hussain - Tabla
...
Shiv Kumar Sharma - Santhoor
Lalgudi Jayaraman - Violin
Pt
...


Personalities Associated with Indian Dance
‡ Rukmini Devi Arundale - Associated with
Bharatnatyam; founded Kalakshetra
...
Balasaraswathi - Bharatanatyam
...

‡ Birju Maharaj - One of the best known Kathak
dancers and a choreographer
...

‡ Rabindranath Tagore helped Manipuri dance gain
it in his Shantiniketan
...

‡ Ottam Thullal (Kerala) - performed inside temples
...

Yakshagana (Karnataka) - about 400 years old -

revived by Dr
...


‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡

prominence in the early 20th century by introducing

dance
...

‡ Tamasha (Maharashtra) - Nautanki (U
...
), Garba
(Gujarat), Chhow (Orissa, Bihar)
...

‡ Sama Veda deals with music
...

‡ The trinity of Carnatic music is Thyagaraja, Syama
Shastri and Muthuswami Dikshitar
...
F
...


INDIAN CINEMA
‡ Dadasaheb Phalke, the producer of India’s first
indigenous feature film ‘Raja Harishchandra’ (1913)

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

is considered to be the Father of Indian Cinema
...

‡

India tops in the world in respect of production of
The film producing centre in Mumbai (Bombay) is

known as Bollywood
...

‡

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
‡ The first newspaper in India was James A
...

‡ The largest number of newspapers are published in

feature films
...


the State of Uttar Pradesh and the language in
which the maximum number of newspapers are

published is Hindi
...

The oldest existing English daily is the Times of

India (1838)
...


‡

daily
...
V
...
They

Sanskrit film in India
...


‡

‡
‡

are (1) Press Trust of India (PTI) (2) United News
of India (UNI) (3) Samachar Bharati and (4)
Hindustan Samachar
...


medium of Hindi and other Indian languages
...

His first film was Pathar Panjali
...


The first cinemascope film in India was Kagaz ki

Phool
...

‡

The first actress of the Indian cinema to win a

Padmashri Award was Nurgis Dutt (1958)
...

‡

The first winner of the Dada Saheb Phalke Award
was Devika Rani Roerich (1969)
...

‡

M
...
Ramachandran was the first film star to

become the Chief Minister of an Indian State
...

‡

The 2002 International Film Festival of India took

place in New Delhi
...
It was named All India Radio (AIR) in
1936 and later became to be known as Akashvani

since 1957
...
The national programme and other
transmissions started in 1982
...


The Statesman
The Times of India
The Hindustan Times
The Pioneer
The Bombay Samachar

Calcutta; New Delhi
Mumbai’ New Delhi etc
...
,
Calcutta
Chennai-Madurai etc
...
,
New Delhi
Chandigarh
London
Cairo
New York
Jakarta
Paris

PIB - Press Information Bureau
ABC - Audit Bureau of Circulation
No newspapers are published from Arunachal Pradesh and Lakshadweep
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

80

BOOKS, AUTHORS & LITERARY WORKS
A
A Dangerous Place
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
A Million Mutinies Now
A Pair of Blue Eyes
A Passage to India
A Passage to England
A Study of History
A View from Delhi
A Tale of Two Cities
A Week with Gandhi
Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes

Affluent Society

Daniel
Patrick
Moynihan
Shakespeare
V
...
Naipaul
Thomas Hardy
E
...
Forster
Nirad C
...
K
...
M
...
Hidayathullah
Abul Fazal
Abul Fazal
Lewis Carol
William Shakespeare
Amar Singh
J
...
Galbraith
Chester Bowles
Bankim Chandra
Chatterji
V
...
Naipaul
Coleridge
George
Bernard
Shaw
George Orwell
Tolstoy
Shakespeare
A
...
K
...
B
...
S
...
B
...
Chowdhury

Ascent of the Everest

Ashtadhyayi
Asian Drama
As You Like It
Autobiography of an
Unknown Indian
Autumn Leaves
A Voice of Freedom

O
...
A
...
N
...
Iqbal
Murry Midgley

Beauty and Revolution

Ben Hur

Bisarjan
Bitter Sweet
Blind Beauty
Bliss was it in that Dawn

Blue Bird
Broken Wing
Buddha Charitam
Bunch of Old Letters

C
G
...
Shaw
Chaucer
Rabindranath Tagore
Liv Ullmaan
T
...
Pillai
Sumitranandan Pant
B
...
Mullick
R
...
Tagore

Caesar and Cleopatra
Canterbury Tales

Chandalika
Changing
Chemmeen

Chidambra
Chinese Betrayal, The

Chitra
Chittrappavai
Childe Harold
Comedy of Erros
Confessions of a Lover
Confessions of a Thug

P
...
Akilandam

Lord Byron
Shakespeare
Mulk Raj Anand
Taylor
T
...
Eliot
Mulk Raj Anand
Mahatma Gandhi
Rabindranath Tagore
Alexander Dumas
Dostoevsky
Ronald Segal

Confidential Clerk
Coolie
Conquest of self
Court Dancer, The
Count of Monte Cristo
Crime and Punishment
Crisis of India, The

D
Das Kapital
Daughter of the East
David Copperfield
Day in Shadow, The
Days of His Grace
Death of a President
Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire
Decline of the West,The
Defence Without Drift
Democracy Redeemed
Deserted Village
Descent of Man
Devdas
Discovery of India

Divine Life
Doctor’s Dilemma

Don Juan
Don Quixote
Doll’s House

Dr
...
Benazir Bhutto
Charles Dickens
Nayantara Sehgal
Eyvind Johnson
William Manchester
Edward Gibbon
O
...
V
...
Rao
V
...
Narasimhan

Oliver Goldsmith
Charles Darwin
Sarat Chander
Jawaharlal Nehru
Sivananda
G
...
Shaw
Lord Byron
Cervantes
Ibsen
Boris Pasternak

81

E
East of Aden
Economic Planning of India
Elimination of Child Labour;
Whose responsibility
End of an Era
Ends and Means
Essays on Gita
Expanding Universe
Experiments with Untruth
Eternal Himalayas
Eye of the Storm,The

John Steinbeck
Ashok Mehta
Pramilla H
...
S
...
Huxley
Aurobindo Ghosh
Eddington
Michael Anderson
H
...
S
...
P
...
Ahluwalia
C
...
D
...
Chandrasekar
Romain Rolland
Edmund Spenser
Thomas Hardy
James Morris
Ratan Nath Sarshar
Ivan Turgenev
Jeffrey Archer
Alexander
Solzhenitsyn
Ernest Hemingway
Lapierre and Larry
Collins
Dominique
Ayub Khan
Alan Toffler

G
Ganadevata

Gandhi and Stalin
Gandhi's Murder and After

Gardener
Gathering Storm
Geeta Govind

Gift of Wings
Gitanjali
Gita Rahasya
Glimpses of World History
Golden Gate, The
Golden Threshold
Gone with the Wind

GoodEarth
Gora
Grammar of Politics
Great Expectations

Great Illusion

Tara Shankar
Bandyopadhyaya
Louis Fisher
Gopal Godse
Rabindranath Tagore
Winston Churchill
Jaya Dev
Shanthi Gopala
Rabindranath Tagore
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Jawaharlal Nehru
Vikram Seth
Sarojini Naidu
Margaret Mitchel
Pearl S
...
A
...
K
...
S
...
Jhabwala
Thackeray
Richard Hough
Brig
...
P
...
M
...
Shankar Ghose
Rabindranath Tagore

Hungry Stones

Rabindranath Tagore

Heat and Dust
Henry Esmond
Hero of Our Time
Himalayan Blunder

Hindu Civilization

I
Narasimha Rao

Insider, The
I am not an Island

Khwaja

Ahmed

Abbas
N
...
M
...
A
...
P
...
Abdul Kalam
Homer
A
...
J
...
V
...
K
...
S
...
Mohd
...
D
...
G
...
M
...
V
...
S
...
L
...
G
...
Warren’s Profession
Much Ado About Nothing
Mudra Rakshasa
Murder in the Cathedral
Muslim Dilemma in India, The
My Childhood Days
My Days
My Experiments With Truth
My Life and Times
My Presedential Years
My Truth
My Music, My Life
Mysterious Universe

Nehru Family and Sikhs
New Dimensions of India's

Walt Whitman
Victor Hugo
Aurobindo Ghosh
Yann Martel
Rabindranath Tagore
Nelson Mandela
William Golding
Eric Segal

M
Macbeth
Magic Mountain

Mahabharata
Major Barbara
Malgudi Days
Man of Destiny
Man, the Unknown
Man and Superman
Man Eaters of Kumaon
Man from Moscow, The

Manvini Bhavai
Many Worlds
Marriage and Morals

Martyr
Mati Mahal
Meghdoot
Mein Kampf
Memoirs of the Second

Foreign Policy
Nilambari

A
...
Vajpayee
Sachchidananda

Nine Days Wonder
Nineteen Eightyfour
Non-violence of Peace and War
Nuclear Weapons

Vatsyayan
John Masefield
George Orwell
M
...
Gandhi
B
...
Gupta

O
Odakkuzhal
Odyssey
Oh,Calcutta

G
...
A
...
B
...
K
...
B
...
P
...
Menon
Bertrand Russell
Kuldip Nayar
Gopinath Mohanty
Kalidas
Hitler
Churchill

Oliver Twist
On Contradiction

Thomas Powers
Shakespeare
Salmon Rushdie
Moliere
William Shakespeare

Pompei of the Great
Post Office, The (Dak Ghar)

Rabindranath Tagore

Prathama Pratishruti
Price of Power
Prince, The

Ashapurna Devi
Seymour Hersh
Machiavelli

World War
Men Who Kept Secrets
Merchant of Venice
Midnight’s Children
Miser, The
Midsummer Night’s Dream

Indira Gandhi
Ravi Shankar
James Jeans
King Sri Harsha
Emile Zola
Rabindranath Tagore
Samar Guha
Harbans Singh

National Anthem
Netaji Dead or Alive

Vincent Shean
Rousseau

Long Walk to Freedom
Lord of the Flies
Love Story

V
...
Giri
R
...
R
...
B
...
S
...
R
...
Baig
Taslima Nasreen
R
...
Narayan
Mahatma Gandhi

One World
One Life
Only one Year
Ordeal to Love

Origin of Species
Othello
Our India
Our Films, Their Films

Our Presidents

P
Painter Signs
Panchali Sapatham
Panchatantra
Paradise Lost
Philosophy of Right

Pickwick Papers
Pilgrim’s Progress

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

T
...
Narayan
Subramania Bharati
Vishnu Sharma
John Milton
Hegel G
...
E
...
B
...
V
...
V
...
Rao

M
...
Mathai
Jean Paul Sartre
Plato
C
...
John
Strangers and Brothers
Story of My life, The

Shyam Bhatia and
Daniel Mc Grony
Vijay Tendulkar
Salman Rushdie
Swami Dayanand
Aurobindo Ghosh
Sarojini Naidu
Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Lawrence T
...


John Ruskin
Mulk Raj Anand
Bhabani
Bhattacharya
Kalidas
Firdausi
Salman Rushdie
H
...
Wells
Goldsmith
Lala Lajpat Rai
Ben Johnson
Rousseau
Sarojini Naidu
D
...
Lawrence
Arabinda Ray
William Hazlitt
Peter Wright
G
...
Shaw
C
...
Snow
Morarji Desai

Sunny Days
Sursagar
Sursatia

Sunil Gavaskar
Surdas
Bimal Mitra
Bruce Sibley
Bhasa
R
...
Narayan
Mulk Raj Anand

Surviving Doomsday
Swapnavasavdatta
Swami and Friends
Swords and the Sickle

T
Tales from Shakespeare

Talisman
Tess of the D’Urbervilles
Testament of Beauty
Thank You Jeeves
The Adventures of Angle March
The Interpretors
The God of Small Things
The Great Depression of 1990
The Mousetrap
The Old Devils
The struggle in My Life
The Tempest
The Third World in the
Age of Globalisation

Thirukkural
Tholkappiya Poonga
Three Musketeers
Thieves in the Night
Time of Hope
Time Machine
To Light a Candle
Tom Jones
Tom Sawyer
Towards Total Revolution
Towards New Horizons
Travels with a Donkey
Treasure Island

Trial of Jesus
Triumph, The
Tropic of Cancer
The True History of Kelley Gang
To Live or not to Live
The Fall of a Sparrow
The Power and The Glory
The Sound and the Fury
The Round Table
Tamerlaine the Great

Trinity
Trumpet Major, The

Tulsi Sat Sai
Twelfth Night
Two Leaves and a Bud
Two Women
Tryst with Destiny

Tyagpatra

Charles Lamb
Walter Scott
Thomas Hardy
Robert Bridges
P
...
Wodehouse
Saul Bellow
Whole Soyinka
Arundathi Roy
Ravi Batra
Agatha Christie
Kingsley Amiss
Nelson Mandela
Shakespeare
Ash Narain Roy
Thiruvalluvar
M
...
P
...
G
...
L
...
L
...
K
...
Chowdhury
Salim Ali
Graham Greene
Faulkner William
Hazlitt William
Marlows
Christopher
Leon Uris
Thomas Hardy
Tulsidas
Shakespeare
Mulk Raj Anand
Alberto Moravia
S
...
M
...
C
...
Reddy
Samuel Johnson
Mulk Raj Anand
R
...
Narayan

Utopia
Universe Around Us
Unto This Last

Witness to an Era

V
Vande Mataram

Vanity Fair
Venisamhar
Viceroy’s Journal

Vikar of Wakefield
Vinaypatrika
Viswambhara
Vanity of Human Wishes

Village, The
Vendor of Sweets
Voice of Conscience

V
...
Giri

W
Thomas Becket
Annie Besant
K
...
Abbas
Tolstoy

Waiting for Godot
Wake Up India

Walls of Glass
War and Peace

Vir Savarkar
T
...
Elliot
Samuel Butler
Adam Smith
Kiran Bedi

What Went Wrong?

...
P
...
Abdul Kalam
Frank Moraes
Rabindranath Tagore
Emily Bronte

Wilhelm Meister
Wings of Fire
Wreck, The
Wuthering Heights

Y
Mahadevi Verma

Yama
Yashodara

Maithalisharan

Gupta
Vishnu Sakharam
Khandekar
Amita Malik
K
...
S
...
Nihal Singh

Yayati
Year of the Vulture
Yesterday and Today
Yogi and the Bear

Z
Zakir Hussain
Zhivago, Dr
...
B
...
K
...
K
...
Ledger Horse Race

Cricket
Derby Horse Races
Cricket
Skiing
Tennis
Regatta (Boat Race)

Hurlingham (England)
Leeds (England)
Lords(England)
Mortlake (England)
Nehru Stadium (Chennai)
Oval (England)

Putney
Trent Bridge (England)
Twinkenhem (England)
Wembley Stadium (England)
Wimbledon (England)
Yankee Stadium (New York)

Polo
Cricket
Cricket
Swimming
Cricket
Cricket
Boat-rowing
Cricket
Rugby
Association Football
Lawn Tennis
Boxing

TROPHIES ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS INTERNATIONAL
American Cup
Ashes
Asia Cup
Asia Oceanic
Canada Cup
Colombo Cup
Colombo Cup

Corbillion Cup
Davis Cup

Derby
Eisenhower Trophy

Grand National
Jules Rimet Trophy
King’s Cup

Yatch Racing
Cricket (Australia England)
Cricket
Tennis
Golf(World Championship)
Golf (World Championship)
Foot ball (India, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka and Myanmar)
World Table Tennis (Women)
Tennis / Lawn Tennis
Horse Race (England)
Golf (Amateurs - World)
Horse Steeple Chase Race
(England)
World Soccer Cup
Air Races (England)

Merdeka
MRF World Cup
Prince of Wales Cup

Football (Asian)
Cricket & Boxing
Golf (England)

Schneider Cup
Swaythling Cup

Seaplane Race (U
...
)

World Table Tennis (Men)

Thomas Cup
World Badmintion
TunkuAbdul-Rahman Cup Badminton (Asian)
U Thant Cup
Tennis

UberCup
Walker Cup
Westchester Cup

Wightman Cup
Wimbledon Trophy

World Cup
World Cup

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

World Badminton (Women)
Golf (England)
Polo (England)
Lawn Tennis (Women of
U
...
A
...

Lawn Tennis
Cricket
Hockey

85

NATIONAL
Aga Khan Cup
All-India Women’s Guru
Nanak Championship

Bangalore Blues

Nagjee Trophy

Hockey
Hockey
Basketball

Football
Hockey
Football
Hockey
Polo
Polo
Football

Nehru Trophy
Nizam Gold Cup
Obaidullah Gold Cup

Prithi Singh Cup

Challenge Cup
Barna-Bellack Cup
Beighton Cup
Bombay Gold Cup
Burdwan Trophy
Chakola Gold Trophy
Cock of the Fleet Trophy
D
...
M
...
B
...
Roy Trophy
Duleep Trophy

Table Tennis (Men)
Hockey (Calcutta)
Hockey
Weightlifting
Football
Regatta
Football
Hockey
National Football (Junior)
Cricket
Durand Cup
Football
Ezra Cup
Polo
F
...
Cup
Football
G
...
Raja Memorial Trophy Football
Gurmit Trophy
Hockey
I
...
A
...

In 1998 these games were held in France
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

86

ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE
INDIAN ECONOMY
In recent years the Indian economy has been characterised as an underdeveloped but developing economy
...
India’s economy is more than three times as large as
previously measured, making it the sixth largest behind the U
...
,Japan,Germany and France according to the International

Monetary Fund’s latest calculation
...
Perhaps the first attempt to initiate
economic planning in India was made by M
...
After Independence, the Planning Commission
was setup in 1950 under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal
Nehru and India ushered in the era of economic planning

with the beginning of the First Five Year Plan in 1951
...
These objectives are interconnected with one

another
1
...


Self-Reliance implies reduction in the dependence
on foreign aid and concessional foreign capital's
the donors can have political influence on the

3
...


inequalities of income and wealth
...
It is constituted with the
members of the Planning Commission together with the
Chief Ministers of the states
...
It includes experts representing a crosssection of the Indian Economy
...

The organisation set up to formulate basic

economic policies,draft plans and watch its progress and
implementation consist of:
1
...

National Development Council and State Planning
Commissions, and
3
...


FIVE-YEAR PLANS
Plan

Remarks

Period

First Five-Year Plan

1951-52 to 1955-56

Priority given to irrigation and agriculture
...


Third Five-Year Plan

1961-62 to 1965-66

Long-term development of India’s economy
...
Pakistan and Chinese wars
...


Fifth Five-Year Plan

1974-75 to 1977-78

Annual Five-Year Plan

1978-79 to 1979-80

Janata Government terminated a year earlier and introduced
the Rolling-Plan
...


Sixth Five-Year Plan

1980-81 to 1984-85

Seventh Five-Year Plan

1985-86 to 1989-90

Eighth Five-Year Plan

1992-93 to 1996-97

was designed to tackle the twin problems of unemployment
and poverty

Ninth Five-Year Plan

1997-98 to 2001-2002

Ensuring the implementation of Common Minimum Programme

New Government revised plan for 1981-85 and approved
subsequently
...


and boosting agricultural investment
Tenth Five-Year Plan

2002-2003 to 2006-2007 Funds will be allocated especially towards poverty alleviation
programmes
...
It aims to
increase annual growth target of 8 per cent and lowers
the annual Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) target to $
7
...
It also lays emphasis on
social sector along with economic growth while giving
projection to the planned development of the country

during 2002-07
...

2
...
6 billion

3
...
78,000 crore in five

4
...


Reduction in poverty ratio to 21 from 26 per cent

6
...
152/-per month(Rural Population) and Rs
...
Percent of population living
below the poverty line is 25
...
Therefore total number of people below the

7
...

9
...

11
...
8 per cent of GDP; and
Investment rate pegged at 28
...


Reform Measures :
The Tenth Five-Year Plan also includes the following

reform measures :
1
...

Go ahead with labour reforms
3
...

Involve private sector in road maintenance
5
...

Undertake tax reform measures; and
8
...

at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Maintains
exchange value of rupee
...

Undertakes distribution of all
currency notes and coins on behalf of the government
...

State Bank of India

poverty line is estimated at 211 million
...
It is the largest in the world with nearly 10,840
branches
...
During the
period of Sher Shah Suri (1542 AD) introduce the Rupee,it

was a silver coin weighing around 179 grams and it
replaced the gold coins
...
Presently
denominations of Re
...

The currency note of Rs
...
All notes above one rupee denomination

are issued by the Reserve Bank of India, bearing the
signature of Governor,Reserve Bank of India
...
Reserve Bank of India manages distribution and

administration of all currency denominations
...

First 14 Nationalised banks are:1
...
Bank of India
2
...
Canara Bank
3
...
Dena Bank
4
...
United Bank of India
5
...
Allahabad Bank
6
...
United Commercial Bank
7
...
Syndicate Bank
Second Nationalisation
1
...
Orient Bank of Commerce

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) became state owned
bank on 1st January 1949
...

Acts as the banker to the
Government of India and the state governments
Commercial and Cooperative banks
...

4
...

6
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

88

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION
Origin of U
...
O
...
N:

When the world war II was going on the Allied
powers had felt the necessity for forming a United Nations

Organisation
...
C
...
N Plaza, New York City, U
...
A
...

The General Assembly:
The General Assembly is the largest of all the

April 26 to June 26, 1945
...
This meant the end of the League

of Nations
...
Switzerland and

Vatican are permanent observers
...


organs of the United Nations
...
Each
State has one vote
...
Special sessions may be convened
by the secretary-General, on a request by the Security
Council
...
It receives and
consider the reports of the special committees including
the Security Council
...
N
...
The emblem
consists of the global map projected from the North Pole
and embraced in twin olive branches
...


of the Economic and Social Council and elected members
of the Trusteeship Council
...
N as an organisation of nations
who have voluntarily joined together to work for world

peace, the objectives and purposes of the U
...

1
...

2
...


Chief Administrative Officer of the organization and an
International Staff appointed by him under regulations
established by the General Assembly
...


3
...
N
...


A country must get the support of the two-third

Mr
...

Mr
...

Mr
...
Thant (Myanmar) (1962-71)
4
...
Kurt Waldeim (of Austria) (1972-81)
5
...
Javier Perez de Cuellar, (Peru) (1982-91)
6
...
Boutros Boutros Ghali, (Egypt) (1992-96)
7
...
Kofi Annan (of Ghana) appointed on Jan 1,
1997-2001
8
...
Kofi Annan (of Ghana) appointed on Jan 1,
2001 till date
Security Council:

2
...

Country must be peace-loving

delegated the Primary reponsibilities for maintaining

3
...

4
...
N
...
N contains aims and purposes

of organisation
...
N
...
N
...

Admission into U
...
O
...
N
...

4
...

Power of veto:
If any one of the five permanent members casts a
negative vote on the resolution, it falls
...
Every member has got one vote
...


1
...
It consists
of 15 members, each of which has one vote
...
The permanent members have the power to
veto any move
...
Permanent Members: China,
France, Russia, U
...
, and USA
...
31, 2001), Malaysia, Namibia, Canada,

Netherlands and Argentina (until Dec
...
N
...
31,1993) Brazil, Djiboute, New
Zealand, Pakistan and Spain (until Dec
...
The
Presidency of the Security Council is held for one
month in rotation by the member states in the English
alphabetical order of their names
...
India has formally stakes its claim to a

10, 1948
...


permanent seat on the council as and when it is expanded
...


The Charter Provides for an international
trusteeship system to safeguard the interests of the
inhabitants of territories which are not yet fully selfgoverning and which may be placed there under by
individual trusteeship agreements
...
All of the original 11 trust territories except
one, the republic of Belau (palau) administrated by the
USA, have become independent or joined independent

countries
...

Economic and Social Council:
Economic and Social Council is responsible under
the General Assembly for carrying out the functions to
achieve cooperation of the United Nations with regard
to international economic, social cultural, educational
and health to promote and encourage respect for human
rights and fundamental freedom without distinction of
race or sex, language or religions
...


It guarantees international peace and prosperity
...
Irrespective of race, religion, sex or
language
...

International Labour Organisation (ILO)
Headquarters : Geneva
...
It is an intergovermental agency

with a tripartite structure, in which representatives of
governments, employers and workers participate
...

Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
Headquarters :Rome
...
FAO sponsers the World Food
Programme
...


ECE (Economic Commission of Europe) with its

H
...
at Geneva
...


ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for

Asia) with its H
...
at Bangkok
...


ECIA (Economic Commission for Latin America)

4
...
Q
...


ECWA (Economic Commission for Western Asia)

with its H
...
at Baghdad
...
There are 15 Judges
...
The Court has its seat at The
Hague
...
N
...
There is no appeal against
the decision of the Couurt
...

Languages : French, English
...
1945
...

The main purpose of UNESCO is to promote peace

H
...
at Addis Ababa
...


United Nations, Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
Headquarters :Paris
...

United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Headquarters : USA
...
It

was established to deliver post-war relief to children and
it aims at improving the quality of life for children and
mother in developing countries
...
N
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

90

International Civil Aviation Organisation
(ICAO)

It was formed in the International Civil Aviation
Conference held in Chicago from 1 Nov
...
1994
...
Headquarters: Lebanon
...
Its object is to assist the member nations in the
economic reconstruction and development of the
territories
...
It guarantees loans by Private Investors
...

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
It was established on 27th December 1945 and it
operates from 1st March 1947
...
It helps those countries with
foreign exchange whose balance of trade is in

unfavourable position
...

World Health Organisation (WHO)

foreign private capital and experienced management
...

Headquarters : Washington
...
N
...
All the nations are to pay a part of
fissionable material and also Uranium at the disposal of
the Agency
...

Headquarters : Vienna
...
It is the only treaty setting rules for
world trade
...
In recent years, GATT made
special efforts to develop international trade and has also
given particular emphasis on increasing the export trade
of developing countries
...

Headquarters : Geneva
...
It aims
to assist the Governments to raise the standard of public
health and impart information of health research
...
M
...
It aims at

and recreation
...


improving weather observations and to adopt common

Universal Postal Union (UPU)

caused by natural calamities like cyclones, typhoons etc
...


measures for weather reporting in order to prevent-disaster

It was formally established on 1st July 1875
...
Confusion and
excessive cost of international postal communications
by writing its member countries in a single postal territory
for the reciprocal exchange of mail
...
Headquarters : Switzerland
...
T
...
)
The International Telegraph Union founded in Paris
in 1865 and the International Radio Telegraph Union,
founded in Berlin in 1906 by the Madrid Convention
of 1932 to form the ITU
...
Headquarters : Geneva, Switzerland
...
In Dec
...
N
...

International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD)
The establishment of IFAD was one of the major

actions proposed by 1974 World Food Conference
...
1977
following attainment of initial pledges of $ 1,000 and the
agency began its operations
...


International Finance Corporation (IFC)

United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation (UNIDO):

It was established in July 1956
...
The basic object of the Corporation is to
supplement the activities of the World Bank
...
N
...

Headquarters : Vienna
...
Argentina
2
...
Belarus
4
...
Bolivia
6
...
Canada
8
...
China
10
...
Costa Rica
12
...
Denmark
14
...
Ecuador
16
...
El Salvador
18
...
France

1945
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””
””

21
...
Haiti
23
...
India
25
...
Iraq
27
...
Liberia
29
...
Mexico
31
...
New Zealand

””

20
...
Nicaragua
34
...
Panama
36
...
Peru
38
...
Poland
40
...
Saudi Arabia
42
...
Syria
44
...
Ukraine
46
...
USA
48
...
Venezuela

””
””
1945
””
””
””
””
””

””
””
””

””
””
””
””
””
””

50
...
Afghanistan 1946
52
...
Sweden
””
54
...
Pakistan
1947
56
...
Israel
1949
58
...
Albania
1955
60
...
Bulgaria
””
62
...
Finland
””
64
...
Ireland
””
66
...
Jordan
””
68
...
Libya
””
70
...
Portugal
””
72
...
Spain
””
74
...
Japan
1956
76
...
Sudan
””
78
...
Ghana
1957
80
...
Guinea
1958
82
...
Burkina Faso
””
84
...
Central African
Republic
””
86
...
Congo
””
88
...

””
89
...
Cyprus
””
91
...
Madagascar
””
93
...
Niger
””
95
...
Senegal
””
97
...
Togo
””

99
...
Mongolia
””
101
...
Tanzania
””
103
...
Burundi
1962
105
...
Rwanda
””
107
...
Uganda
””
109
...
Kuwait
””
111
...
Malta
””
113
...
Gambia
1965
115
...
Singapore
””
117
...
Botswana
””
119
...
Lesotho
””
121
...
Mauritius
””
123
...
Fiji
1970
125
...
Bhutan
””
127
...
Qatar
””
129
...
Bahamas
1973
131
...
Grenada
””
133
...
Cape Verde 1975
135
...
Mozambique ” ”
137
...
Sao Tome &
Principe
””
139
...
Angola
1976
141
...
Seychelles
””
143
...
Vietnam
””
145
...
Solomon Islands
147
...
Lucia
1979
148
...
Vincent &
Grenadines 1980
149
...
Antigua and
Barbuda
1981
151
...
Vanuatu
””
153
...
Kitts and
1983
Nevis
154
...
* Germany 1990
156
...
Namibia
””
158
...
Estonia
1991
160
...
Korea (South) ” ”
162
...
Lithuania
””
164
...
Micronesia
””
166
...
Azerbaijan
””
168
...
Croatia
””
170
...
Kazakhstan
””
172
...
Moldova
””
174
...
Slovenia
””
176
...
Turkmenistan ” ”
178
...
Andorra
1993
180
...
Eritrea
””
182
...
Monaco
””
184
...
Palau
1994
186
...
Nauru
””
188
...
Tuvalu
2000
190
...
East Timor 2002

In 1973 East and West Germany became the members of UN Germany as such became the member in
1990
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

92

IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES

A

Ala-ud-dinKhilji : Ala-ud-dinKhilji was the founder of
Khilji dynasty
...
He was a great administrator
...
He wrote Ain-i-Akbari
...
He introduced a system of price
control and rationing
...
S
...
after he
was driven out by the Nazis from Germany in 1933
...


Abul Fazal : Abul Fazal was the oldest of
Akbar’s 'Nine Jewels'
...


He was a profound scholar of his time and

Abraham Lincoln : He was the son of a woodcutter,
rose to be the 16th President of the United States who
wanted to abolish slavery and on account of this there
was a civil war between the southern and northern
States of America
...

Abdul Kalam A
...
J
...
Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin
Abdul Kalam was born in 1931 at Rameswaram in
Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu
...
He became the eleventh
President of India on July 25, 2002
...
He wrote books like "Wings of

Fire"' "India 2020", and "Ignited Mind"
...
He led the Nazi party and became
German Chancellor in the year 1933
...
His invasion
of Poland in 1939 started the Second World War
...
He was the author

of Mein Kampf
...

Ahalyabai : Born in 1735 and daughter of Manakoji
Shinde of Chante, Ahalyabai did her elementary
education and married Khanduji, the son of Malharrao
Holkar in 1744
...
Malharrao appointed her for the
administration of his territories
...
She
administered the territory astutely and renovated many

temples
...

Akbar : Akbar succeeded his father Humayun at the
age of 14
...
Bairam Khan defeated Hemu at the
Second Battle of Panipat (1556) and secured the throne
of Akbar
...


Alexander Cunningham : (1814-1893 A
...
) He was the
father of Indian Archaeology and first Director-General
of the Indian Archaeology Survey 1879-1885
...

Alexander Fleming : He is the discoverer of penicillin
...

Alexander, the Great : Alexander, son of Philip, King
of Macedonia, North of Greece
...
He was born
in 356 B
...
The famous philosopher, Aristotle was
his tutor, Alexander made his object to conquer
the world
...
C
...

He was the first European invader on the Indian

soil
...
Alexander lost his famous horse,
Bucephalecus in the Battle
...
Alexander died in 323 B
...
in
Babylonia
...

Almeida : Almeida was the first Portuguese Governor
...

Alfonso Albuquerque : Alfonso Albuquerque
considered to be the ablest Portuguese Viceroy in
India
...
He
conquered Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur and made it
his Capital
...
With the help of Abul Fazal,
Akbar founded a religion called the Din-i-Ilahi or the
Divine Faith
...
He abolished the
hated Jazia and pilgrim tax and allowed full religious
freedom to all his subjects
...
The Mansabdari System was the
main essence of his Government
...
Historians say that it was Akbar

the real founder of the Mughal Empire in India
...


along the West Coast of India e
...
Diu, Daman,
Bassein, Bombay, etc
...
The Portuguese power
lasted a century and a half and then it began to decline
...

Alan Octavian Hume (A
...
Hume) : A retired English
civilian founded the Indian National Congress in 1885
with the help of educated Indians and a few Englishmen
...

Gradually it became a political body in opposition to
the British Government
...
R
...
Ambedkar is a well known Indian
Jurist Statesman, soical reformer and scheduled castes
leader
...
He was posthumously awarded 1990

Bharat Ratna
...
His literary works
are Laila Majnu, Tuglaq Nama etc
...

Amitabh Bachchan : The film star, who is making
waves with Star Plus "Kaun Banega Crorepati"
unveiled his life like wax figure in Madame
Tussaud's wax Museum in London on December 20,

2000
...
N
...
He was the first Chief Minister of DMK
party in Tamil Nadu
...

Antony : He was supporter of Julius Caesar and
fought Brutus after the death of Caesar
...

Arundhati Roy : This Indian writer has bagged the
prestigious Booker Prize (1997) for her very first novel
"The God of Small Things"
...

Aryabhatta : Aryabhatta is a celebrated Indian
astronomer and mathematician who adorned the court
of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya
...
He laid the foundation of
Algebra and was responsible for pointing out the

importance of “zero”
...
He
adorned the court of Kanishka
...
D
...
Asvagosha was the
President of the Council
...

Asoka the Great : Asoka, the most famous king of the
Maurya Dynasty, was one of the greatest kings of the
world
...
The most
important event of his reign was the war with Kalinga
...
He gave
up military conquests
...
Asoka was a
Buddhist by faith and wanted to make Buddhism a
world religion
...
The National
Emblem of our Government is taken from this design
...
G
...


Atal Behari Vajpayee : The first Indian Prime Minister
to reach Wagah border by bus in a bold initiative of
peace with Pakistan
...

Attlee, Clement Richard : He was the Labour Prime
Minister of England between 1945-51
...
During his period, he
deputed Lord Louis Mountbatten to India for the
settlement of Indian Independence
...
He ascended the throne with the
title of Alamgir, conqueror of the world
...

During his reign, the Marathas became strong in the
Deccan
...
Jats proved a menace to the
Mughal Empire
...
Aurangzeb imposed Jaziya tax on
Hindus
...

Aurangzeb’s private life was ideally simple
...
He simply hated music
and banished it from his court
...
Aurangzeb
completely reversed the religious policy of Akbar and
incurred the downfall of Mughal Rule
...
He spread the
spirit of Nationalism through his forceful writings and
speeches
...
He
took active part in the agitations held against the
partition of Bengal in 1905 introduced by Lord
Curzon
...
Later, he gave up
Politics and came away to Pondicherry to lead a
spiritual life
...
He
wrote essays on Gita and Savitiri, Life Divine, etc
...
His full name was
Zahir-ud-din Muhammed Babar
...
The first Battle of
Panipat 1526 fought between Babar and Ibrahim Lodi
made Babar the master of the Empire of Delhi
...

Babar wrote his own autobiography entitled “Tuzk-iBabri”
...

Baba Amte : Indian social worker known for his work
among leprosy patients
...
Founder of
Knit India Movement
...
D
...
Also winner of Templeton, Ramon Magsaysay
and UN Right Livelihood Awards
...

Bairam Khan : He was Akbar’s uncle, also served as
his tutor and guardian
...

Balasaraswathi T
...

Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Bal Gangadhar Tilak called
‘Lokmanya’ was one of the great leaders of India’s
struggle for freedom
...
He
founded the Deccan Education Society to spread
education and national spirit among the people
...
Through this
news paper, he spread patriotism and nationalism
...
He was the leader of the extremists in
the Indian National Congress
...
It was
Tilak who uttered “Swarajya is my birthright, I and I

will have it”
...
He seized Abyssinia and helped the
Spanish Fascists in the Spanish Civil War
...

Italy was invaded by an Anglo-American army and he
surrendered in 1943
...

Benjamin Franklin : He was an American Politician
who helped to write the American Declaration of
Independence
...

Bertrand Russell : A distinguished English Philosopher
and mathematician,who won the Nobel Prize for
Literature in 1950
...
His books
cover diverse subjects and some among them are
“Marriage of Mathematics and Problems of

Philosophy”
...
She

founded the Theosophical Society of India
...
She is the first

woman President of the Indian National Congress
...
His name is synonymous with patriotism and
revolution
...


Bhaskara : Bhaskara was the astronomer of the 7th
Century and was a contemporary of Brahmagupta,
another famous astronomer
...

Bhaskaracharya : Bhaskaracharya, is a great Indian
Mathematician and astronomer of the 12th century AD
...
His name
is associated with India’s second satellite
...
He was awarded Bharat
Ratna for 1983
...
President
and CEO of Microsoft Corp
...
Philanthropist who has made record
donations
...
He
started the Journals “New India”, “Swarajya”, “Indian
Student” and assistant editor of Bengal Public Opinion
and Tribune
...
D
...

Buddha : Gautam Buddha was a Kshatriya prince and
was the son of Shudhodana
...
C
...
At the age of 28 he left his home and retired to
the forests
...
He sat down in meditation under a pipal
tree near Gaya
...
This event is known
as Dharma Chakra Pravartan
...
His chief teachings were
four Noble truths
...
Buddha died at Dushinaar (U
...
) He
was indeed the “Light of Asia”
...
His original name was Bishaber
...

He sang songs in praise of God and held Kirtana
...

Chanakya or Kautilya : Chanakya was Chandragupta’s
minister and wrote a book “Arthashastra” in Sanskrit
which tells us about the reign of Chandragupta
Maurya
...

Kautilya has fully discussed the duties and
responsibilities of an ideal King
...
Arthashastra is regarded to be the greatest
treatise in politics
...
He is
also called “Aristotle of the East”
...
The Gupta era is called the Golden
age of Hinduism
...

Chandragupta Maurya : He was the founder of the
Maurya dynasty
...
Magasthenes, the Greek ambassador sent by
Seleucus, visited the court of Chandragupta and wrote
a very interesting book
“Indica” giving a most

valuable account of the reign of Chandragupta
...
In some of his coins
he was shown a live lion which shows that he
possessed great physical strength
...
His court was adorned by
`Nine
gems’
...
The famous iron pillar standing near
Qutab Minar was erected in his reign as a kind of
victory Pillar
...
Fahien was the first Chinese Pilgrim to visit

India during his reign
...

Charlemagne : Also known as Charles the great
Roman emperor and Frankish King
...

Chavan Y
...
: The former Deputy Prime Minister died
on Nov
...

Chidambaram Pillai : (VOC) Chidambaram Pillai,
immortalised under the famous initials VOC (Va Oo Si)
was a lawyer in Tuticorin
...
The native company attracted a
good deal of the sea traffic between Tuticorin and
Colombo, which was dominated by the British Indian
Steam Navigation Company and naturally VOC came to
be seen as an opponent of English business interests

in India in general
...


Chittaranjan Singh Ranawat : The World renowned
Orthopaedic Surgeon who flew into Mumbai from New
York, successfully operated upon Mr
...
The surgery lasted for 65 minutes
...

Ranawat has performed close to 3000 such operations
...

Soli
...
Sorabjee, India's Attorney General at the same

Hospital the same day
...
Suryankoil or Surya’s

temple built by him is at Thanjavur
...

Columbus, Christopher : Famous Italian Navigator
who discovered America in 1498
...
He served as
President for three times
...
He was
the first Indian to be elected as a member of the British
House of Commons from London
...
Dadabhai Naoroji presented
his Drain of Wealth Theory in his book Poverty and Un
British Rule in India
...
Fled to India after Tibetan uprising and
established Govt
...
Nobel Laureate (1989)
...
David Livingstone : A Scottish missionary who is
remembered for spreading Christianity and carrying out
exploration in the contingent of Africa
...

Dayanand Saraswathi : A great Hindu social reformer
and founder of the Arya Samaj School
...
His
motto was “Go back to the Vedas”
...

Diana : Britain's Princess Diana, who had been
struggling to build a new life after her turbulent divorce
with Prince Charles, died on August 31, 1997 in a car
crash in Paris after being pursued at high speed by
paparazzi on motorcycles
...

Diya Mirza : The 18 year old Femina Miss India Asia
Pacific created history on December 2, 2000 becoming
the first ever Indian to be crowned as Miss Asia Pacific
at the beauty Pageant in Manila (Philippines)
...
He scaled
Kanchenjunga, world’s third highest peak
...
He is a Padma Shri and Arjuna
award winner
...

Eisenhower:He became the President of
theUnited States
...
The first President of the U
...
A
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

96

Elizabeth I, Queen : Daughter of Henry VIII, she was
queen of England, under whose rule England became
a great power
...

Epicurus : (342-270 BC) A Greek Philosopher who
founded the Epicurus philosophy
...

Eva Morris : The World's oldest woman died in
London on November 3, 2000 six days short of her
115th birthday
...
Ms
...


F

Ferdinand Magellan: A Portuguese Sailor
who commanded the first expedition to sail
round the world
...
He died

before the completion of the first voyage round the

world
...
He invented the
telescope and devoted his life to the study of

astronomy
...
He became the first President of the
United States
...
V
...
He was Vice-President from
1967 to 1969
...
He is the author of
“Job for Our
Millions”
...

Gopal Krishna Gokhale : An able Indian statesman
whom Gandhi regarded as his politician Guru
...
Servants of India Society was founded by him
...
He received
Nobel Prize for physics for 1909 jointly with Ferdinand

Braun of Germany for development wireless
...
The author of

“An American

Dilemma” he shared in 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics
...
Author of “Asian Drama”
...
He is the tenth and last Guru of the Sikhs
...
He re-organised the
sect at Anandpur Sahib and called as
“the Khaslas”
...
For this

reason the day of Baisakhi is very important in Sikh
history
...
He was opposed to caste system, idol
worship and untouchability
...

Guru Tegh Bahadur : The nineth Guru of the Sikhs,
lived in Anandpur Sahib
...
He was summoned to
Delhi and asked to embrace Islam, which he refused
...
His son Guru
Gobind Singh therefore organised Sikhs into a military
organisation and fought against Mughals all through
his life
...
One
of theknown noblest accomplished and most kings to
history
...
Harsha was a
great poet and dramatist
...
Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita
which is a valuable source of information about his
reign
...
Nalanda University founded by Kumara
Gupta I was at the height of its fame
...
Bill Clinton, scored a historic victory in
the American history by winning the US Senate seat
from New York on November 7, 2000 becoming the first
wife of a President ever elected as a Senator
...
Rick Lazio
...
In the battle of Kanauj he was defeated
by Sher Shah Suri
...
The word `Humayun’ means `fortunate’ but it
is an irony of fate that Humayun proved a most
unfortunate king
...


I

Indira Gandhi : The daughter of Jawarharlal
Nehru was the Prime Minister for 15 years
...


31, 1984
...

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar : A great social and
religious reformer, a great Sanskrit scholar with a
heartful of sympathy for the poor, fought for the
upliftment of Indian women and helped in the passing
of 'Widow Remarriage Act,1856'
...
One of
the country’s ablest political administrators
...
He

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

97

belonged to Bengal
...

Krishna and Radha are subject of his Sanskrit work
...
He was the first Prime
Minister of free India from 1947 and remained in the
office till his death
...
The Discovery of India, Autobiography and
Glimpses of World History are some among his famous

literary works
...
Popularly known as Loknayak, he was

conferred the Rashtra Bhushan Award in April 1977
...
His teachings and writings led
to the French Revolution and the establishment of
republics in different parts of the world
...

Jehangir (Salim) : He came into power after the death
of Akbar
...
The
great painter Goverdhana was in his court
...
Akbar’s
Tomb at Sikandar was built by him
...
But he was addicted to drink
and opium
...
During his reign Captain William Hawkins
was sent to India to obtain some trade concession for
the English East India Company
...

Joan of Arc : The girl whose heroism inspired the
French to drive the English out of Orleans
...
She is called
“Maid of

Orleans”
...
His
poetical works are Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained
...
He became head of the government in 1924
after the death of Lenin
...

Jyoti Basu : The 87 year old longest serving Chief
Minister of a state (24 years) since the first Left Front
Government swept to power in 1977 in West Bengal
announced his retirement from active politics and
resigned as Chief Minister on October 27, 2000 on
health grounds
...


K

Kabir :Indian saint and poet of Nirguna
Bhakti Movement
...


Kalpana Chawla : Dr
...
Her first
mission was on 19
...
97
...
1
...
2
...
In a way to honour her, India's first
meterological research statellite has been named as
Kalpana-I
...
He was Chief
Minister of Tamil Nadu and introduced several measures
for the welfare of downtrodden in Tamil Nadu
...

Kamban : A great Tamil poet and author of great
Kambaramayanam lived in the 9th Century A
...
He
was a native of Tiruvalandur in Tamil Nadu
...
Kamban has given
full- fledged artistic expression to the grandeur and
vigour of this cultural upsurge in the greatest literary
epic of India
...
He was a great conqueror
...
Kanishka was a follower of the Mahayana
sect
...

The well known Ayurvedic physician Charaka was his
court physician
...

Buddhist scholar flourished in his reign
...
The Gandhara school of
architecture flourished during his reign
...

Karnam Malleswari : Indian weightlifter from
Andhra Pradesh, became First Indian woman ever
to win an Olympic medal
...
He was
assassinated in Dallas on 22
...
1963
...
He
was buried as per his will in Jalalabad in Afghanistan,
86 k
...
from the Pakistan border on January 22, 1988
...
He was also associated with Red Shirt
Movement
...

Kishore Kumar : The King of melody, who held sway
over the music world for the past three decades died
on 13
...
1987 at the age of 58
...
Recipient of the Seoul Peace
Prize 1998 for his contribution to world peace
...
His reign was remarkable
for the encouragement and development of art and

culture
...
The Telugu poet
“Allasali
Peddanna” was a famous poet
...
He opined “A
crowned king should always rule with an eye towards

Dharma”
...
His patrons, Annie Besant and C
...
Leadbeather
wanted to make him the world teacher after Christ and
Krishna and created the order of the star in the East in
1911
...


L

Lal Bahadur Shastri :The Prime Minister of
India who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru in
1964
...
He concluded the
Tashkent Agreement and
after signing the declaration, he died in Tashkent itself
on January 10, 1966
...
He is called “Man of Peace”
...

Lala Lajpatrai : He was the Congress leader of the
United Punjab
...
He died of
injuries caused by lathi-charge by the police while he
was leading a demonstration against the Simon
Commission in the year 1928
...
He is the author of “Unhappy

India”
...
India Universe was
crowned Miss
...

Leonardo da Vinci : He was a great Italian painter,
architect, sculptor, scientist, engineer and musician
rolled into one
...

Leo Tolstoy : The great novelist and dramatist of
Russia
...
Mahatma Gandhi had great
admiration for him and drew inspiration from his

writings
...
Under this Act of Government armed itself with
unlimited rights, even to detain a person and arrest him
without producing him before a court
...
The Jalianwala Bagh tragedy took place
on April 13, 1919
...

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) : He introduced Doctrine
of Lapse and Satara, Jhansi, Nagpur and Jaipur were
annexed
...
He opened the first Indian Railway in
1853 between Bombay and Thane
...

Lord Mayo (1869-1872) : A college was set up at
Ajmer to impart suitable education to the sons of the
Indian princes
...
Lord Mayo went to Andaman
islands to inspect the conditions of the convicts, Sher
Ali stabbed him to death at Port Blair
...
Attlee,
British Prime Minister declared that the British
Government had decided to withdraw from India by
June 1948
...

Lord Mountbatten was able to persuade the Congress
to agree to the partition of India into two parts - India
and Pakistan
...

India attained
independence on 15th August 1947
...
C
...

Mountbatten was Britain’s supreme Allied Commander
in South-East Asia in World War II
...

Lord Ripon : The only British Viceroy who became
immensely popular with the Indian people
...
The most
important measure of Lord Ripon was to encourage the
institution of Local Self Government in India
...

The Hunter Commission recommended that the primary
and secondary education be transferred in the hands of
local bodies subject to the supervision of Educational
Officer of the government
...
The Punjab University
was established in 1882
...
The first census of the Indian people in 1881
was taken and it was resolved that it would be
repeated after every 10 years
...

Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) : He is known for
many reforms viz
...
Lord William Bentinck received the hearty

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

99

support of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
...
The first Indian Medical
College was opened at Calcutta and the Elphinstone
College was founded at Bombay
...

Louis Braille : He was the inventor of embossed dot

system of reading and writing for the blind
...
He believed in nonviolence and led India to achieve

independence
...
Gandhiji founded the Sabarmati Ashram at
Ahmedabad
...
In 1919 Gandhiji led an
agitation against the Rowlatt Act and made Satyagraha
his instrument of struggle
...
On January 30, 1948
he was assassinated at the prayer meeting
...

The world dignitaries visit his Samadhi at Rajghat

whenever they visit India
...
He was born as Kundagram
near Vaisali
...
He first preached in
Maghada
...
The object of life is to
attain Nirvana, which can be achieved by following the
three fold path namely (1) Right Faith, (2) Right
Knowledge and (3) Right Conduct
...

The Jains worship Tirthankaras
...
(Patna district)
...
He led as many as 17 expeditions into
India
...
He entered the temple, broke the idol and
took vast booty
...
The frequent invasions and conquest of India
...
Alberuni, Firdausi

and Ansari

adorned his court
...

Major Yuri Gagarin : This Russian cosmonaut was the
first spaceman of the world at the age of 27
...
He died in an aircrash
...

Margaret Atwood : One of Canada's most prolific and
well known authors bagged the prestigious Booker
Prize for 2000 in London on November 7, 2000 for her
novel "The Blind Assassin"
...

Maria Montessori : Founder of the Montessory
system of child education, who hailed from Italy
...

Martin Luther : A celebrated German reformer who
fought against the dogmas of the Catholic Church and
got himself excommunicated on that account
...

Masti Venkatesh Iyengar : The grand old man of
Kannada literature, popularly known as `Masti’ and
also `Srinivasa’, he won the Jnanpith Award in 1983 for
his novel `Chikkaveera Rajendra’
...
He lived in Pataliputra,
the capital of Chandragupta for about a period of 5
years
...

Indica throws a flood of light on the personality of the
king, his capital and also his system of administration
...
At first, he was assistant to Sri Humphrey
Davy at the Royal Institution
...
Roman
Catholic nun born to Albanian parents in Yugoslavia,
and baptized Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhin
...
Founded "Missionaries
of Charity", devoted to working for destitutes
...
Set up about 570 homes for
the poor, spread in about 125 countries
...
Mother Teresa died on
September 5, 1997 due to cardiac arrest
...
Peter's Square in Vatican by Pope John Paul II
...

Muhammad Tughlak : The real name of Muhammad
Tughlak was Jauna Khan
...
This hasty project of the
Sultan has caused immense suffering to the people
...

But the people began to make counterfeit coins
...
The Sultan
was a man of able ideals which were far in advance by
the age in which he lived
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

100

Munshi, K
...
: A great writer, educationalist and
expert on constitutional law
...
He is associated with

`Vanamahotsava’
...
Muthulakshmi was a pearl among
women and a champion among social reformers
...
M
...
She campaigned against the evil
custom of the Devadasi system
...
She is the

founder of Adyar Cancer Institute
...
His works
have been found in China and Tibet
...
He died in the

year 1966
...
He was victorious in various battles against
England, Russia and Austria but was finally defeated
at Waterloo in 1815 and was exiled to St
...

Narayana Guru, Sri : He was a great social reformer,
saint and philosopher of Kerala who had a place next
to Adi Sankara
...
He
was the first to propagate
“One caste, one religion

and one God” for man
...
The
award which carries an amount of Rs
...
Dr
...

Niccolo Machiavelli : An Italian statesman, diplomat
and historian who advocated that the ends justified the

means
...

Nicolas Copernicus : He was a Polish priest and
astronomer
...

Nightingale : A famous English Nurse who organised
the nursing service in aid of soldiers who were
wounded in the Crimean War
...


P

Pandita Ramabai: She started theSarada
Sadan, a school for widows
...
It was a rescue home

for girls who were forced into prostitute homes under
dire circumstances
...
In the complex of Mukti Mission at Poona
there are schools for the blind and for the mentally
retarded
...
K
...
Sankara Kurup
...
He waged many wars
...
This caused bad blood
between Prithvi Raj and Jai Chand
...
This court
poet Chand Bardai, wrote an account of Prithvi Raj
in Prithvi Raj Rasau
...
India (World)
from Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) was crowned Miss
...
The 18 year old Priyanka
Chopra is the Fifth Indian to win the Miss
...

Pythagoras : He was a Greek philosopher and
astronomer
...

Quab-ud-din Aibak : Qutab-ud-din was very
brave, best and generous and proved a good
ruler of Slave dynasty
...
He was a great builder
...
Both of these
buildings were completed by Altamash
...


R

Rabindranath Tagore :The famous Indian
poet, patriot, novelist and philosopher, in
Bengal
...
He is the first Asian to receive
this honour
...
He is
also called “Gurudev”
...
Rabindranath
renounced his knighthood in protest against Jallianwala
Bagh Massacre
...
S
...
He was
also the first Vice- President of India
...
, The Hindu View of Life, Indian
Philosophy
...
He was
awarded Bharat Ratna posthumously
...
: Popularly known as “Rajaji” and
“CR” was the first and last Governor General of free
India
...
Rajagopalachari is one of the ablest
statesmen of India
...
The Razakars in Hyderabad
were committing inhuman atrocities and the Nizam was
asked to disband the Razakars
...
So the
police action was taken against him
...
N
...
Rajagopalachari
was the founder of Swatantra Party
...
He
was also responsible for the Nuclear Test Ban
...
He was awarded the first Bharat

Ratna Award in 1954
...
Founder of Brahmo

Samaj
...


Ramanuja : Ramanuja preached Vaishnavism in the
south and declared Bhakti to be the sole of Salvation
...
He is considered
to be the first great exponent of Bhakti movement
...
V
...
V
...
He fought
against irrational beliefs, outmoded customs and
superstitious practices of all kinds
...
He
participated in the struggle for securing for the
Harijans the right to go into the temple and earned for
himself the title of “the hero of Vaikam Satyagraha”
...

Rana Pratap : The most illustrious figure in the history
of Rajasthan
...
He refused to
submit to Akbar, the greatest monarch of his time, and
make marriage alliance with him
...
Akbar
sent Raja Mansingh against him
...
He was in fact, a true son of the motherland
and a noble patriot
...


Ranjit Singh : His title Sher-e-Punjab (Lion of Punjab)
...
He was a successful administrator
and organised the central and provincial administration
...

Robert Clive (1725-1774) : He came to India as a clerk
in the East India Company
...

He defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah supported by the French
in the Battle of Plassey in 1757
...

Robert Walpole : He was opposed to war and his
policy of peace gave England a much needed rest from
war and led the country to economic prosperity during
his 21 years of office as first Prime Minister of England
...
D
...
During
his presidentship, America entered World War II and
title the scales in favour of the allies
...

President Roosevelt defined the “four essential human
freedoms”as (1) Freedom of speech and expression, (2)
Freedom to worship God in one’s own way, (3) Freedom
from want, (4) Freedom from fear
...
It was
through him that the Bhakti movement became popular
in North India
...
He
preached the worship of Rama and Sita
...

Samudragupta : Samudragupta one of the oldest and
most powerful of Hindu Kings
...
He is called the
Indian

Rajendra Prasad, Dr
...
He was the
Chairman of the Constituent Assembly while Dr
...
R
...
He was the true apostle of
Gandhism and a symbol of “Simple living and high

thinking
...

Rajiv Gandhi : son of Late Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi and former Prime Minister of India was
assassinated on May 21, 1991
...

Ramabai Ranade : Born in Satara district of Maharashtra
...

She established Poona Seva Sadan for education of
women to make them economically independent
...

Ramachandran, Dr
...
G
...
25,1988 posthumously awarded
Bharat Ratna the highest civilian honour by the nation
...

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa : A great Saint of India
and guru of Swami Vivekananda
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

102

Napolean by historians
...
He was also an accomplished scholar,
poet and musician
...
In
commomeration of his brilliant conquests, Samudragupta

celebrated the Ashwamedha Yajna (horse sacrifice) and
assumed the title of Maharajadhiraj
...
He also
patronised poets and chief among them was Harisena,
his court poet
...

Sankaracharya : Sankara was born at Kaladi in Kerala
in 1788
...
He preached the
basic ideas of the Vedas, Upanishads and Bhagvat
Gita
...
He calls
God “The Paramathma”
...
The body is the temple where
jeevathma lives
...
He taught

`Mukti’, a stage when Jeevathma

(man) realises the Paramathma (God) within himself
...

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel : Sardar Patel was the first
Deputy Prime Minister of India
...
He was
responsible for the annexation of Princely States to
Indian Union
...
In
Gujarat a conflict developed between the peasantry
and the British Government when the latter attempted
to increase Revenue
...
The struggle met with a
considerable success
...

Mrs
...
She took part in
India’s freedom struggle and was the second woman
President of Indian National Congress (Mrs
...
In free India she became the first
woman Governor of an Indian State (Uttar Pradesh)
...

Satyamurti : He was an eminent freedom fighter and an
important leader of the Indian National Congress
...
He was
arrested and imprisoned four times and died on March

28, 1943 in captivity
...
D
...
It preached
the gospel of freedom
...

Sawai Jai Singh II : Founder of Jaipur City (called
Rose Pink City) was a astronomer King
...
His
500th Birth Anniversary was celebrated on
November 3, 1989
...
His reign was the golden age of
Mughal architecture
...
Taj
Mahal is at Agra
...
, are
beautiful work constructed by him
...
The Peacock Throne
built by him was taken away by Nadir Shah to Iran
...

He was born at Stratford-on-Avon
...
His famous plays are Macbeth, Merchant of
Venice, Julious Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra etc
...

Sher Shah Suri : Sher Shah’s original name was Farid
Khan
...
During the
brief period of his rule he attempted to set up a national
state and initiated those reforms which brought him the
title of the “Forenunner of Akbar”
...
Sher Shah killed a
tiger and came to be called “Sher Khan”
...

Shivaji : Shivaji organised the Marathas into a nation
...
He levied Mughlai
the surrounding territory from which he collected
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi taxes
...
He assumed the title of
“Chatrapathi” at Raigarh coronation
...
The interpretation of
Dreams, Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Ego
and the Id are some of his famous works
...
She worked for the progress of
woman
...
She started a Widow’s Home
and gave craft training to the widows so that they
could earn their livelihood
...

Chandrika Kumaratunga died of heart attack in Colombo
on October 10, 2000, soon after casting her vote in
October Parliamentary elections
...
Sirimavo
Bandaranaike resigned from the Prime Ministership in
August 2000 on health grounds
...
W
...
D
...
In July 1960
Parliamentary elections, she led the Sri Lanka Freedom
Party (SLFP) to a landslide victory to become the world's

first elected woman Prime Minister on 22-7-1960
...
He helped to make Russia a great power
...
The British Government interned him in
his own house at Calcutta
...
During
the World War II, he organised a regular army and
called in the Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind
Fauz in Singapore
...
Their war song was - “Advance
step by step, sing the song of joy, your life belongs to
the nation, sacrifice it for the sake of the nation”
...
He was the founder
of Forward Bloc Party
...

Subramania Bharati : Subramania Bharati born in
Ettayapuram is a poet, journalist, patriot and
philosopher
...
He had a dramatic impact in Tamil literature
...


Swami Vivekananda : A great Hindu saint and religious
leader, born in Calcutta on January 12, 1863 and his
original name was Narendranath Datta
...
He founded the
Ramakrishna Mission to carry on his humanitarian and
social work
...
S
...


T

Tata, Jamshedji: The Indian industrialist
founded the Tata Iron & Steel Co
...


Tenzing Norgay : Nicknamed the “Tiger of Snows”, the
ace mountaineer, who with Edmund Hillary was the first
to climb Mount Everest (8,848 metre-high) was awarded
Padma Bushan
...
He
began life as a newsboy and then served as a telegraph
operator
...

Thyagaraja : He was saint of South India and a great
composer of South Indian Music and devotional
songs
...
He was
not only a valiant soldier but also a General
...
He waged three wars against
the rulers of East India Company
...
He was famous for
his land revenue reforms
...


Subramaniam
...
A recipient of Bharat Ratna, C
...
He played a significant role as Minister
in the erstwhile cabinets of C
...

Kamaraj in Tamil Nadu
...
He was

U

appointed Governor of Maharashtra in 1992
...

Surendranath Banerjee : A great Indian Patriot of
Bengal who held the Presidentship of the Indian
National Congress twice
...
He founded the “Indian Association”
aiming to make it the centre of the Indian National
Congress
...


Uday Shankar : He was the famous artist and
exponent of Indian dance
...


Usha P
...
: The Sprint Queen and Golden Girl, who is
also known as Payyoli Express of Indian athletics with
a long span of 23 years as a sports career, was named
as female sports person of the Century by Indian
Olympic Association (IOA) on December 28, 1999
...

Valmiki : A celebrated Sanskrit poet
of Ancient India
...


Varahmihira : A distinguished astronomer,
mathematician and philosopher of early India
...

Veerasalingam Pantulu : Kandekeeri Veerasalingam
Pantulu was a great social reformer of Andhra Pradesh
...
The Widow’s Home in Rajamundry was
founded by him
...
Vijayalakshmi Pandit : She was born on August
18, 1900
...
Mrs
...
She was the first
Indian woman to become a Cabinet Minister, when
appointed as the Minister of Local Government &
Health in the Congress Ministry of U
...
from 1937-1939
...
N
...
Also led
the first Indian delegation to China after the Communist
regime was established
...
She served
as the Governor of Maharashtra for two years from
1962
...
N
...
Her autobiography “The
Scope of Happiness” and “Selection of Speeches” are
two of her well-known books
...
S
...

Visvesvarayya, M
...
He was also a recipient of the

Bharat Ratna Award
...
5-0
...
He was
formally crowned 15th World Chess Champion
...
He wrote “Not
a single problem of a class struggle has ever been
solved in history except by violence”
...


W
Y

Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee : (W
...

Bonnerjee) He was the first President of
the Indian National Congress, and a notable

part in the setting up of the League of Nations
...
World at the last Miss
World Beauty Pageant of the Millinneum
(1999) held in London
...

Zakir Hussain
...
Zakir Hussain was
India’s second Vice President
...
Subba Rao
...
Zakir Hussain was
a great educationist
...
As President, Dr
...
He said “The whole of
Bharat is my home and its people my family”
...
He was awarded “Bharat Ratna”
for the year 1963
...

Adult Franchise : The right of voting in election
granted to every adult male or female having completed
18 years, without distinctin of caste, creed or colour
...

Aggression :
The act of attacking
...
This can happen after declaration of war by or

both or them, or even without any such decalration
...
It does not mean some suden or rapid
changes
...
Like the
well-known industrial revolution, some countries have
experienced “agricultural revolution”
...

Air Pollution : means fouling up of the atmosphere as
a result of discharge into it of noxious and even
poisonous
fumes,
produced
by automotive

transportation, industries, nuclear explosions, etc
...
, The problem has recently
assumed alarming proportions and is presently engaging
the attention of scientists all over the world
...

High Commissioner : is the designation given to the
highest diplomatic representative of one Commonwealth
country to another
...

Its literal meaning is “apart-hood”
...
It also means favouring
one race at the cost of another
...

Asylum : means a place of refuge or protection
...
With automation, machines are used
to control other machines and the process is virtually

endless
...

Balance of Power :
Some believe that rival States
should build up equal military strength
...
It is called

the theory of “balance of power”
...
If the
difference is positive, the balance of trade (or of
payment) is called favourable balance of trade and
if negative, it is called unfavourable balance of trade

(or payment)
...

Bank Rate : It is the rate of interest charged by the
Reserve Bank of India for lending money to

commercial banks
...

Black Money : means unaccounted money, concealed
income and undisclosed wealth
...

Blood Bank : It is a storing place of reserve blood kept
for emergency transfusion
...

Blue Chip :
This is the common stock of a large,
reputed corporation which has a stable and least risky
growth path
...

Blue revolution : Refers to fish-farming
...
, in the latter are more
attractive, and a one way traffic in talent starts, it is

called brain drain
...
It is presented
to the Assembly for voting
...


Bulls and Bears :

are terms used on the Stock

Exchange
...

Cabinet : a committee of ministers holding the most
important portfolios
...

CD-ROM - It is a computer peripheral device that
employs compact disk technology to store large
amounts of digitized data for later retrieval
...
The last census operations
in India were held in 1991
...
It can be installed
in vehicles or can be carried along
...
When a
single political party has not won an overall majority of
seats in a legislature, two or more political parties
combine together form a government
...
is
called a coalition government
...
It believes in a
classless society in which there will be no private
property
...

Computer : (1) An electronic device that can store
recall, or process information
...
Computers keep files, solve mathematical
problems, play games, and control the operations of
other machines
...
This was invented by Charles Babbage
...

Customs Duty : is a tax levied on foreign goods
imported into the home country or home-made goods
exported to foreign countries
...

Direct Taxes : refer to income-tax levied directly
onindividuals on their total world income
...

E-Mail : E-mail or Electronic mail is more cheaper, faster
and flexible than most other means of communication
...

E-Commerce : This refers to the application of the
Internet in conducting commerce of any kind
...
E-commerce has been categorised into
three
...

Estate Duty : is a duty levied on the estate or property
which changes hands on the death of a person, and
has to be paid by his or her inheritors or successors
...
Customs duty is levied on imports & exports
...

Floor Crossing :
When a member of the legislature
leaves the opposition to join the party inpower or vice
versa, he or she is said to have crossed the floor
...

Free Port : a port where no duties are levied on articles

of commerce
...


“Gheraos” have been termed illegal and banned
...

Gold Bonds : These were introduced on October 27,
1965
...
Investment in gold bonds is exempted
from wealth tax and any gift of the bonds up to

5 kgs is exempt from levy of gift tax
...

Hartal : voluntary closure of all business or work to

express protest for redress of grievances
...
It was levied for the first time in the
world in Britain in 1799 by William Pitt to help finance

a war against France
...

Laser - Light Amplicatoin by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
...

Laser beams are used to cut or melt hard materials,
remove diseased body tissues, transmit television

signals etc
...


Mid-term Poll : A mid-term poll is an election held out
of schedule as a result of the dissoluton of a State
legislature before it has been in existence for its normal
span of life
...
India has a mixed economy economic activity being mainly divided into two
sectors - public sector and the private sector
...

Modvat : Modified Value Added Tax-the new scheme of
indirect taxes - was introduced in India from March 1,
1986
...

National Income : The World “net” is of special
significance, because from the total gross produce a
certain amount is to be deducted as charges for
depreciation and wearing out of the plant and other
capital equipments, while the net income from foreign
investments must be added
...
The tax thus collected is generally
used for the maintenance of the town
...

One such University has been functioning in the U
...

for some time now
...

Per Capita Income : The term defines national income
per head or coefficient resulting from the division of
the national income by the size of the population
...

Poverty Line : is to be found at the level of income at
which a person or a family can barely subsist
...

Prohibition :
a measure barring the sale and
consumption of alcoholic drinks
...

Snap Polls : A snap poll means a sudden election to
a legislature held at short notice before the expiry of its
full term
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

107

Socialistic Pattern of Society : even-distribution of
economic power or reduction of inequalities in income
and wealth in a country
...

Tax : A tax is a compulsory payment made by a person
or a body or persons to a public authority for which
there is no quid pro quo
...
Sales tax, in

India is a case in point
...

Third World : The world is divided into (i) the Western
bloc led by the U
...
A
...
K
...
, (ii) the Communist bloc led by the Soviet Union
including the East Euripean countries, and (iii) the
Third World which generally means the developing

countries
...

Trade Mark : a distinctive mark or sign, or a name
given to a product which is registered in order to
safeguard the manufacturer’s rights
...

Two - nation Theory : Before India had won freedom,
leaders of the Muslim League (which was one of the
important political parties in India) put forward the

theory that the Hindus and the Muslims living in India
constituted two separate nations with different religious,
cultural and linguistic patterns, and that India should,
therefore, be divided in two parts, one of which should
be a separate Muslim state to be named Pakistan
...

Value-Added Tax (VAT) : A tax on the value added is
termed VAT
...
The net effect of this
tax is that the tax paid is credited against tax collected
and only the balance is payable to the taxing authority
...

Wealth-tax : It is a tax levied on wealth possessed by
an individual or by a Hindu Undivided Family in excess
of certain prescribed limits
...

White revolution refer to vast production of milk
achieved in India
...

A vast network of Milk producers Co-operative
Societies is operating under a three-tier system, milk
unions at district level and primary milk societies at the
village level
...
It
examines critically, regularly and systematically the
assumptions of the traditional budget
...
Its input is related to
the output to decide upon its inclusion in or exclusion
from the annual budget
...

Accused : a person formally charged with committing

a crime
...

Administrative Law : The rules and regulations framed

by the executive
...

Advalorem : means according to the value
...
A duty the amount of
which depends upon the value of the property taxed is

called an advalorem duty
...

Alibi : elsewhere a legal plea that the accused was not
presented at the time and place of occurrence
...

Amnesty : a general pardon that is granted to the
prisoners generally during a major national celebration
...

Approval : an accomplice giving evidence against his
companions
...

Award : the decision of a law court or arbitrartor
...


stand-by who informs the court when it is doubtful or

mistaken of any fact or decided case
...


Bail : the security given to effect the release of one
arrested or imprisoned, on the understanding that he

Division Bench : refes to a Bench of two judges
...


Double jeopardy : means prosecuting a person more
than once for the same offence
...

Bigamy : an offence a husband or wife marrying again
during the life of the spouse
...


Bye Laws : are special rules and regulations made by

Extradition : delivering a national of another country
for trial or offences
...

Censure Motion : means a motion of no-confidence in
a government or a gruop in power
...

Circumstantial evidence :
evidence based on the
circumstances of a case and sufficiently strong to

establish the guilt
...
When two
or more parties combine and form a government, it is

called a coalition government
...

Contempt of Court : disobedience or disregrad of the
judgement or orders of the court
...

Code : a body of classified laws or regulations, e
...


Criminal Procedure Code
...


Ex
...

Ex officio : by virtue of holding any office
...

Facsimile : an exact copy of a document
...
I
...
: first information report refers to information
relating to the commission of congnizable offence
...

Free Legal aid : legal aid provided to the poor at the
expense of the government
...

Genocide : the willful extermination of a minority or a
religious community or race by mass killing or by
passing repressive measures
...

Indemnity : security against damage or loss
...

Copy right : the exclusive right of an author in his

Indictment : document containing charges against a
prisoner
...
It is vested in the author for

INTERPOL : International Police Headquarters
...


a period of fifty years
...

C
...
C
...


Inquest : legal or judicial enquiry to find out facts
usually concerning the death of a person
...

I
...
C
...


Cr
...
C
...

indoors within certain hours
...


Decree : The award or decision of a court or arbitrator
...


Defendant : a person required to answer in a court
...


Curfew :

an order under which people have to be

Defacto : actually : which actually functions though it

may not have any legal sanction
...


Levirate : means marriage of a woman with her
younger brother in law after her husband’s death
...

Life imprisonment :

means imprisonment for

Postmortam examination : refers to meical examination
of a corpse (dead body) in order to discover the cause
of death
...

Preventive Detention : imprisonment without trial
before the actual commission of a specified crime
...

Locus stand : right to interfere
...


Mandamus : writ issue by a superior court diecting the
State or lower court, to whom it is issued, to perform

Prohibition : is a measure banning the sale or
consumption of alcoholic drinks and narcotics
...

Malafide : with bad faith
...
, without prior permission
...

Modus operandi : mode of working
...


Monogamy : the practice or state of being married to

Prima facie : at the first sight
...


Probono Publico : for the public good
...


fourteen years
...


security for the payment of a debt
...

Natural Justice : means justice founded on fairness,

equity and good conscience
...

Negotiable Instruments : are documents (such as bank

notes, cheque, promissory note etc
...

Rule of Law : means that all persons are equal in the
eye of law without any distinction of status, colour,
caste and sex, and that the government cannot exercise
any arbitary powers
...

Sine die : without date, indefinitely
...


Status quo ante : the previous positon
...

Official Receiver : a person properly authorised to

Summons : a writ of a court commanding the
attendance of a witness at a specified time and
place
...


an insolvent’s estate
...
It cannot remain in force beyond a

Ultravires : beyond one’s power etc
...


specified period
...


Parole : the release of a prisoner before the sentence

Vox populi : the voice of the people
...

Perjury : making false statement on oath
...

Penology : is that branch of riminology which deals
with the study of punishments for crimes and reform or

reclamation of criminals
...

Writ : a written command by the High Court or the
Supreme Court directing the State or the court to act or
abstain from acting in some way
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

110

CONSTITUTIONAL TERMS
Appellate Jurisdiction : The authority to hear the
appeal against the law courts
...
When passed, it becomes a
law
...
It is then called an ‘Official
Bill’
...
Such a bill

is called a ‘Non-Official Bill’
...

Cabinet :
First rank members of the Council of
Ministers appointed by the President on the

recommendations of the Prime Minister
...
The whole Council of
Ministers resigns if a vote of no-confidence is passed

against a minister
...


It is a frame wok within which a governmen works
...

Civil Cases : Cases oncerning property, contracts and
damage to goods in transit, etc
...

Citizen : A citizen is one who lives in a country and
participates in the working of the government
...

Constitutional Remedy :
Our Constitution provides
that, in case an individual feels that he has been denied
his fundamental rights, he can demand justice from the

Court according to a procedure set by law
...

Directive Principles :

These principles are

constitutional guidelines and directives to the

government for the achievement of national goals
...
The Cabinet, the
Council of Ministers and the Public Services are a part

of the Executive
...

Economic Justice :
It implies removal of economic
inequalities
...

Fraternity : Spirit or brotherhood among the citizens
...


Impeachment : It means accusing a high official like
President of India, Supreme Court Judge, etc
...

Judiciary : A branch of government which decides
disputes among individuals, between individuals and
the government or between parts of governments; for
example, Supreme Court, High Court and Subordinate
Courts
...
“It provides
that”no man shall be taken or imprisoned nor will he
pass upon him or condemn him but by lawful judgement
...
There may be a
situation when he feels it is not possible to carry on
the administration of the state in a constitutional
manner
...
The State then comes under
what is popularly known as the Governor’s Rule or
President’s Rule
...
It is the introduction in which the
purpose of the Constitution is given
...
It is the
discretion of the President and the Governor
...

Legislature : A law-making body of elected
representatives who make law for a country or a state;
for example
...

Question Hour : The list of the business before the
House of Legislature is given to the members in
advance
...
The Government give replies to the
question aleady sent by the members
...
The main purpose of the
“Question Hour” is to seek information and draw the
attention of the Government to issues of public
importance
...

Recess : The term is used for the period between the
prerogation of parliament and its reassembly in a new
session
...
It treats all religions alike
...
India is
a Secular State
...
This happens in a
democratic regime when a duly installed majority

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

111

government finds it difficult to deal with an
extraordinary
situation and wants the electorate to give a fresh

verdict on its programmes and policies
...
A midterm poll also means the same thing,
even if an election is ordered many months after the
middle of a legislature’s usual five-year span
...

Socialistic Pattern of Society : Means distribution of
economic power or reduction of inequalities in income
and wealth in a country
...

Splinter Group : Quite often parties have within them
certain groups which can be reffered to as splinter
groups
...

Starred and Unstarred Questions : When asking
questions members of Parliament may ask for either
oral or written answers
...
Questions requiring

written replies are Unstarred Questions
...
India aims

at establishing such a socialist state
...

Social Justice : It implies that all citizens are treated
equal and none can be discriminated against on basis

of caste, creed, religion or status
...

Simple Majority Vote :

Usually a candidate who

secures the highest percentage of votes is declared
elected by a simple majority vote
...

Sine die : It is an adjournment of a meeting to a date
which is not fixed specifically at that time
...
If a candidate does not secure more than
fifty percent votes, the second preference votes are
also counted and a candidate is elected on the basis of
total votes polled, first preference and second

preference
...
It
means that all the citizens of India
...
e
...
In
U
...
A
...
They are

Ultimatum : Final terms before a certain course of
action vis-a- vis another party is adopted
...

Universal Adult Franchise : It means that every adult
citizens enjoys the right to vote
...

Ultravires : An invalid act done in excess of the
authority conferred by law, acts beyond the scope of
the powers of a corporation as defined by its
memorandum and articles of association
...

Veto : Right of executive head to refuse to approve
any legislation
...

Vote on account : Usually, Vote on account is taken for
a sum equivalent to one-sixth of the expenditure for the
entire year in respect of demands for grants
...

Vote of Credit : During a national emergency, the
house might grant a lump sum through a vote of credit
...

Vote of no-Confidence : It implies that the legislature
feels that the Council of Ministers is not working
properly and deserves to be removed from office
...
If such a
proposal is passed, the Council of Ministers resigns
...
It is a defence
against subsequent enforcement
...

Weightage : Allowing a community (or group) more
representation that it can claim on the basis of its
population
...

White Paper : A detailed policy statement issued by
a government with regard to a matter of considerable
public importance
...
It
examines critically regularly and systematically the
assumptions of the traditional budget
...

Zero Hour : The period following the question hour
...
00 noon and lasts till 1
...
m
...


the cities of U
...
A
...

© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

112

CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS
BC
3000 Indus Valley Civilization, Mohen-jo-Daro &
Harappa
563 Birth of Buddha, founder of Buddhism

Indian to win the Nobel Prize for his work

326-327 AD Alexander’s invasion of India
1191 First Battle of Tarain (Thaneshwar)
1192 Second Battle of Tarain (Thaneshwar)
1498 Discovery of sea-route to India by Vasco-daGama
1526 First Battle of Panipat
1556 Second Battle of Panipat
1561 Battle of Talikota between Delhi Sultanate and
Vijayanagar ruler Ramaraja
...

1600 East India Company established
1757
1760
1761
1764

Battle of Plassey
Battle of Wandiwash
...

Third Battle of Panipat
...


1853 First Railway line opened in India between
Thana and Bombay
1857 First War of Independence (Sepoy Mutiny)
1869 2
...
1869, Birth of Mahatma Gandhi at Porbander
1881 First Census taken
1885 Indian National Congress was founded by A
...

Hume
...

1901 Russian and Britain, agrees of the partition of
China
...

1906 Foundation of Muslim League
...

1910 Mother Teresa born in Albania
...

1912 Titanic, World's biggest ship, sinks in North
Atlantic, Killing 1513 people - The 5th Olympic
Games held in Stockholm
...

1914 World War I declared
...

1942 “Quit India Resolution”
...
8
...

1948 30
...
1948 Assassination of Gandhiji
...
11
...

1950 26
...
1950 India became a Sovereign Democratic
Republic
...

1956 State Reorganisation Act came into force on
1
...
1956
...

1966 January 4th Indo-Pak Summit, Tashkent
Declaration signed on January 10
...

1972 Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan
(July 3)
1974 India’s first Satellite "Äryabhatta" launched
from Cosmodrome in Soviet Union on April 19
...
Sikkim becomes 22nd State of the
Indian Union
...

1976 India - China re-establishes diplomatic relations
...
Neelam
Sanjiva Reddy elected Sixth President of India
...
India’s first coalition Government
between Janata (S) and the Congress sworn in

with Mr
...
M
...

1982 Giani Zail Singh elected as Seventh President of
India
...

1984 Bachendri Pal, first Indian woman to scale the
Mount Everest
...
Indira Gandhi assassinated
...

1985 Congress completes 100 years
...
Goa becomes 25th State
...
R
...

1919 “Satyagraha Movement” started by Gandhiji
...


1930 “Civil Disobedience Movement” started by
Gandhiji
...
4
...

Burma separated from India
...

1988 M
...
Ramachandran (MGR
...

1989 Ninth Lok Sabha constituted
...
P
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

113

1990 Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National

Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr
...
P
...
Abdul
Kalam, Mar 19 : Mr
...
B
...
May 11 : India
conducts three Nuclear tests at Pokhran
...

May 28 : Pakistan conducts nuclear atom bomb
test
...

1999 May 26-July 17 India - Pakistan Kargil War
...
-

Iraq captured Kuwait
...
P
...
Narasimha
Rao becomes the Twelfth Prime Minister of
India
...

1992

Oct
...
Vajpayee

India’s First indigenous multi-purpose Satellite
“INSAT 2A” was launched successfully from
Kourou in French Guyana
...
The disputed Babri Masjid in
Ayodhya (UP) was demolished by Kar-sevaks
...
; Dec
...
- Dec
...

2000 Mar
...
28 :
President gives his assent to the Bills relating to
the creation of the new states of Uttaranchal,
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
...
30 :
Gen
...
Padmanabhan takes over as the new
Chief of Army Staff from Gen
...
P
...
Dec
...

2001 Jan
...

Universe held at Manila, Philippines
...


nations participated
...
March
...
26 : Nelson Mandela, was the Chief Guest
on the Republic Day celebrations at New Delhi
...
10-21 : 27th International Film Festival
held at New Delhi
...
4 : Atlanta

Olympics held - India won 1 bronze medal
...
July 25 : Mr
...
R
...
Aug 15 : India celebrates Golden Jubilee

The nation’s population touches 1
...
Sep
...

2002 Jan
...
Prem Chand Pandey
...
27-28 Attack on Sabarmati Express by
militants - Ram Sevaks from Ayodhya torched at

of Indian Independence
...
;

Jan 10-20 : The 29th International Film Festival
of India held at New Delhi
...
May
...
Joshi, is
the new speaker of Lok Sabha

celebrates its 49th Republic Day, Chief Guest :
French President Mr
...
Mar 01

:

April
...
K
...

Gandhiji came back to active politics and attended
the Calcutta session of the Congress in December

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, called Mahatma,
is the Father of the Nation
...

Gandhiji proceeded to England in 1888 and

returned to India as a Barrister-at-law in 1891
...
There he was subjected to colour
discrimination and he organized Natal Indian
Congress
...
He experimented the weapon
Satyagraha for the first time in South Africa in
1906
...
The period between 1893 and 1914,
he engaged in a struggle against the racist
authorities of South Africa
...

He returned to India in 1915, leaving South Africa

for ever
...

Gandhiji’s first Satyagraha in India was for the
rights of indigo workers in Champaran (Bihar) in

1917
...

Gandhiji had organised in February 1919 a

Satyagraha Committee, the members of which
were to take a pledge to refuse to obey the laws

of Rowlatt Act
...
The
Rowlatt Satyagraha was a failure but this projected
Gandhiji as
"an all India leader of immense

potential"
...
He

returned the "Kaiser-i-Hind" medal given to him
...

First Non-Co-operation Movement was launched
on 1st August 1920
...

Non-Co-operation Movement came to an end on
February 12, 1922 in response to the violence at

Chauri Chaura
...

The Civil Disobedience Movement was started
by Gandhiji on 12th March 1930
...

The Congress boycotted the First Round Table
Conference which was held in London on
November 12, 1930
...

"A half naked fakir from India" - Winston
Churchill’s comment about Gandhiji when he
went to attend the Second Round Table
Conference in London in 1931
...
Later he started the weekly
"Harijan" on January 8th, 1933 and this was
observed as "Temple Entry Day"
...

One of the great dreams of Gandhiji was the
establishment of "Grama Swaraj"
...
He started Sewagram Ashram
on 30 April 1936
...

Meanwhile Gandhiji was again arrested and on
May 6, 1944, Mahatma Gandhi made earnest
efforts for communal harmony with Jinnah
...

In 1945, a Conference was held at Simla, under
Lord Wavell, the then Viceroy
...
The Congress refused to accept and
Simla Conference broke down
...
New Constituent Assembly started
to function from December 9, 1946
...
Babu
Rajendra Prasad was elected the chairman of the
Assembly on January 1947
...


© THE RAMAN’S BOOKS

115

On January 30, 1948 while he was holding a
prayer meeting at Birla House, Delhi, he was
shot dead by a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram
Vinatak Godse
...

Gandhiji's slogans were

"Quit India",

"Do or

Die", "Bharat Charo"
...

Gandhi also worked for eliminating untouchability
and bring harmony between Hindus and Muslims
...

Gandhiji said,

"Non violence is not one form, it

is the only form of direct action"
...

Kenneth Kaunda is known African Gandhi
...

His political guru was Gopalakrishna Gokhale
...

Leo Tolstoy was his favourite novelist
...
The essay ‘Civil
Disobedience’ by Henry Thoreau also influenced

him
...

The title ‘Mahatma’ was given to Gandhiji by
Tagore
...

"Generations to come, it may scarce believe,
that such a one as this ever in flesh and
blood walked upon this earth" - Einstein about

Gandhiji
...


"Untouchability is a crime against God and

mankind" - Gandhiji
...

"The light has gone out of our lives and there is
darkness everywhere", Nehru about the death of

Gandhiji

---